Hydrotherapy Principles in Physiotherapy Rehab PDF (Gulf Medical University, 2024)

PT-PAP 101 HYDRODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES November 25, 2024 www.gmu.ac.ae COLLEGE OF HEALTH SEIENCES  Objectives At the end of this lecture, the student should be able to Explain the Hydrodynamic principles C...

PT-PAP 101 HYDRODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES November 25, 2024 www.gmu.ac.ae COLLEGE OF HEALTH SEIENCES  Objectives At the end of this lecture, the student should be able to Explain the Hydrodynamic principles Correlate the hydrotherapy principles to rehabilitation aspect  Uses in physiotherapy Hydrotherapy (Aquatherapy) refers to therapeutic treatment performed in underwater to assist in rehabilitation and recovery of clinical conditions where land-based exercise may not be completely suitable. It is a form of exercise in warm water [temperature range of between 90 and 95 degrees Fahrenheit] and is a popular treatment for patients with neurologic and musculoskeletal conditions Hydrodynamic principles Principles Hydrodynamic principles are ⮚Buoyancy ⮚Turbulence ⮚Friction ⮚Hydrostatic pressure ⮚Relative density Buoyancy Archimede’s Principle (buoyancy) – A body which is fully or partially immersed in a liquid experiences an upward thrust equal to the weight of the liquid it displaces  Clinical significance Provides patient with relative weightlessness and joint unloading in water with increased ease Allows the practitioner three-dimensional access to the patient Center of buoyancy Center of buoyancy affects the body than gravity Defined as : It is the reference point of an immersed object upon which buoyant (vertical) forces of fluid act Properties -vertical forces that do not intersect the COB creates rotational motion Clinical Significance In vertical position the human center is located at the sternum In vertical position posteriorly placed buoyancy causes the patient to lean forward Anterior placed buoyancy will cause the patient to lean back  Clinical application A person whose body is immersed to the symphysis pubis will off-load approximately 40% of his or her body weight, and when immersed further to the umbilicus, around 50%. Xiphoid immersion off-loads body weight by 60% or more, while further immersion to the shoulders will off-load around 85%, depending on the position of the arms (Alberton et al., 2011; Becker, 2009; Killgore, 2012). Viscosity Friction occurring between molecule of liquid resulting in resistance to flow Clinical significance Creates Resistance with all active movement Increasing surface area moving through water will increase resistance Viscosity Friction occurring between molecule of liquid resulting in resistance to flow Clinical significance Creates Resistance with all active movement Increasing surface area moving through water will increase resistance Manual resisted exercise Stabilizing extremity proximal – patient require to perform more work Stabilizing extremity distally –patient require to perform less work 25-11-2024  Surface Tension Surface of fluid acts as a membrane under tension Measured as force per unit length Clinical significance Extremity that moves through the surface will perform more work than under water Using equipment at surface of water will increase resistance Relative density The relative densities of an object and the liquid it is placed in determine whether that object will sink or float. Relative density is defined as the ratio of the density of any substance to the density of water at 4∘C An object that has a higher density than the liquid it's in will sink. An object that has a lower density than the liquid, it will float. 1 cm2 water has a mass of 1 gram. Any object with density less than one will float  Hydromechanics Physical properties and characteristics of fluid in motion Components of flow motion Laminar flow Turbulence flow drag  Laminar flow –movement where all molecules move parallel to each other- typically a slow movement Turbulence flow - movement where molecules do not move parallel to each other- typically faster movement Drag- cumulative effects of turbulence and fluid viscosity acting on an object  Drag Force Most important concept in Aquatic Therapy Frictional resistance of an object Greater surface area will increase drag forces thus creating more resistance Can be changed by changing the position or shape of the object or body part Will increase or decrease with speed of motions (streamlining effect)  Clinical significance Speed increases the resistance to the motion. Moving water past the patient will require patient to work harder. Application of equipment (glove ,paddle ,boot )will increase drag and resistance as patient moves the extremity through water Turbulence Turbulence-the eddies that follow in the wake of an object swing through a fluid Degree of turbulence depends on speed of movement The shape of the body influences the production of turbulence and any movement creates turbulence. Turbulence is used in hydrotherapy both to assist and resist –movement Copping with effects of turbulence demands balance and coordination and can be used to develop these skills in treatment program. Hydrostatic Pressure The molecules of a fluid thrust upon each part of the surface area of an immersed body. Pascal's law states that fluid pressure is exerted equally on all surface areas of an immersed body at rest at a given depth. Hydrostatic Pressure Fluid will exert pressure in all directions. As depth increases more pressure is exerted.  Hydrostatic Pressure Density of water and depth of immersion increases hydrostatic pressure Clinical significance Increased Pressure reduces or limits effusion, assists venous return, induces bradycardia a decrease in Blood Pressure (BP) peripherally and an increase in the BP in and around the heart. This can cause potential problems for eg Chronic Heart Failure (CHF) and Coronary Artery Disease CAD) clients and needs to be taken into consideration Discussion