ICD-10-CM FY25 Guidelines October 1, 2024 PDF

ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2025 -- UPDATED October 1, 2024 (October 1, 2024 - September 30, 2025) Narrative changes appear in bold text Items underlined have been moved within the guidelines since the April 2024, FY 2024 version Italics are used to indicate revisions to heading changes The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), two departments within the U.S. Federal Government’s Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) provide the following guidelines for coding and reporting using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM). These guidelines should be used as a companion document to the official version of the ICD-10-CM as published on the NCHS website. The ICD-10-CM is a morbidity classification published by the United States for classifying diagnoses and reason for visits in all health care settings. The ICD- 10-CM is based on the ICD-10, the statistical classification of disease published by the World Health Organization (WHO). These guidelines have been approved by the four organizations that make up the Cooperating Parties for the ICD-10-CM: the American Hospital Association (AHA), the American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA), CMS, and NCHS. These guidelines are a set of rules that have been developed to accompany and complement the official conventions and instructions provided within the ICD-10-CM itself. The instructions and conventions of the classification take precedence over guidelines. These guidelines are based on the coding and sequencing instructions in the Tabular List and Alphabetic Index of ICD-10-CM, but provide additional instruction. Adherence to these guidelines when assigning ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes is required under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). The diagnosis codes (Tabular List and Alphabetic Index) have been adopted under HIPAA for all healthcare settings. A joint effort between the healthcare provider and the coder is essential to achieve complete and accurate documentation, code assignment, and reporting of diagnoses and procedures. These guidelines have been developed to assist both the healthcare provider and the coder in identifying those diagnoses that are to be reported. The importance of consistent, complete documentation in the medical record cannot be overemphasized. Without such documentation accurate coding cannot be achieved. The entire record should be reviewed to determine the specific reason for the encounter and the conditions treated. The term encounter is used for all settings, including hospital admissions. In the context of these guidelines, the term provider is used throughout the guidelines to mean physician or any qualified health care practitioner who is legally accountable for establishing the patient’s diagnosis. Only this set of guidelines, approved by the Cooperating Parties, is official. The guidelines are organized into sections. Section I includes the structure and conventions of the classification and general guidelines that apply to the entire classification, and chapter-specific guidelines that correspond to the chapters as they are arranged in the classification. Section II includes guidelines for selection of principal diagnosis for non-outpatient settings. Section III includes guidelines for reporting additional diagnoses in non-outpatient settings. Section IV is for outpatient coding and reporting. It is necessary to review all sections of the guidelines to fully understand all of the rules and instructions needed to code properly. ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting........................................................................1 Section I. Conventions, general coding guidelines and chapter specific guidelines...............................7 A. Conventions for the ICD-10-CM.................................................................................................... 7 1. The Alphabetic Index and Tabular List.................................................................................... 7 2. Format and Structure:............................................................................................................... 7 3. Use of codes for reporting purposes......................................................................................... 7 4. Placeholder character................................................................................................................ 7 5. 7th Characters............................................................................................................................ 8 6. Abbreviations............................................................................................................................ 8 a. Alphabetic Index abbreviations.............................................................................................. 8 b. Tabular List abbreviations...................................................................................................... 8 7. Punctuation............................................................................................................................... 8 8. Use of “and”.............................................................................................................................. 9 9. Other and Unspecified codes.................................................................................................... 9 a. “Other” codes.......................................................................................................................... 9 b. “Unspecified” codes................................................................................................................ 9 10. Includes Notes........................................................................................................................... 9 11. Inclusion terms.......................................................................................................................... 9 12. Excludes Notes.......................................................................................................................... 9 a. Excludes1................................................................................................................................ 9 b. Excludes2.............................................................................................................................. 10 13. Etiology/manifestation convention (“code first”, “use additional code” and “in diseases classified elsewhere” notes).................................................................................................... 10 14. “And”...................................................................................................................................... 11 15. “With”..................................................................................................................................... 11 16. “See” and “See Also”.............................................................................................................. 11 17. “Code also” note..................................................................................................................... 12 18. Default codes.......................................................................................................................... 12 19. Code assignment and Clinical Criteria................................................................................... 12 B. General Coding Guidelines........................................................................................................... 12 1. Locating a code in the ICD-10-CM........................................................................................ 12 2. Level of Detail in Coding....................................................................................................... 12 3. Code or codes from A00.0 through T88.9, Z00-Z99.8, U00-U85.......................................... 13 4. Signs and symptoms............................................................................................................... 13 5. Conditions that are an integral part of a disease process........................................................ 13 6. Conditions that are not an integral part of a disease process.................................................. 13 7. Multiple coding for a single condition.................................................................................... 13 8. Acute and Chronic Conditions................................................................................................ 14 9. Combination Code.................................................................................................................. 14 10. Sequela (Late Effects)............................................................................................................. 14 11. Impending or Threatened Condition....................................................................................... 15 12. Reporting Same Diagnosis Code More than Once................................................................. 15 13. Laterality................................................................................................................................. 15 14. Documentation by Clinicians Other than the Patient's Provider............................................. 15 15. Syndromes............................................................................................................................... 16 16. Documentation of Complications of Care.............................................................................. 16 17. Borderline Diagnosis.............................................................................................................. 17 18. Use of Sign/Symptom/Unspecified Codes.............................................................................. 17 19. Coding for Healthcare Encounters in Hurricane Aftermath................................................... 17 a. Use of External Cause of Morbidity Codes.......................................................................... 17 ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2025 Page 2 of 120 b. Sequencing of External Causes of Morbidity Codes............................................................ 18 c. Other External Causes of Morbidity Code Issues................................................................. 18 d. Use of Z codes...................................................................................................................... 18 C. Chapter-Specific Coding Guidelines............................................................................................ 19 1. Chapter 1: Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (A00-B99), U07.1, U09.9................... 19 a. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections.............................................................. 19 b. Infectious agents as the cause of diseases classified to other chapters................................. 22 c. Infections resistant to antibiotics.......................................................................................... 22 d. Sepsis, Severe Sepsis, and Septic Shock Infections resistant to antibiotics......................... 22 e. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Conditions...................................... 26 f. Zika virus infections............................................................................................................. 27 g. Coronavirus infections.......................................................................................................... 27 2. Chapter 2: Neoplasms (C00-D49).......................................................................................... 32 a. Admission/Encounter for treatment of primary site.............................................................. 33 b. Admission/Encounter for treatment of secondary site.......................................................... 33 c. Coding and sequencing of complications............................................................................. 33 d. Primary malignancy previously excised............................................................................... 34 e. Admissions/Encounters involving chemotherapy, immunotherapy and radiation therapy.. 34 f. Admission/encounter to determine extent of malignancy.................................................... 35 g. Symptoms, signs, and abnormal findings listed in Chapter 18 associated with neoplasms. 35 h. Admission/encounter for pain control/management............................................................. 35 i. Malignancy in two or more noncontiguous sites.................................................................. 35 j. Disseminated malignant neoplasm, unspecified................................................................... 36 k. Malignant neoplasm without specification of site................................................................ 36 l. Sequencing of neoplasm codes............................................................................................. 36 m. Current malignancy versus personal history of malignancy................................................. 37 n. Leukemia, Multiple Myeloma, and Malignant Plasma Cell Neoplasms in remission versus personal history.................................................................................................................... 37 o. Aftercare following surgery for neoplasm............................................................................ 38 p. Follow-up care for completed treatment of a malignancy.................................................... 38 q. Prophylactic organ removal for prevention of malignancy.................................................. 38 r. Malignant neoplasm associated with transplanted organ...................................................... 38 s. Breast Implant Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma............................................. 38 t. Secondary malignant neoplasm of lymphoid tissue.................................................................. 38 3. Chapter 3: Disease of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism (D50-D89)............................................................................................. 38 Reserved for future guideline expansion...................................................................................... 38 4. Chapter 4: Endocrine, Nutritional, and Metabolic Diseases (E00-E89)................................. 38 a. Diabetes mellitus................................................................................................................... 38 5. Chapter 5: Mental, Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental disorders (F01 – F99)................... 41 a. Pain disorders related to psychological factors..................................................................... 41 b. Mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use................................... 42 c. Factitious Disorder................................................................................................................ 43 6. Chapter 6: Diseases of the Nervous System (G00-G99)........................................................ 44 a. Dominant/nondominant side................................................................................................. 44 b. Pain - Category G89.............................................................................................................. 44 7. Chapter 7: Diseases of the Eye and Adnexa (H00-H59)........................................................ 47 a. Glaucoma.............................................................................................................................. 47 b. Blindness............................................................................................................................... 48 8. Chapter 8: Diseases of the Ear and Mastoid Process (H60-H95)........................................... 48 ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2025 Page 3 of 120 Reserved for future guideline expansion...................................................................................... 48 9. Chapter 9: Diseases of the Circulatory System (I00-I99)....................................................... 48 a. Hypertension......................................................................................................................... 48 b. Atherosclerotic Coronary Artery Disease and Angina......................................................... 51 c. Intraoperative and Postprocedural Cerebrovascular Accident.............................................. 51 d. Sequelae of Cerebrovascular Disease................................................................................... 51 e. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI)...................................................................................... 52 10. Chapter 10: Diseases of the Respiratory System (J00-J99), U07.0........................................ 54 a. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [COPD] and Asthma........................................... 54 b. Acute Respiratory Failure..................................................................................................... 54 c. Influenza due to certain identified influenza viruses............................................................ 55 d. Ventilator associated Pneumonia.......................................................................................... 55 e. Vaping-related disorders....................................................................................................... 56 11. Chapter 11: Diseases of the Digestive System (K00-K95)..................................................... 56 Reserved for future guideline expansion...................................................................................... 56 12. Chapter 12: Diseases of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue (L00-L99)................................. 56 a. Pressure ulcer stage codes..................................................................................................... 56 b. Non-Pressure Chronic Ulcers............................................................................................... 58 13. Chapter 13: Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System and Connective Tissue (M00-M99)... 59 a. Site and laterality.................................................................................................................. 59 b. Acute traumatic versus chronic or recurrent musculoskeletal conditions............................ 59 c. Coding of Pathologic Fractures............................................................................................ 59 d. Osteoporosis.......................................................................................................................... 60 e. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome.................................................................................. 60 14. Chapter 14: Diseases of Genitourinary System (N00-N99)................................................... 60 a. Chronic kidney disease......................................................................................................... 60 15. Chapter 15: Pregnancy, Childbirth, and the Puerperium (O00-O9A)................................... 61 a. General Rules for Obstetric Cases........................................................................................ 61 b. Selection of OB Principal or First-listed Diagnosis.............................................................. 63 c. Pre-existing conditions versus conditions due to the pregnancy.......................................... 64 d. Pre-existing hypertension in pregnancy................................................................................ 64 e. Fetal Conditions Affecting the Management of the Mother................................................. 64 f. HIV Infection in Pregnancy, Childbirth and the Puerperium............................................... 64 g. Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy............................................................................................. 65 h. Long term use of insulin and oral hypoglycemics................................................................ 65 i. Gestational (pregnancy induced) diabetes............................................................................ 65 j. Sepsis and septic shock complicating abortion, pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium 65 k. Puerperal sepsis..................................................................................................................... 66 l. Alcohol, tobacco and drug use during pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium............... 66 m. Poisoning, toxic effects, adverse effects and underdosing in a pregnant patient.................. 66 n. Normal Delivery, Code O80................................................................................................. 67 o. The Peripartum and Postpartum Periods............................................................................... 67 p. Code O94, Sequelae of complication of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium........... 68 q. Termination of Pregnancy and Spontaneous abortions........................................................ 68 r. Abuse in a pregnant patient................................................................................................... 69 s. COVID-19 infection in pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium..................................... 69 16. Chapter 16: Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period (P00-P96)..................... 69 a. General Perinatal Rules......................................................................................................... 70 b. Observation and Evaluation of Newborns for Suspected Conditions not Found................. 71 c. Coding Additional Perinatal Diagnoses................................................................................ 71 ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2025 Page 4 of 120 d. Prematurity and Fetal Growth Retardation........................................................................... 72 e. Low birth weight and immaturity status............................................................................... 72 f. Bacterial Sepsis of Newborn................................................................................................. 72 g. Stillbirth................................................................................................................................ 72 h. COVID-19 Infection in Newborn......................................................................................... 72 17. Chapter 17: Congenital malformations, deformations, and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00- Q99)........................................................................................................................................ 73 18. Chapter 18: Symptoms, signs, and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified (R00-R99)............................................................................................................... 73 a. Use of symptom codes.......................................................................................................... 73 b. Use of a symptom code with a definitive diagnosis code..................................................... 73 c. Combination codes that include symptoms.......................................................................... 74 d. Repeated falls........................................................................................................................ 74 e. Coma..................................................................................................................................... 74 f. Functional quadriplegia........................................................................................................ 75 g. SIRS due to Non-Infectious Process..................................................................................... 75 h. Death NOS............................................................................................................................ 75 i. NIHSS Stroke Scale.............................................................................................................. 75 19. Chapter 19: Injury, poisoning, and certain other consequences of external causes (S00-T88) 76 a. Application of 7th Characters in Chapter 19......................................................................... 76 b. Coding of Injuries................................................................................................................. 76 c. Coding of Traumatic Fractures............................................................................................. 77 d. Coding of Burns and Corrosions........................................................................................... 78 e. Adverse Effects, Poisoning, Underdosing and Toxic Effects............................................... 80 f. Adult and child abuse, neglect and other maltreatment........................................................ 83 g. Complications of care........................................................................................................... 84 20. Chapter 20: External Causes of Morbidity (V00-Y99)........................................................... 86 a. General External Cause Coding Guidelines......................................................................... 86 b. Place of Occurrence Guideline............................................................................................. 87 c. Activity Code........................................................................................................................ 87 d. Place of Occurrence, Activity, and Status Codes Used with other External Cause Code.... 88 e. If the Reporting Format Limits the Number of External Cause Codes................................ 88 f. Multiple External Cause Coding Guidelines........................................................................ 88 g. Child and Adult Abuse Guideline......................................................................................... 89 h. Unknown or Undetermined Intent Guideline....................................................................... 89 i. Sequelae (Late Effects) of External Cause Guidelines......................................................... 89 j. Terrorism Guidelines............................................................................................................ 90 k. External Cause Status........................................................................................................... 90 21. Chapter 21: Factors influencing health status and contact with health services (Z00-Z99)... 91 a. Use of Z Codes in Any Healthcare Setting........................................................................... 91 b. Z Codes Indicate a Reason for an Encounter or Provide Additional Information about a Patient Encounter................................................................................................................ 91 c. Categories of Z Codes........................................................................................................... 91 22. Chapter 22: Codes for Special Purposes (U00-U85)............................................................ 106 Section II. Selection of Principal Diagnosis.........................................................................................106 A. Codes for symptoms, signs, and ill-defined conditions.............................................................. 106 B. Two or more interrelated conditions, each potentially meeting the definition for principal diagnosis..................................................................................................................................... 106 C. Two or more diagnoses that equally meet the definition for principal diagnosis....................... 106 ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2025 Page 5 of 120 D. Two or more comparative or contrasting conditions.................................................................. 107 E. A symptom(s) followed by contrasting/comparative diagnoses................................................. 107 F. Original treatment plan not carried out....................................................................................... 107 G. Complications of surgery and other medical care....................................................................... 107 H. Uncertain Diagnosis.................................................................................................................... 107 I. Admission from Observation Unit.............................................................................................. 107 1. Admission Following Medical Observation......................................................................... 107 2. Admission Following Post-Operative Observation.............................................................. 107 J. Admission from Outpatient Surgery........................................................................................... 108 K. Admissions/Encounters for Rehabilitation................................................................................. 108 Section III. Reporting Additional Diagnoses.........................................................................................109 A. Previous conditions..................................................................................................................... 109 B. Abnormal findings...................................................................................................................... 109 C. Uncertain Diagnosis.................................................................................................................... 110 Section IV. Diagnostic Coding and Reporting Guidelines for Outpatient Services..............................110 A. Selection of first-listed condition................................................................................................ 110 1. Outpatient Surgery................................................................................................................ 111 2. Observation Stay................................................................................................................... 111 B. Codes from A00.0 through T88.9, Z00-Z99, U00-U85.............................................................. 111 C. Accurate reporting of ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes................................................................... 111 D. Codes that describe symptoms and signs.................................................................................... 111 E. Encounters for circumstances other than a disease or injury...................................................... 111 F. Level of Detail in Coding........................................................................................................... 111 1. ICD-10-CM codes with 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 characters................................................................. 111 2. Use of full number of characters required for a code........................................................... 112 3. Highest level of specificity................................................................................................... 112 G. ICD-10-CM code for the diagnosis, condition, problem, or other reason for encounter/visit.... 112 H. Uncertain diagnosis..................................................................................................................... 112 I. Chronic diseases.......................................................................................................................... 112 J. Code all documented conditions that coexist.............................................................................. 112 K. Patients receiving diagnostic services only................................................................................. 112 L. Patients receiving therapeutic services only............................................................................... 113 M. Patients receiving preoperative evaluations only........................................................................ 113 N. Ambulatory surgery.................................................................................................................... 113 O. Routine outpatient prenatal visits................................................................................................ 113 P. Encounters for general medical examinations with abnormal findings...................................... 113 Q. Encounters for routine health screenings.................................................................................... 114 Appendix I……………………………………………………………………………………………...115 Present on Admission Reporting Guidelines...........................................................................................115 ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2025 Page 6 of 120 Section I. Conventions, general coding guidelines and chapter specific guidelines The conventions, general guidelines and chapter-specific guidelines are applicable to all health care settings unless otherwise indicated. The conventions and instructions of the classification take precedence over guidelines. A. Conventions for the ICD-10-CM The conventions for the ICD-10-CM are the general rules for use of the classification independent of the guidelines. These conventions are incorporated within the Alphabetic Index and Tabular List of the ICD-10-CM as instructional notes. 1. The Alphabetic Index and Tabular List The ICD-10-CM is divided into the Alphabetic Index, an alphabetical list of terms and their corresponding code, and the Tabular List, a structured list of codes divided into chapters based on body system or condition. The Alphabetic Index consists of the following parts: the Index of Diseases and Injury, the Index of External Causes of Injury, the Table of Neoplasms and the Table of Drugs and Chemicals. See Section I.C.2. Neoplasms See Section I.C.19. Adverse effects, poisoning, underdosing and toxic effects 2. Format and Structure: The ICD-10-CM Tabular List contains categories, subcategories and codes. Characters for categories, subcategories and codes may be either a letter or a number. All categories are 3 characters. A three-character category that has no further subdivision is equivalent to a code. Subcategories are either 4 or 5 characters. Codes may be 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 characters. That is, each level of subdivision after a category is a subcategory. The final level of subdivision is a code. Codes that have applicable 7th characters are still referred to as codes, not subcategories. A code that has an applicable 7th character is considered invalid without the 7th character. The ICD-10-CM uses an indented format for ease in reference. 3. Use of codes for reporting purposes For reporting purposes only codes are permissible, not categories or subcategories, and any applicable 7th character is required. 4. Placeholder character The ICD-10-CM utilizes a placeholder character “X”. The “X” is used as a placeholder at certain codes to allow for future expansion. An example of this is at the poisoning, adverse effect and underdosing codes, categories T36-T50. Where a placeholder exists, the X must be used in order for the code to be considered a valid code. ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2025 Page 7 of 120 5. 7th Characters Certain ICD-10-CM categories have applicable 7th characters. The applicable 7th character is required for all codes within the category, or as the notes in the Tabular List instruct. The 7th character must always be the 7th character in the data field. If a code that requires a 7th character is not 6 characters, a placeholder X must be used to fill in the empty characters. 6. Abbreviations a. Alphabetic Index abbreviations NEC “Not elsewhere classifiable” This abbreviation in the Alphabetic Index represents “other specified.” When a specific code is not available for a condition, the Alphabetic Index directs the coder to the “other specified” code in the Tabular List. NOS “Not otherwise specified” This abbreviation is the equivalent of unspecified. b. Tabular List abbreviations NEC “Not elsewhere classifiable” This abbreviation in the Tabular List represents “other specified”. When a specific code is not available for a condition, the Tabular List includes an NEC entry under a code to identify the code as the “other specified” code. NOS “Not otherwise specified” This abbreviation is the equivalent of unspecified. 7. Punctuation [] Brackets are used in the Tabular List to enclose synonyms, alternative wording or explanatory phrases. Brackets are used in the Alphabetic Index to identify manifestation codes. () Parentheses are used in both the Alphabetic Index and Tabular List to enclose supplementary words that may be present or absent in the statement of a disease or procedure without affecting the code number to which it is assigned. The terms within the parentheses are referred to as nonessential modifiers. The nonessential modifiers in the Alphabetic Index to Diseases apply to subterms following a main term except when a nonessential modifier and a subentry are mutually exclusive, the subentry takes precedence. For example, in the ICD-10-CM Alphabetic Index under the main term Enteritis, “acute” is a nonessential modifier and “chronic” is a subentry. In this case, the nonessential modifier “acute” does not apply to the subentry “chronic”. ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2025 Page 8 of 120 : Colons are used in the Tabular List after an incomplete term which needs one or more of the modifiers following the colon to make it assignable to a given category. 8. Use of “and”. See Section I.A.14. Use of the term “And” 9. Other and Unspecified codes a. “Other” codes Codes titled “other” or “other specified” are for use when the information in the medical record provides detail for which a specific code does not exist. Alphabetic Index entries with NEC in the line designate “other” codes in the Tabular List. These Alphabetic Index entries represent specific disease entities for which no specific code exists, so the term is included within an “other” code. b. “Unspecified” codes Codes titled “unspecified” are for use when the information in the medical record is insufficient to assign a more specific code. For those categories for which an unspecified code is not provided, the “other specified” code may represent both other and unspecified. See Section I.B.18. Use of Signs/Symptom/Unspecified Codes 10. Includes Notes This note appears immediately under a three-character code title to further define, or give examples of, the content of the category. 11. Inclusion terms List of terms is included under some codes. These terms are the conditions for which that code is to be used. The terms may be synonyms of the code title, or, in the case of “other specified” codes, the terms are a list of the various conditions assigned to that code. The inclusion terms are not necessarily exhaustive. Additional terms found only in the Alphabetic Index may also be assigned to a code. 12. Excludes Notes The ICD-10-CM has two types of excludes notes. Each type of note has a different definition for use, but they are all similar in that they indicate that codes excluded from each other are independent of each other. a. Excludes1 A type 1 Excludes note is a pure excludes note. It means “NOT CODED HERE!” An Excludes1 note indicates that the code excluded should never be used at the same time as the code above the Excludes1 note. An Excludes1 is used when two conditions cannot occur together, such as a congenital form versus an acquired form of the same condition. ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2025 Page 9 of 120 An exception to the Excludes1 definition is the circumstance when the two conditions are unrelated to each other. If it is not clear whether the two conditions involving an Excludes1 note are related or not, query the provider. For example, code F45.8, Other somatoform disorders, has an Excludes1 note for "sleep related teeth grinding (G47.63)," because "teeth grinding" is an inclusion term under F45.8. Only one of these two codes should be assigned for teeth grinding. However psychogenic dysmenorrhea is also an inclusion term under F45.8, and a patient could have both this condition and sleep related teeth grinding. In this case, the two conditions are clearly unrelated to each other, and so it would be appropriate to report F45.8 and G47.63 together. b. Excludes2 A type 2 Excludes note represents “Not included here.” An excludes2 note indicates that the condition excluded is not part of the condition represented by the code, but a patient may have both conditions at the same time. When an Excludes2 note appears under a code, it is acceptable to use both the code and the excluded code together, when appropriate. 13. Etiology/manifestation convention (“code first”, “use additional code” and “in diseases classified elsewhere” notes) Certain conditions have both an underlying etiology and multiple body system manifestations due to the underlying etiology. For such conditions, the ICD-10-CM has a coding convention that requires the underlying condition be sequenced first, if applicable, followed by the manifestation. Wherever such a combination exists, there is a “use additional code” note at the etiology code, and a “code first” note at the manifestation code. These instructional notes indicate the proper sequencing order of the codes, etiology followed by manifestation. In most cases the manifestation codes will have in the code title, “in diseases classified elsewhere.” Codes with this title are a component of the etiology/ manifestation convention. The code title indicates that it is a manifestation code. “In diseases classified elsewhere” codes are never permitted to be used as first listed or principal diagnosis codes. They must be used in conjunction with an underlying condition code and they must be listed following the underlying condition. See category F02, Dementia in other diseases classified elsewhere, for an example of this convention. There are manifestation codes that do not have “in diseases classified elsewhere” in the title. For such codes, there is a “use additional code” note at the etiology code and a “code first” note at the manifestation code, and the rules for sequencing apply. In addition to the notes in the Tabular List, these conditions also have a specific Alphabetic Index entry structure. In the Alphabetic Index both conditions are listed together with the etiology code first followed by the manifestation codes in brackets. The code in brackets is always to be sequenced second. An example of the etiology/manifestation convention is dementia with Parkinson’s disease. In the Alphabetic Index, a code from category G20 is listed first, followed by code F02.80 or F02.81- in brackets. A code from category G20- represents the ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2025 Page 10 of 120 underlying etiology, Parkinson’s disease, and must be sequenced first, whereas codes F02.80 and F02.81- represent the manifestation of dementia in diseases classified elsewhere, with or without behavioral disturbance. “Code first” and “Use additional code” notes are also used as sequencing rules in the classification for certain codes that are not part of an etiology/ manifestation combination. See Section I.B.7. Multiple coding for a single condition. 14. “And” The word “and” should be interpreted to mean either “and” or “or” when it appears in a title. For example, cases of “tuberculosis of bones”, “tuberculosis of joints” and “tuberculosis of bones and joints” are classified to subcategory A18.0, Tuberculosis of bones and joints. 15. “With” The word “with” or “in” should be interpreted to mean “associated with” or “due to” when it appears in a code title, the Alphabetic Index (either under a main term or subterm), or an instructional note in the Tabular List. The classification presumes a causal relationship between the two conditions linked by these terms in the Alphabetic Index or Tabular List. These conditions should be coded as related even in the absence of provider documentation explicitly linking them, unless the documentation clearly states the conditions are unrelated or when another guideline exists that specifically requires a documented linkage between two conditions (e.g., sepsis guideline for “acute organ dysfunction that is not clearly associated with the sepsis”). For conditions not specifically linked by these relational terms in the classification or when a guideline requires that a linkage between two conditions be explicitly documented, provider documentation must link the conditions in order to code them as related. The word “with” in the Alphabetic Index is sequenced immediately following the main term or subterm, not in alphabetical order. 16. “See” and “See Also” The “see” instruction following a main term in the Alphabetic Index indicates that another term should be referenced. It is necessary to go to the main term referenced with the “see” note to locate the correct code. A “see also” instruction following a main term in the Alphabetic Index instructs that there is another main term that may also be referenced that may provide additional Alphabetic Index entries that may be useful. It is not necessary to follow the “see also” note when the original main term provides the necessary code. ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2025 Page 11 of 120 17. “Code also” note A “code also” note instructs that two codes may be required to fully describe a condition, but this note does not provide sequencing direction. The sequencing depends on the circumstances of the encounter. 18. Default codes A code listed next to a main term in the ICD-10-CM Alphabetic Index is referred to as a default code. The default code represents that condition that is most commonly associated with the main term or is the unspecified code for the condition. If a condition is documented in a medical record (for example, appendicitis) without any additional information, such as acute or chronic, the default code should be assigned. 19. Code assignment and Clinical Criteria The assignment of a diagnosis code is based on the provider’s diagnostic statement that the condition exists. The provider’s statement that the patient has a particular condition is sufficient. Code assignment is not based on clinical criteria used by the provider to establish the diagnosis. If there is conflicting medical record documentation, query the provider. B. General Coding Guidelines 1. Locating a code in the ICD-10-CM To select a code in the classification that corresponds to a diagnosis or reason for visit documented in a medical record, first locate the term in the Alphabetic Index, and then verify the code in the Tabular List. Read and be guided by instructional notations that appear in both the Alphabetic Index and the Tabular List. It is essential to use both the Alphabetic Index and Tabular List when locating and assigning a code. The Alphabetic Index does not always provide the full code. Selection of the full code, including laterality and any applicable 7th character can only be done in the Tabular List. A dash (-) at the end of an Alphabetic Index entry indicates that additional characters are required. Even if a dash is not included at the Alphabetic Index entry, it is necessary to refer to the Tabular List to verify that no 7th character is required. 2. Level of Detail in Coding Diagnosis codes are to be used and reported at their highest number of characters available and to the highest level of specificity documented in the medical record. ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes are composed of codes with 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 characters. Codes with three characters are included in ICD-10-CM as the heading of a category of codes that may be further subdivided by the use of fourth and/or fifth characters and/or sixth characters, which provide greater detail. A three-character code is to be used only if it is not further subdivided. A code is invalid if it has not been coded to the full number of characters required for that code, including the 7th character, if applicable. ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2025 Page 12 of 120 3. Code or codes from A00.0 through T88.9, Z00-Z99.8, U00-U85 The appropriate code or codes from A00.0 through T88.9, Z00-Z99.8, and U00-U85 must be used to identify diagnoses, symptoms, conditions, problems, complaints or other reason(s) for the encounter/visit. 4. Signs and symptoms Codes that describe symptoms and signs, as opposed to diagnoses, are acceptable for reporting purposes when a related definitive diagnosis has not been established (confirmed) by the provider. Chapter 18 of ICD-10-CM, Symptoms, Signs, and Abnormal Clinical and Laboratory Findings, Not Elsewhere Classified (codes R00.0 - R99) contains many, but not all, codes for symptoms. See Section I.B.18. Use of Signs/Symptom/Unspecified Codes 5. Conditions that are an integral part of a disease process Signs and symptoms that are associated routinely with a disease process should not be assigned as additional codes, unless otherwise instructed by the classification. 6. Conditions that are not an integral part of a disease process Additional signs and symptoms that may not be associated routinely with a disease process should be coded when present. 7. Multiple coding for a single condition In addition to the etiology/manifestation convention that requires two codes to fully describe a single condition that affects multiple body systems, there are other single conditions that also require more than one code. “Use additional code” notes are found in the Tabular List at codes that are not part of an etiology/manifestation pair where a secondary code is useful to fully describe a condition. The sequencing rule is the same as the etiology/manifestation pair, “use additional code” indicates that a secondary code should be added, if known. For example, for bacterial infections that are not included in chapter 1, a secondary code from category B95, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Enterococcus, as the cause of diseases classified elsewhere, or B96, Other bacterial agents as the cause of diseases classified elsewhere, may be required to identify the bacterial organism causing the infection. A “use additional code” note will normally be found at the infectious disease code, indicating a need for the organism code to be added as a secondary code. “Code first” notes are also under certain codes that are not specifically manifestation codes but may be due to an underlying cause. When there is a “code first” note and an underlying condition is present, the underlying condition should be sequenced first, if known. “Code, if applicable, any causal condition first” notes indicate that this code may be assigned as a principal diagnosis when the causal condition is unknown or not applicable. If a causal condition is known, then the code for that condition should be sequenced as the principal or first-listed diagnosis. ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2025 Page 13 of 120 Multiple codes may be needed for sequela, complication codes and obstetric codes to more fully describe a condition. See the specific guidelines for these conditions for further instruction. 8. Acute and Chronic Conditions If the same condition is described as both acute (subacute) and chronic, and separate subentries exist in the Alphabetic Index at the same indentation level, code both and sequence the acute (subacute) code first. 9. Combination Code A combination code is a single code used to classify: Two diagnoses, or A diagnosis with an associated secondary process (manifestation) A diagnosis with an associated complication Combination codes are identified by referring to subterm entries in the Alphabetic Index and by reading the inclusion and exclusion notes in the Tabular List. Assign only the combination code when that code fully identifies the diagnostic conditions involved or when the Alphabetic Index so directs. Multiple coding should not be used when the classification provides a combination code that clearly identifies all of the elements documented in the diagnosis. When the combination code lacks necessary specificity in describing the manifestation or complication, an additional code should be used as a secondary code. 10. Sequela (Late Effects) A sequela is the residual effect (condition produced) after the acute phase of an illness or injury has terminated. There is no time limit on when a sequela code can be used. The residual may be apparent early, such as in cerebral infarction, or it may occur months or years later, such as that due to a previous injury. Examples of sequela include: scar formation resulting from a burn, deviated septum due to a nasal fracture, and infertility due to tubal occlusion from old tuberculosis. Coding of sequela generally requires two codes sequenced in the following order: the condition or nature of the sequela is sequenced first. The sequela code is sequenced second. An exception to the above guidelines are those instances where the code for the sequela is followed by a manifestation code identified in the Tabular List and title, or the sequela code has been expanded (at the fourth, fifth or sixth character levels) to include the manifestation(s). The code for the acute phase of an illness or injury that led to the sequela is never used with a code for the late effect. See Section I.C.9. Sequelae of cerebrovascular disease See Section I.C.15. Sequelae of complication of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium See Section I.C.19. Application of 7th characters for Chapter 19 ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2025 Page 14 of 120 11. Impending or Threatened Condition Code any condition described at the time of discharge as “impending” or “threatened” as follows: If it did occur, code as confirmed diagnosis. If it did not occur, reference the Alphabetic Index to determine if the condition has a subentry term for “impending” or “threatened” and also reference main term entries for “Impending” and for “Threatened.” If the subterms are listed, assign the given code. If the subterms are not listed, code the existing underlying condition(s) and not the condition described as impending or threatened. 12. Reporting Same Diagnosis Code More than Once Each unique ICD-10-CM diagnosis code may be reported only once for an encounter. This applies to bilateral conditions when there are no distinct codes identifying laterality or two different conditions classified to the same ICD-10-CM diagnosis code. 13. Laterality Some ICD-10-CM codes indicate laterality, specifying whether the condition occurs on the left, right or is bilateral. If no bilateral code is provided and the condition is bilateral, assign separate codes for both the left and right side. If the side is not identified in the medical record, assign the code for the unspecified side. When a patient has a bilateral condition and each side is treated during separate encounters, assign the "bilateral" code (as the condition still exists on both sides), including for the encounter to treat the first side. For the second encounter for treatment after one side has previously been treated and the condition no longer exists on that side, assign the appropriate unilateral code for the side where the condition still exists (e.g., cataract surgery performed on each eye in separate encounters). The bilateral code would not be assigned for the subsequent encounter, as the patient no longer has the condition in the previously-treated site. If the treatment on the first side did not completely resolve the condition, then the bilateral code would still be appropriate. When laterality is not documented by the patient’s provider, code assignment for the affected side may be based on medical record documentation from other clinicians. If there is conflicting medical record documentation regarding the affected side, the patient’s provider should be queried for clarification. Codes for “unspecified” side should rarely be used, such as when the documentation in the record is insufficient to determine the affected side and it is not possible to obtain clarification. 14. Documentation by Clinicians Other than the Patient's Provider Code assignment is based on the documentation by the patient's provider (i.e., physician or other qualified healthcare practitioner legally accountable for establishing the patient's diagnosis). There are a few exceptions when code assignment may be based on medical record documentation from clinicians who are not the patient’s provider (i.e., physician or other qualified healthcare practitioner legally accountable for establishing the patient’s diagnosis). In this context, “clinicians” other than the patient’s provider refer to healthcare professionals permitted, based on regulatory or accreditation ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2025 Page 15 of 120 requirements or internal hospital policies, to document in a patient’s official medical record. These exceptions include codes for: Body Mass Index (BMI) Depth of non-pressure chronic ulcers Pressure ulcer stage Coma scale NIH stroke scale (NIHSS) Social determinants of health (SDOH) classified to Chapter 21 Laterality Blood alcohol level Underimmunization status This information is typically, or may be, documented by other clinicians involved in the care of the patient (e.g., a dietitian often documents the BMI, a nurse often documents the pressure ulcer stages, and an emergency medical technician often documents the coma scale). However, the associated diagnosis (such as overweight, obesity, acute stroke, pressure ulcer, or a condition classifiable to category F10, Alcohol related disorders) must be documented by the patient’s provider. If there is conflicting medical record documentation, either from the same clinician or different clinicians, the patient’s provider should be queried for clarification. The BMI, coma scale, NIHSS, blood alcohol level codes, codes for social determinants of health and underimmunization status should only be reported as secondary diagnoses. See Section I.C.21.c.17. for additional information regarding coding social determinants of health. 15. Syndromes Follow the Alphabetic Index guidance when coding syndromes. In the absence of Alphabetic Index guidance, assign codes for the documented manifestations of the syndrome. Additional codes for manifestations that are not an integral part of the disease process may also be assigned when the condition does not have a unique code. 16. Documentation of Complications of Care Code assignment is based on the provider’s documentation of the relationship between the condition and the care or procedure, unless otherwise instructed by the classification. The guideline extends to any complications of care, regardless of the chapter the code is located in. It is important to note that not all conditions that occur during or following medical care or surgery are classified as complications. There must be a cause-and-effect relationship between the care provided and the condition, and the documentation must support that the condition is clinically significant. It is not necessary for the provider to explicitly document the term “complication.” For example, if the condition alters the course of the surgery as documented in the operative report, then it would be appropriate to report a complication code. Query the provider for clarification if the documentation is not clear as to the relationship between the condition and the care or procedure. ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2025 Page 16 of 120 17. Borderline Diagnosis If the provider documents a "borderline" diagnosis at the time of discharge, the diagnosis is coded as confirmed, unless the classification provides a specific entry (e.g., borderline diabetes). If a borderline condition has a specific index entry in ICD-10-CM, it should be coded as such. Since borderline conditions are not uncertain diagnoses, no distinction is made between the care setting (inpatient versus outpatient). Whenever the documentation is unclear regarding a borderline condition, coders are encouraged to query for clarification. 18. Use of Sign/Symptom/Unspecified Codes Sign/symptom and “unspecified” codes have acceptable, even necessary, uses. While specific diagnosis codes should be reported when they are supported by the available medical record documentation and clinical knowledge of the patient’s health condition, there are instances when signs/symptoms or unspecified codes are the best choices for accurately reflecting the healthcare encounter. Each healthcare encounter should be coded to the level of certainty known for that encounter. As stated in the introductory section of these official coding guidelines, a joint effort between the healthcare provider and the coder is essential to achieve complete and accurate documentation, code assignment, and reporting of diagnoses and procedures. The importance of consistent, complete documentation in the medical record cannot be overemphasized. Without such documentation accurate coding cannot be achieved. The entire record should be reviewed to determine the specific reason for the encounter and the conditions treated. If a definitive diagnosis has not been established by the end of the encounter, it is appropriate to report codes for sign(s) and/or symptom(s) in lieu of a definitive diagnosis. When sufficient clinical information isn’t known or available about a particular health condition to assign a more specific code, it is acceptable to report the appropriate “unspecified” code (e.g., a diagnosis of pneumonia has been determined, but not the specific type). Unspecified codes should be reported when they are the codes that most accurately reflect what is known about the patient’s condition at the time of that particular encounter. It would be inappropriate to select a specific code that is not supported by the medical record documentation or conduct medically unnecessary diagnostic testing in order to determine a more specific code. 19. Coding for Healthcare Encounters in Hurricane Aftermath a. Use of External Cause of Morbidity Codes An external cause of morbidity code should be assigned to identify the cause of the injury(ies) incurred as a result of the hurricane. The use of external cause of morbidity codes is supplemental to the application of ICD-10-CM codes. External cause of morbidity codes are never to be recorded as a principal diagnosis (first- listed in non-inpatient settings). The appropriate injury code should be sequenced before any external cause codes. The external cause of morbidity codes capture how the injury or health condition happened (cause), the intent (unintentional or accidental; or intentional, such as suicide or assault), the place where the event occurred, the activity of the patient at the time of the event, and the person’s status ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2025 Page 17 of 120 (e.g., civilian, military). They should not be assigned for encounters to treat hurricane victims’ medical conditions when no injury, adverse effect or poisoning is involved. External cause of morbidity codes should be assigned for each encounter for care and treatment of the injury. External cause of morbidity codes may be assigned in all health care settings. For the purpose of capturing complete and accurate ICD-10-CM data in the aftermath of the hurricane, a healthcare setting should be considered as any location where medical care is provided by licensed healthcare professionals. b. Sequencing of External Causes of Morbidity Codes Codes for cataclysmic events, such as a hurricane, take priority over all other external cause codes except child and adult abuse and terrorism and should be sequenced before other external cause of injury codes. Assign as many external cause of morbidity codes as necessary to fully explain each cause. For example, if an injury occurs as a result of a building collapse during the hurricane, external cause codes for both the hurricane and the building collapse should be assigned, with the external causes code for hurricane being sequenced as the first external cause code. For injuries incurred as a direct result of the hurricane, assign the appropriate code(s) for the injuries, followed by the code X37.0-, Hurricane (with the appropriate 7th character), and any other applicable external cause of injury codes. Code X37.0- also should be assigned when an injury is incurred as a result of flooding caused by a levee breaking related to the hurricane. Code X38.-, Flood (with the appropriate 7th character), should be assigned when an injury is from flooding resulting directly from the storm. Code X36.0.-, Collapse of dam or man- made structure, should not be assigned when the cause of the collapse is due to the hurricane. Use of code X36.0- is limited to collapses of man-made structures due to earth surface movements, not due to storm surges directly from a hurricane. c. Other External Causes of Morbidity Code Issues For injuries that are not a direct result of the hurricane, such as an evacuee that has incurred an injury as a result of a motor vehicle accident, assign the appropriate external cause of morbidity code(s) to describe the cause of the injury, but do not assign code X37.0-, Hurricane. If it is not clear whether the injury was a direct result of the hurricane, assume the injury is due to the hurricane and assign code X37.0-, Hurricane, as well as any other applicable external cause of morbidity codes. In addition to code X37.0-, Hurricane, other possible applicable external cause of morbidity codes include: X30-, Exposure to excessive natural heat X31-, Exposure to excessive natural cold X38-, Flood d. Use of Z codes Z codes (other reasons for healthcare encounters) may be assigned as appropriate to further explain the reasons for presenting for healthcare services, including transfers between healthcare facilities, or provide additional information relevant to a patient encounter. The ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting identify which codes maybe assigned as principal or first-listed diagnosis only, secondary ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2025 Page 18 of 120 diagnosis only, or principal/first-listed or secondary (depending on the circumstances). Possible applicable Z codes include: Z59.0-, Homelessness Z59.1, Inadequate housing Z59.5, Extreme poverty Z75.1, Person awaiting admission to adequate facility elsewhere Z75.3, Unavailability and inaccessibility of health-care facilities Z75.4, Unavailability and inaccessibility of other helping agencies Z76.2, Encounter for health supervision and care of other healthy infant and child Z99.12, Encounter for respirator [ventilator] dependence during power failure The external cause of morbidity codes and the Z codes listed above are not an all-inclusive list. Other codes may be applicable to the encounter based upon the documentation. Assign as many codes as necessary to fully explain each healthcare encounter. Since patient history information may be very limited, use any available documentation to assign the appropriate external cause of morbidity and Z codes. C. Chapter-Specific Coding Guidelines In addition to general coding guidelines, there are guidelines for specific diagnoses and/or conditions in the classification. Unless otherwise indicated, these guidelines apply to all health care settings. Please refer to Section II for guidelines on the selection of principal diagnosis. 1. Chapter 1: Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (A00-B99), U07.1, U09.9 a. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections 1) Code only confirmed cases Code only confirmed cases of HIV infection/illness. This is an exception to the hospital inpatient guideline Section II, H. In this context, “confirmation” does not require documentation of positive serology or culture for HIV; the provider’s diagnostic statement that the patient is HIV positive or has an HIV-related illness is sufficient. 2) Selection and sequencing of HIV codes (a) Patient admitted for HIV-related condition If a patient is admitted for an HIV-related condition, the principal diagnosis should be B20, Human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] disease followed by additional diagnosis codes for all reported HIV-related conditions. ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2025 Page 19 of 120 An exception to this guideline is if the reason for admission is hemolytic-uremic syndrome associated with HIV disease. Assign code D59.31, Infection-associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome, followed by code B20, Human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] disease. (b) Patient with HIV disease admitted for unrelated condition If a patient with HIV disease is admitted for an unrelated condition (such as a traumatic injury), the code for the unrelated condition (e.g., the nature of injury code) should be the principal diagnosis. Other diagnoses would be B20 followed by additional diagnosis codes for all reported HIV-related conditions. (c) Whether the patient is newly diagnosed Whether the patient is newly diagnosed or has had previous admissions/encounters for HIV conditions is irrelevant to the sequencing decision. (d) Asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus Z21, Asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection status, is to be applied when the patient without any documentation of symptoms is listed as being “HIV positive,” “known HIV,” “HIV test positive,” or similar terminology. Do not use this code if the term “AIDS” or “HIV disease” is used or if the patient is treated for any HIV-related illness or is described as having any condition(s) resulting from his/her HIV positive status; use B20 in these cases. (e) Patients with inconclusive HIV serology Patients with inconclusive HIV serology, but no definitive diagnosis or manifestations of the illness, may be assigned code R75, Inconclusive laboratory evidence of human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]. (f) Previously diagnosed HIV-related illness Patients with any known prior diagnosis of an HIV-related illness should be coded to B20. Once a patient has developed an HIV-related illness, the patient should always be assigned code B20 on every subsequent admission/encounter. Patients previously diagnosed with any HIV illness (B20) should never be assigned to R75 or Z21, Asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection status. (g) HIV Infection in Pregnancy, Childbirth and the Puerperium During pregnancy, childbirth or the puerperium, a patient admitted (or presenting for a health care encounter) because of an HIV-related illness should receive a principal diagnosis code of O98.7-, Human immunodeficiency [HIV] disease complicating ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2025 Page 20 of 120 pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium, followed by B20 and the code(s) for the HIV-related illness(es). Codes from Chapter 15 always take sequencing priority. Patients with asymptomatic HIV infection status admitted (or presenting for a health care encounter) during pregnancy, childbirth, or the puerperium should receive codes of O98.7- and Z21. (h) Encounters for testing for HIV If a patient is being seen to determine his/her HIV status, use code Z11.4, Encounter for screening for human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]. Use additional codes for any associated high-risk behavior, if applicable. If a patient with signs or symptoms is being seen for HIV testing, code the signs and symptoms. An additional counseling code Z71.7, Human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] counseling, may be used if counseling is provided during the encounter for the test. When a patient returns to be informed of his/her HIV test results and the test result is negative, use code Z71.7, Human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] counseling. If the results are positive, see previous guidelines and assign codes as appropriate. (i) HIV managed by antiretroviral medication If a patient with documented HIV disease, HIV-related illness or AIDS is currently managed on antiretroviral medications, assign code B20, Human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] disease. Code Z79.899, Other long term (current) drug therapy, may be assigned as an additional code to identify the long-term (current) use of antiretroviral medications. (j) Encounter for HIV Prophylaxis Measures When a patient is seen for administration of pre-exposure prophylaxis medication for HIV, assign code Z29.81, Encounter for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is intended to prevent infection in people who are at risk for getting HIV through sex or injection drug use. Any risk factors for HIV should also be coded. ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2025 Page 21 of 120 b. Infectious agents as the cause of diseases classified to other chapters Certain infections are classified in chapters other than Chapter 1 and no organism is identified as part of the infection code. In these instances, it is necessary to use an additional code from Chapter 1 to identify the organism. A code from category B95, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Enterococcus as the cause of diseases classified to other chapters, B96, Other bacterial agents as the cause of diseases classified to other chapters, or B97, Viral agents as the cause of diseases classified to other chapters, is to be used as an additional code to identify the organism. An instructional note will be found at the infection code advising that an additional organism code is required. c. Infections resistant to antibiotics Many bacterial infections are resistant to current antibiotics. It is necessary to identify all infections documented as antibiotic resistant. Assign a code from category Z16, Resistance to antimicrobial drugs, following the infection code only if the infection code does not identify drug resistance. d. Sepsis, Severe Sepsis, and Septic Shock Infections resistant to antibiotics 1) Coding of Sepsis and Severe Sepsis (a) Sepsis For a diagnosis of sepsis, assign the appropriate code for the underlying systemic infection. If the type of infection or causal organism is not further specified, assign code A41.9, Sepsis, unspecified organism. A code from subcategory R65.2, Severe sepsis, should not be assigned unless severe sepsis or an associated acute organ dysfunction is documented. (i) Negative or inconclusive blood cultures and sepsis Negative or inconclusive blood cultures do not preclude a diagnosis of sepsis in patients with clinical evidence of the condition; however, the provider should be queried. (ii) Urosepsis The term urosepsis is a nonspecific term. It is not to be considered synonymous with sepsis. It has no default code in the Alphabetic Index. Should a provider use this term, he/she must be queried for clarification. (iii) Sepsis with organ dysfunction If a patient has sepsis and associated acute organ dysfunction or multiple organ dysfunction (MOD), follow the instructions for coding severe sepsis. ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2025 Page 22 of 120 (iv) Acute organ dysfunction that is not clearly associated with the sepsis If a patient has sepsis and an acute organ dysfunction, but the medical record documentation indicates that the acute organ dysfunction is related to a medical condition other than the sepsis, do not assign a code from subcategory R65.2, Severe sepsis. An acute organ dysfunction must be associated with the sepsis in order to assign the severe sepsis code. If the documentation is not clear as to whether an acute organ dysfunction is related to the sepsis or another medical condition, query the provider. (b) Severe sepsis The coding of severe sepsis requires a minimum of 2 codes: first a code for the underlying systemic infection, followed by a code from subcategory R65.2, Severe sepsis. If the causal organism is not documented, assign code A41.9, Sepsis, unspecified organism, for the infection. Additional code(s) for the associated acute organ dysfunction are also required. Due to the complex nature of severe sepsis, some cases may require querying the provider prior to assignment of the codes. 2) Septic shock Septic shock generally refers to circulatory failure associated with severe sepsis, and therefore, it represents a type of acute organ dysfunction. For cases of septic shock, the code for the systemic infection should be sequenced first, followed by code R65.21, Severe sepsis with septic shock or code T81.12, Postprocedural septic shock. Any additional codes for the other acute organ dysfunctions should also be assigned. As noted in the sequencing instructions in the Tabular List, the code for septic shock cannot be assigned as a principal diagnosis. 3) Sequencing of severe sepsis If severe sepsis is present on admission, and meets the definition of principal diagnosis, the underlying systemic infection should be assigned as principal diagnosis followed by the appropriate code from subcategory R65.2 as required by the sequencing rules in the Tabular List. A code from subcategory R65.2 can never be assigned as a principal diagnosis. When severe sepsis develops during an encounter (it was not present on admission), the underlying systemic infection and the appropriate code from subcategory R65.2 should be assigned as secondary diagnoses. Severe sepsis may be present on admission, but the diagnosis may not be confirmed until sometime after admission. If the documentation is not ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2025 Page 23 of 120 clear whether severe sepsis was present on admission, the provider should be queried. For infection-associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome with severe sepsis, see guideline I.C.1.d.9. 4) Sepsis or severe sepsis with a localized infection If the reason for admission is sepsis or severe sepsis and a localized infection, such as pneumonia or cellulitis, a code(s) for the underlying systemic infection should be assigned first and the code for the localized infection should be assigned as a secondary diagnosis. If the patient has severe sepsis, a code from subcategory R65.2 should also be assigned as a secondary diagnosis. If the patient is admitted with a localized infection, such as pneumonia, and sepsis/severe sepsis doesn’t develop until after admission, the localized infection should be assigned first, followed by the appropriate sepsis/severe sepsis codes. For hemolytic-uremic syndrome associated with sepsis, see guideline I.C.1.d.9. 5) Sepsis due to a postprocedural infection (a) Documentation of causal relationship As with all postprocedural complications, code assignment is based on the provider’s documentation of the relationship between the infection and the procedure. (b) Sepsis due to a postprocedural infection For sepsis following a postprocedural wound (surgical site) infection, a code from T81.41 to T81.43, Infection following a procedure, T81.49, Infection following a procedure, other surgical site, or a code from O86.00 to O86.03, Infection of obstetric surgical wound, or code O86.09, Infection of obstetric surgical wound, other surgical site, that identifies the site of the infection should be sequenced first, if known. Assign an additional code for sepsis following a procedure (T81.44) or sepsis following an obstetrical procedure (O86.04). Use an additional code to identify the infectious agent. If the patient has severe sepsis, the appropriate code from subcategory R65.2 should also be assigned with the additional code(s) for any acute organ dysfunction. For infections following infusion, transfusion, therapeutic injection, or immunization, a code from subcategory T80.2, Infections following infusion, transfusion, and therapeutic injection, or code T88.0-, Infection following immunization, should be coded first, followed by the code for the specific infection. If the patient has severe sepsis, the appropriate code ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2025 Page 24 of 120 from subcategory R65.2 should also be assigned, with the additional codes(s) for any acute organ dysfunction. (c) Postprocedural infection and postprocedural septic shock If a postprocedural infection has resulted in postprocedural septic shock, assign the codes indicated above for sepsis due to a postprocedural infection, followed by code T81.12-, Postprocedural septic shock. Do not assign code R65.21, Severe sepsis with septic shock. Additional code(s) should be assigned for any acute organ dysfunction. 6) Sepsis and severe sepsis associated with a noninfectious process (condition) In some cases, a noninfectious process (condition) such as trauma, may lead to an infection which can result in sepsis or severe sepsis. If sepsis or severe sepsis is documented as associated with a noninfectious condition, such as a burn or serious injury, and this condition meets the definition for principal diagnosis, the code for the noninfectious condition should be sequenced first, followed by the code for the resulting infection. If severe sepsis is present, a code from subcategory R65.2 should also be assigned with any associated organ dysfunction(s) codes. It is not necessary to assign a code from subcategory R65.1, Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) of non-infectious origin, for these cases. If the infection meets the definition of principal diagnosis, it should be sequenced before the non-infectious condition. When both the associated non-infectious condition and the infection meet the definition of principal diagnosis, either may be assigned as principal diagnosis. Only one code from category R65, Symptoms and signs specifically associated with systemic inflammation and infection, should be assigned. Therefore, when a non-infectious condition leads to an infection resulting in severe sepsis, assign the appropriate code from subcategory R65.2, Severe sepsis. Do not additionally assign a code from subcategory R65.1, Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) of non- infectious origin. See Section I.C.18. SIRS due to non-infectious process 7) Sepsis and septic shock complicating abortion, pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium See Section I.C.15. Sepsis and septic shock complicating abortion, pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium 8) Newborn sepsis See Section I.C.16. f. Bacterial sepsis of Newborn ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2025 Page 25 of 120 9) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome associated with sepsis If the reason for admission is hemolytic-uremic syndrome that is associated with sepsis, assign code D59.31, Infection-associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome, as the principal diagnosis. Codes for the underlying systemic infection and any other conditions (such as severe sepsis) should be assigned as secondary diagnoses. e. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Conditions 1) Selection and sequencing of MRSA codes (a) Combination codes for MRSA infection When a patient is diagnosed with an infection that is due to methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and that infection has a combination code that includes the causal organism (e.g., sepsis, pneumonia) assign the appropriate combination code for the condition (e.g., code A41.02, Sepsis due to Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus or code J15.212, Pneumonia due to Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Do not assign code B95.62, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection as the cause of diseases classified elsewhere, as an additional code, because the combination code includes the type of infection and the MRSA organism. Do not assign a code from subcategory Z16.11, Resistance to penicillins, as an additional diagnosis. See Section C.1. for instructions on coding and sequencing of sepsis and severe sepsis. (b) Other codes for MRSA infection When there is documentation of a current infection (e.g., wound infection, stitch abscess, urinary tract infection) due to MRSA, and that infection does not have a combination code that includes the causal organism, assign the appropriate code to identify the condition along with code B95.62, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection as the cause of diseases classified elsewhere for the MRSA infection. Do not assign a code from subcategory Z16.11, Resistance to penicillins. (c) Methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and MRSA colonization The condition or state of being colonized or carrying MSSA or MRSA is called colonization or carriage, while an individual person is described as being colonized or being a carrier. ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2025 Page 26 of 120 Colonization means that MSSA or MSRA is present on or in the body without necessarily causing illness. A positive MRSA

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