HUMSS Soc_PerDev Reviewer PDF

PERDEV FINALS Personal Relationships Relations ➔ Several studies and evidence have shown that humans “evolved to hips fall in love” (Gabbatis, 2017). ➔ Pre-historic h...

PERDEV FINALS Personal Relationships Relations ➔ Several studies and evidence have shown that humans “evolved to hips fall in love” (Gabbatis, 2017). ➔ Pre-historic humans were already interacting with one another through different forms of behavior. ➔ They found out that those who establish close relationships tend to cope better with stresses in life including bereavement, and job loss, among others (Myers, 2011). ➔ On the other hand, the absence of close relationships is a key indicator of mental health problems, poor physical health, and lower life satisfaction. (Mental Health Foundation, 2016). ➔ Online Dictionary defines relationship as “how two or more people, groups, countries, etc., talk to, behave toward, and deal with each other.” Types of Friendship Relations ➔ A close tie between two people that is often built upon mutual hips experiences, shared interests, proximity, and emotional bonding. Personal Family relationship ➔ This involves two or more persons who are related by birth, marriage, involves relationships or adoption and who live together as one household (Bureau of that have a Census). significant meaning to a person and Romantic that involves a ➔ This involves strong feelings of intimacy and passion between two degree of people (Sternberg, 1988). commitment (Santos, 2016). Relationships Professional are dynamic and ➔ This is defined as the relationship between an employer and an ever-changing. employee or regulated by the law. Attachm Secure Attachment ent ➔ When primary caregivers are responsive to the needs of the child, Styles whether physical or emotional (Feist & Feist, 2008). According to a Avoidant Attachment study by Hazan ➔ When the primary caregiver is perceived as detached and would be and Shiver (1987) different unresponsive to the child’s needs, thus feelings of rejection are types of infant attachment observed (Feist & Feist, 2008). styles determine Anxious-ambivalent Attachment one’s stability of adult love ➔ Inconsistency in terms of presence and meeting the child’s physical patterns. and emotional needs, thus forming anxiety and ambivalence towards the relationship (Feist & Feist, 2008). Attract- Transference Effect ion ➔ We tend to fall in love or be attracted to someone who reminds us of our past. The action or Propinquity/Proximity Effect power of ➔ We get attracted to people who live close together and work evoking interest or together, among others. liking someone. Similarity ➔ Individuals often like people who have similarities with them such as interests, social class background, and experiences, among others. Reciprocity ➔ Individuals may get attracted to people who like them. Physical Attractiveness ➔ People get attracted to others because of their looks. Personality, Characteristics, and Traits ➔ A person’s characteristics and traits play a factor in liking someone. Love Helen Fisher’s Stages of Love Suggests that Lust love can be ➔ One is physically attracted to their object of affection, this is driven explained through by the sex hormones, testosterone, and estrogen. Biology. Attraction ➔ This is the stage in which the individual enters the lovestruck phase—the heart races about the thought of being with that person, etc. ➔ Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin trigger this. Attachment ➔ The couple in love decides to be committed to the relationship that  they are in. ➔ Neurotransmitters oxytocin and vasopressin facilitate this stage in love. Robert Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love Passion ➔ Lead to romance such as physical attraction, sexual consummation, and an intense state of motivation to be with the person you love (Myers, 2011). Intimacy ➔ Suggests feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bonding in loving relationships. This further gives warmth to the relationship (Myers, 2011). Commitment ➔ Defined in the short term as a decision that one loves the other, or in the long term the commitment to maintain one’s love (Myers, 2011). Love Language ➔ Introduced in 1992 by marriage counselor Dr. Gary Chapman in his book “The 5 Love Languages.” a. Words of Affirmation b. Quality Time c. Physical Touch d. Acts of Service e. Receiving Gifts Commit ➔ Accumulation of all rewards of the relationship. ment ➔ Temptation of alternative partners. ➔ Investments made by the couple in the relationship.  Ways to ensure responsibility in handling relationships (Santos, 2016) ➔ Be responsible for what you think and say to your partner. ➔ Be responsible for what you promise to do. ➔ Ensure the relationship is mutually beneficial. ➔ Respect the other party or parties involved. ➔ Be ready to provide support when needed. Social Relationships Social ➔ Is a general term that is defined as how an individual relates or Relations interacts with another individual or entity (Myers, 2011). hip ➔ It tends to be less intimate, with lesser self-disclosure involved (Santos, 2016). ➔ Creating friendships and connections increases social maturity affirms their self-identity, and self-esteem, and develops nurturing relationships. Social ➔ The set of norms that defines how individuals should act in each Role social position (Myers, 2011). Our social roles and our social relationships can be used to influence other people. Social ➔ It occurs when behavior, actions, attitudes, and other resources bring Influence about changes in the beliefs, attitudes, and/or behavior of persons because of the action/s of another person. Types of Conformity Social ➔ Change in behavior or belief because of peer pressure. Influence ➔ Involves being affected by how people act. Compliance ➔ A type of conformity in which one publicly acts following an explicit request, while privately disagreeing. ➔ “Insincere.” Obedience ➔ One acts under a direct order and does not question the power of authority. Persuasion ➔ A message induces a change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors. Group Influence  ➔ Social Facilitation - the strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others. ➔ Social Loafing - the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable. ➔ Deindividuation - the loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension. ➔ Group Polarization - The groups tend to make decisions that are more extreme. ➔ Groupthink - Tend to make irrational decisions to keep cohesiveness. ➔ Minority Influence - When a bigger number of people are influenced by a much smaller number of people. Leader- ➔ The ability of a person of authority to influence others to behave in ship such a manner that goals are achieved (Bernard, 1938). Common Charismatic Leadership ➔ The individual uses his/her charm to get the admiration of his/her Leadershi followers. p Styles Participative Leadership ➔ Leaders facilitate ideas through the sharing of information before arriving at a decision. Situational Leadership ➔ Three factors are considered: The situation, the capability of the followers, and the capability of the Leader. Transactional Leadership ➔ Motivate his followers by presenting them the rewards and punishments once a task is not accomplished. Transformational Leadership ➔ Leaders empower their followers by appealing to their morals and ideals. The Quiet Leader ➔ Leads by example. Leadershi Servant Leadership p ➔ When leaders take care of their followers’ needs before taking care of Theories their own. (Aamodt, Great Man Theory 2011) ➔ Leaders are born to be leaders. Trait Theory ➔ Certain personality traits that are suited for leaders such as intelligence, persistence, and high level of self-confidence. ➔ To be a good leader, one must have these traits. Contingency Theory ➔ There is no definite way of leading. It always depends on the situation. Behavioral Theory ➔ Leadership is a learned behavior. Thus, leaders are made. Family Structures and Legacies Family ➔ “A group of individuals living under one roof and usually under one head” (Santos, 2016). ➔ Belen Medina defines, “two or more persons who share resources, share responsibility for decisions, share values and goals, and have a commitment to each other over time.” ➔ The family is the foremost unit that gives you the first experience of the world. Functions Procreation of Family ➔ The family is recognized to perform the duty to bear children. Economic Provision ➔ Caring for the children and providing for their needs. Love ➔ It holds the greatest importance in the family. ➔ It encompasses everything and drives members of the family to do anything for the welfare of another. Socialization ➔ The family provides immediate opportunities for the children to grow through the interactions an individual experiences.  ➔ The family is also expected to be the first teacher to in still proper behavior and good character. Sense of Security ➔ Family offers a stable companionship–a feeling that you are not alone in this world. Family Nuclear Family Structure ➔ Also known as traditional family. s ➔ It comprises a family, a mother, and their offspring. Single Parent Family ➔ There is only one parent who rears the child or children while at the same time earning and giving them their needs. Extended Family ➔ Most common in Asia. ➔ It is the nuclear family + the parents of the husband or the wife, aunts or uncles, cousins, etc. Childless Family ➔ Couples do not have children either by choice or due to certain circumstances (e.g., health). Step Family ➔ Blended family. ➔ Formed through a marriage of two individuals when one has at least one child from a previous relationship or marriage. Grandparent Family ➔ A grandparent takes care of his or her grandchildren with no present parent-child relationship. Family with Working Parents ➔ Both parents work to support the family which is one of the reasons why their children tend to get left behind. Other Family Setups/Frameworks ➔ Some couples live together as common law or domestic partners (cohabiting couples) or are not legally married but are living together. ➔ Includes same-sex partners who raise a child. Child ➔ The family is considered the first member of the society where a Rearing child grows and learns basic social skills. Practices ➔ Parental authority, parenting styles, and the type of care individuals and receive from their parents contribute to one’s personality. Family Care Common Authoritarian Parenting Parenting ➔ Parents establish rules and expect children to follow them without Styles exception. ➔ Punishments > Consequences. Authoritative Parenting ➔ Involves setting rules that children are expected to follow but allow some exceptions. Permissive Parenting ➔ Parents do not offer much discipline. ➔ They take more on a friend role than a parent role. Uninvolved Parenting ➔ They tend to neglect and not provide for their children’s needs. Family ➔ Bruner and Ledbetter (1996) defined family legacy as a heritage Legacies passed on from parents to children, which could be social, emotional, spiritual, or even sometimes, material in nature Emotional Legacy ➔ Provides a safe environment in which deep emotional roots can grow. ➔ Fosters confidence through stability. ➔ Conveys a tone of trusting support. ➔ Nurtures a strong sense of positive identity. ➔ Creates a “resting place” for the soul. ➔ Demonstrates unconditional love. Social Legacy ➔ Respect is the name of the game. ➔ Responsibility by assigning duties, holding them accountable, and letting them learn from their mistakes. ➔ Unconditional love and acceptance by their parents. ➔ The setting of social boundaries concerning how to relate to God,  authority, peers, the environment, and siblings. ➔ Rules given within a loving relationship Moral/Spiritual Legacy ➔ Means more than encouraging our children to attend church, as important as that is. Nurturing ➔ This seeks to create and maintain positive and harmonious ties Family aimed at fulfilling meaningful relationships with one another. Relations hips Time ➔ Spend quality time with them and fill it with good moments. Love ➔ The family should be built on love. As everybody loves and needs to be loved, the family should be the first to show it. Commitment ➔ As it takes effort to do all those things, commit yourself to doing what is good, healthy, and nurturing for your family. Persons and Careers Career ➔ A profession that a person may get into, either because he has found a good match between his life goals, skills, personality, and interests with a dream job or it may be a means to earn a living. ➔ “Refers primarily to the sequence and variety of work roles, paid or unpaid, that individuals undertake throughout their lives, but it is also the construct which enables individuals to make sense of valued work opportunities and how their work roles relate to their wider life roles” (Career Development Institute, 2017). Career Trait Factor Theory Develop ➔ Skills, values, interests, and personality characteristics are analyzed ment and matched with job factors or an occupational profile. Theories Holland’s Theory of Vocational Theory An individual ➔ Developed by John Holland in 1959, he states that a must take into person-environment fit is important for an individual to properly consideration know what career is suited for him. that our career is a ➔ People can be categorized into six types: Realistic, Investigative, unique, and Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional. lifelong process. Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory ➔ Our beliefs (thoughts) affect our behaviors. Our cognitive processes such as self-efficacy help us decide what career we should take. Krumboltz’s Social Learning Theory of Choice ➔ Our career decisions are a product of four factors: Genetic Influence, Environmental Conditions, and Events, Learning Experiences, and Task Approach Skills. ➔ This theory suggests that learning experiences especially observational learning from role models have a powerful influence on career choice. Super’s Developmental Self-Concept Theory ➔ Developed by Donald Super, it emphasized that humans are in constant change. ➔ In our development, our view of what career we want for ourselves changes, as self-concept changes with development. Factors Internal Factors Affection ➔ Self-concept or self-identity s One’s ➔ Personal preferences Choice of ➔ Motivation ➔ Self-confidence Career ➔ Personal skills According to ➔ Personality characteristics Aguado, ➔ Personal health Lagudor, and ➔ Emotional considerations Deligero (2015), the decision on ➔ Self-sabotaging thoughts good career choice and External Factors school sometimes ➔ Parental preferences depends on ➔ Family constraints how the way students ➔ Financial constraints perceive the ➔ Job market preference world and their ➔ School location future. ➔ Peer pressure ➔ Gender bias ➔ Language limitation ➔ Academic performance Insights in One’s Personal Development Personal Psychological Factors Develop ment ➔ Interest - An individual`s performance in any career is closely related Factors in to his/her interest, which is either expressed in words or manifest in Career actions. Decisions ➔ Aptitude - This refers to the potential that one has for learning in the future. ➔ Intelligence - Each profession, whether skilled or semi-skilled requires a level of intellectual ability for the individual to enter and perform efficiently on it. Social Factors ➔ Personality - Grouped into six orientations: ◆ Realistic - It is characterized by aggressive behavior, and physical action which requires skills, strength, and coordination (career: farming, forest, and sports). ◆ Investigative - It is characterized by cognitive abilities like thinking, organizing, and understanding (career: related to science). ◆ Social - It is characterized by interpersonal relationships (career: psychology, diplomatic corps, social work, and nursing). ◆ Conventional - It is characterized by structured, rule-regulated activities (career: civil service, accounting, and finance). ◆ Enterprising - It is characterized by the verbal ability to lead (career: management, law, teaching). ◆ Artistic - It is characterized by self-expression artistic creation of feelings and individualistic activities (career: art, music, drama, dance, etc.).  ➔ Attitudes - It reflect a future orientation, an awareness of choices to be made and a disposition to be involved in preparing to make immediate and distant choices. ➔ Lifestyle - These preferences include criteria such as salary, and work/life balance, and location are considered the most influential factors in career choice. Cultural Factors ➔ Involves the community where people live in and the values they hold. Economic Factors ➔ Shifts in politics, economy, natural disasters, etc. may contribute to someone’s career plans. Importan Personal Development ce of ➔ The act or process of understanding and developing oneself to Personal achieve one’s fullest potential. Develop ➔ It is a vital part of a person’s growth, maturity, success, and ment fulfillment. Factors in Reasons why it is important: Career 1. It helps you understand yourself better. Decisions 2. It assists you in creating your goals and life purposes. 3. It guides you in managing and spending your time effectively. 4. It enhances your ability to handle stress, adversity, and change. 5. It helps you in managing your finances more wisely. 6. It teaches you to build better relationships with people. 7. It allows you to have a balanced lifestyle. 8. It provides an opportunity to take care of your health. Six core benefits: 1. Self-awareness 2. A sense of direction 3. Improved focus and effectiveness 4. More motivation 5. Greater resilience 6. More fulfilling relationships