HUMB1000 Compendium 1 – What is Life? PDF

Compendium 1 – What is life? Outcomes 1. Define the terms ‘anatomy’ and ‘physiology’. 2. Have an understanding of the different levels of anatomy and physiology. 3. Describe the six levels of organisation in the body. 4. List the six characteristics of organisms. 5...

Compendium 1 – What is life? Outcomes 1. Define the terms ‘anatomy’ and ‘physiology’. 2. Have an understanding of the different levels of anatomy and physiology. 3. Describe the six levels of organisation in the body. 4. List the six characteristics of organisms. 5. Define ‘homeostasis’. 6. List the characteristics of the anatomical position 7. Use appropriate anatomical terminology to describe directional terms, body planes, and location of body parts and anatomical relations. 8. Describe the major body cavities and their divisions. 9. Identify the major organs within each abdominal quadrant and region. 10. Describe the properties of serous membranes. 11. Describe the location and function of serous membranes. Questions After completion of this Compendium you should be able to answer the following questions: 1. What is the purpose of the anatomical position? 2. What characteristics are used to assess whether something is alive or not? 3. What are the six levels of organisation of the human body and give examples of each. 4. Anatomical directional terms for the body – use each one in a sentence. 5. What are the three planes in which the body or organs can be divided? 6. What are the three anterior cavities of the trunk? 7. Why do we divide the abdomen into quadrants or regions? What are they? 8. Why do we need serous membranes lining body cavities? Images in this compendium are sourced from: VanPutte, C. L., Regan, J. L. & Russo, A. F. (2020). Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology (12th edition). New York, USA: McGraw-Hill HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function 1 of 19 CRICOS Provider Code 00301J Key Terms Here are the key terms that you will encounter while working through Compendium 1. You like to look up the terms using one of the many online medical dictionaries available and add a brief definition to the table below. anatomical position lateral anatomy macroscopic anterior medial biology metabolism body cavity microscopic caudal molecule cell organ cellular organ system chemical organisation coronal organism cranial physiology deep posterior development prone diaphragm proximal distal reproduction dorsal responsiveness frontal sagittal growth superficial homeostasis superior horizontal supine human biology tissue inferior ventral HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function 2 of 19 CRICOS Provider Code 00301J Preparation activities Listen to your iLectures: The human body Anatomical terminology Serous membranes Read the following pages of your textbook: VanPutte, C. L., Regan, J. L. & Russo, A. F. (2020). Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology (12th edition). New York, USA: McGraw-Hill o Chapter 1: pages 1-22 Risk assessment A risk assessment for the Compendium 1 workshop has been carried out and there are no obvious immediate risks associated with this workshop. Therefore, students and tutors are not required to wear safety glasses or laboratory coats for this workshop. For more information on Safety and Health at Curtin University please visit: http://healthandsafety.curtin.edu.au/ Pre-workshop activity: Dead or alive Compendium 1 begins our journey into the study of anatomy and physiology. Let’s start with a look at, ‘What is life?’ 1. Dead or alive? Refer to the information presented in the ‘What is life?’ iLecture to answer the following questions. How do you know when a person is dead? Is it when they’re not moving, or breathing, or when they have no pulse, or is brain dead? It’s not always easy to decide whether things are living, dead or were never living. You have been provided with a list of six non-human items to help examine your ideas of life and death. Decide whether they are living, dead or never living and state the reason for your decision in the table below. Items Living, dead or never living Reasons for decision 1. A green salad Dead 2. An active wasp nest Living 3. A penguin Living 4. A bunch of red roses Dead 5. An airborne virus Living 6. An iPhone Never living HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function 3 of 19 CRICOS Provider Code 00301J 2. Characteristics of life Before accessing any of the resources for this compendium, what factors do you think all living organisms have in common? List them below. You could have used the one or more of the 6 main characteristics of life: 1. Organisation 2. Metabolism 3. Responsiveness 4. Growth 5. Development (differentiation and morphogenesis) 6. Reproduction 3. Levels of organisation The human body is organised in a very specific manner. List the six levels of organisation and give two examples of each. The first level has been done for you. Level of organisation Example(s) 1. Chemical DNA, RNA, protein, hormone, lipid 2. Cell Smooth muscle cell, red blood cell, neuron 3. Tissue Nervous, connective, muscle, epithelial tissue 4. Organ Lung, stomach, brain, heart 5. Organ system Respiratory system, renal system, cardiovascular 6. Organism Human, elephant, ladybug HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function 4 of 19 CRICOS Provider Code 00301J Workshop Getting to know you The tutors that teach HSF come from a very wide range of health science professions, with various degrees, qualifications and interests. Please write down the names, job/qualifications and contact details of your two tutors. Name Job / Qualifications Email The weekly workshops that you attend this semester include students from a variety of Schools within the Faculty of Health Sciences who are studying different degrees. This provides you with an excellent opportunity to learn with students whose interests may be different from yours. Before we begin today’s workshop, spend a few minutes talking with the group that you are currently sitting with. Find out the following about each person and write their details in the table below. Name Degree enrolled in Past experience or knowledge in the subject of Human Biology (HB) Name Degree enrolled in HB subject experience HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function 5 of 19 CRICOS Provider Code 00301J Topic 1: The human body Homeostasis Homeostasis is about keeping the body in a relatively constant environment. It includes the regulation of body temperature, blood pressure, pH, glucose, carbon dioxide, oxygen etc. Homeostatic mechanisms maintain the body near an ideal normal point called the set point. Homeostasis is still maintained when small fluctuations occur above or below the set point. This is known as the normal range. The failure of homeostasis can result in disease or even death. Homeostasis: Georgina Grace and the safety pin Georgia Grace, an 8 month old baby, has been unwell and sleeping poorly for a few days. Georgia has a ‘wet’ cough, her parents suspect she has a chest infection and take her to see their family doctor. Georgia is examined by the doctor, weighed and measured by the practice nurses and given a 10 day script for antibiotics. Two weeks later the cough is still persisting, and along with vomiting after eating Georgia now has a very high temperature, the practice nurses note that Georgia has not gained any weight over the last three weeks. The doctor writes a referral for a chest X-ray, to check for fistulas and airway conductivity, and Georgia’s parents take her to the local radiography clinic – where they get a nasty surprise! The X-ray shows that Georgia has swallowed a safety pin. Georgia is immediately transported with her parents to the children’s hospital emergency department. Georgia is kept under observation by the nurses and doctors in the emergency ward until the Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) specialist arrives. The ENT specialist decides that Georgia will undergo surgery that afternoon to remove the pin. It is unclear from the X-ray if the pin is located in Georgia’s oesophagus or trachea, or how close it is to vocal chords, large blood vessels and nerves, so Georgia must undergo a CT scan before the pin can be surgically removed. Georgia is placed under gaseous anaesthesia, a cannula is inserted into her hand and a nasogastric tube is inserted and she is then taken into surgery. After a couple of hours the pin has been successfully removed and Georgia is back with her parents in the recovery ward. The nurses on the ward give Georgia pain relief and antibiotics through her cannula. A blood sample is drawn to check her immune response, and she is fed through a nasogastric tube. After several days in the hospital Georgia is able to return home. She continues to take her course of oral antibiotics and has a follow-up appointment with the ENT surgeon where she is given the ‘all clear’. Georgia Grace is a very lucky little girl. In your groups answer the following questions: HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function 6 of 19 CRICOS Provider Code 00301J  1. What roles will different health professionals play in Georgia’s care and recovery and in the subsequent prevention of these types of incidents? This is an open-ended question. Possibilities include radiographers, paramedics, therapists, phlebotomists, laboratory scientists, nurses, various types of doctors (e.g. ENT surgeon, GP, anaesthetist, paediatrician), pharmacist, psychologists, health educators, medical research personnel, etc. 2. List any health professionals who would not be involved in Georgia’s care at any point. Mortuary attendants, gynaecologists, oncologists, midwife, obstetrician, etc 3. Which degree are you enrolled in? How could someone in your future profession help Georgia? Your own answer. Georgia was in serious danger of a number of potentially fatal complications resulting from the safety pin. These include: a. Choking – caused by a physical obstruction of Georgia’s airways. b. Infection - due to an internal wound in the wall of her oesophagus or trachea, if this infection moved out into the chest cavity or to the heart it could be fatal. c. Cardiovascular shock – if the safety pin had punctured a major blood vessel, massive blood loss could have occurred. Georgia suffered a major disturbance to body homeostasis and she was lucky to survive. Homeostasis relates to the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body. 4. What do you think is meant by minor and major disturbances of homeostasis? Include examples in your answer. Minor - Easy to recover from. E.g. if your body temperature goes down, you will shiver to generate body heat which then brings your temperature back up. If your body temperature goes up, you then sweat to bring it back down. Major - May never completely recover or return to normal. Requires assistance or medical intervention. Examples Minor - Sunburn, bites, increase blood pressure or heart rate with exercise Major - third degree burns, stroke, severe brain injury, presence of a foreign body in the respiratory or digestive system, cancer. 5. What treatments did/would Georgia receive to help her homeostatic mechanisms cope (what did she need most, to reduce the risks above)? CT (computer tomography) scan to find exact location of the pin before surgery. Surgery to remove the safety pin (anaesthesia) Antibiotics to prevent infection Pain relief Fluids and feeding through a nasogastric tube HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function 7 of 19 CRICOS Provider Code 00301J Topic 2: Anatomical terminology and the body building exercise When studying the human body, it is assumed to be in a stance called anatomical position to provide a standard point of reference. This allows health professionals to describe the orientation and location of body parts in a standardised manner. The features of anatomical position are: 1. Standing erect/upright. 2. Head and eyes are facing forward. 3. The feet are flat on the ground facing forward. 4. The arms are straight by the side and forearms are supinated (palms facing forward). Before attempting the body building activity, attempt to stand in the ‘anatomical position’. Major organs This activity provides you with an opportunity to test what you already know about the human body and familiarise yourself with some major organs. During the following exercise, you will be drawing a body outline of someone within your group who will be positioned in the anatomical position except for standing upright. Your team task is to draw a body outline and draw in the eight organs listed below: Stomach, brain, liver, heart, urinary bladder, kidneys, diaphragm, lungs 1. You have 5 minutes planning and outline time. Choose the role each person will play. The participants: Body model Artist - draws an outline of the body model lying in a supine position on butcher paper: lying on the back, upper and lower limbs extended (straight) and palms supinated (facing up). Use the thick outline pens provided. Whole body expert - examines the torso model to determine the position of the organs and communicates the information to the artist. Organ specialist - examines the individual organs to determine their shape and size, and communicates the information to the artist. 2. Once you have decided the role each person will pay, you have 10 minutes building time. Only the artist and body model can draw in the organs. The whole body expert and organ specialist must describe position, size and shape of the organs to the artist and model. The artist and model must pretend they don’t know any anatomy and must rely on the information given to them by the whole body expert and organ specialist. HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function 8 of 19 CRICOS Provider Code 00301J  3. After you have completed the task, discuss how you worked as a team. Write down what you and your other group members think are important attributes of a successful harmonious group. Your own answers 4. Accurately draw the following organs on the figure below. You can use your textbook or lecture notes to help you. Add in as many labels as possible. Stomach, brain, liver, heart, urinary bladder, left kidney, diaphragm and lungs. HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function 9 of 19 CRICOS Provider Code 00301J Introducing the Anatomage table Curtin University has two Anatomage tables for learning anatomy. Curtin is one of only two universities in Australia to have the tables and HSF is the first unit at Curtin to use them. The Anatomage is essentially a giant iPad on legs with very detailed anatomy software. Needless to say it is very expensive and like all laboratory resources, it must be treated with respect at all times. Your tutors will now give you a brief introduction on how to use the Anatomage table. Topic 3: Introduction to anatomy and the anatomical referencing system Using the models, resources around the lab and on your tables, your lecture notes and the textbooks in the lab to answer the questions below. (A) Directional terms We use specific directional terms to allow us to refer to and compare the position of different parts of the body relative to each other. The following terms will be used repeatedly throughout semester. Directional terms applied to the human body Directional term Definition Superior Structure above another/higher Inferior Structure below another/lower Anterior The front of the body Posterior The back of the body Dorsal Towards the back Ventral Towards the belly Medial Towards the midline of the body Lateral Away from the midline of the body Proximal Used for limbs - Closer to the point of attachment Distal Used for limbs - Farther from the point of attachment Superficial Toward or on the surface Deep Away from the surface, internal Caudal Closer to the tail Cranial Closer to the cranium/head HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function 10 of 19 CRICOS Provider Code 00301J Use the above terms to describe the relative position of the following (the first one is completed for you): The liver is superior to the urinary bladder. The stomach is superior to the urinary bladder. The sternum is anterior to the heart. inferior and The right kidney is posterior to the liver. The sacrum posterior to the urinary bladder. The diaphragm inferior to the heart. The elbow is distal to the shoulder. The knee is proximal to the ankle. The heart is medial to the lungs. The thumb is lateral to the little finger (5th digit). The kidneys are lateral and superior to the urinary bladder. (B) Trunk cavities The body contains many cavities, such as the nasal cavity, which opens directly to the outside of the body but others, such as the trunk, do not. 1. List the 3 main cavities of the trunk. Thoracic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity 2. What structure (muscle) separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity? Diaphragm 3. The left and right sides of the thoracic cavity are separated by an area in the middle – what is this area called? Mediastinum 4. What does the mediastinum contain? The heart, thymus, oesophagus and trachea, blood vessels & nerves HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function 11 of 19 CRICOS Provider Code 00301J  5. The abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity are not physically separated and are often referred to as the abdominopelvic cavity. What structures enclose each cavity and what organs are found in each? Abdominal cavity – enclosed anteriorly by the abdominal muscles, contains the stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, spleen and kidneys. Pelvic cavity – enclosed by the pelvic bones, contains the urinary bladder, parts of the large intestine and the internal reproductive organs. (C) Quadrants and regions of the abdominopelvic cavity When describing positions of abdominal and pelvic organs, it is helpful to divide the abdominopelvic cavity into four quadrants or nine regions. 1. Label the quadrants, regions and main organs on the figure below. HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function 12 of 19 CRICOS Provider Code 00301J  Quadrants In which quadrant does the appendix lie? Right lower quadrant In which quadrant is the spleen located? Left upper quadrant In which quadrant(s) is the urinary bladder located? Left and right lower quadrants Regions In which region(s) is the liver? Right hypochondriac and epigastric In which region(s) is the urinary bladder? Hypogastric region Which organ(s) (appendix, stomach, liver or large intestine) is/are in the left iliac region? Large intestine Can you think of any conditions in which various organs may move to a different location within the Pregnancy, central abdominal obesity, abdominopelvic cavity? abdominal tumour growth. A person is stabbed with a knife in the epigastric Liver, stomach, pancreas, major blood region – which organs may be damaged? vessels. (E) Anatomage table You will now spend some time using the Anatomage table to complete this activity. Your tutor will direct your table (group of 8 students) to the Anatomage table when it is your table’s turn. 1. Use the Preset button to select Preset screen 1. Slide one finger across the screen to rotate the cadaver around. Pinch in and out using two fingers to zoom. Return the image to full size with the 1:1 Lifesize tool. HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function 13 of 19 CRICOS Provider Code 00301J  2. The cadaver can be rotated and viewed at different angles or planes. Use the orientation tools to view the cadaver in 3 different orientations: axial (1), sagittal (2) and coronal (3). 3. We use a number of standard planes to slice or section the body or parts of the body. These can be used to view the spatial arrangements and connections between particular internal organs. Orientate the body in the frontal plane (image below) and use the plane selection tool to section the body in the frontal plane. Use the slider bar to move the section through the body. 4. The labels at the top of the screen will show you where the organs are (a lead line will appear) as you move the slice through the body. 5. Make sure the cadaver is set to 1:1 lifesize. Select the measurement tool, then select the ruler. Tap 2 points either side of an organ on the table to measure the size of the organ. To clear the measurements from the screen select the clear all icon from the ruler tab. HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function 14 of 19 CRICOS Provider Code 00301J  6. Select Preset 2 and orientate the body in the frontal plane. 7. Select the knife tool and slice the cadaver into a transverse / horizontal plane (i.e. use the knife to draw a line straight across the trunk of the cadaver separating it into a top and bottom half). 8. Rotate the cadaver picture so that you can see the organs inside the body. You can also use the axial orientation icon. 9. Use the slider bar to change the position of your slice up and down the cadaver. 10. If you would like to make your section again use the reset icon to remove the slice. 11. Choose an interesting slice level in the transverse plane and draw or describe the organs/features you can see. Remember to include some reference labels (e.g. anterior or posterior and right or left). Your own answers HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function 15 of 19 CRICOS Provider Code 00301J  12. Select Preset screen 3 and select the frontal body orientation. 13. Select the knife tool and slice the cadaver into a sagittal plane (i.e. use the knife to draw a line straight down the middle of the cadaver separating it into a left and right half). You can also use the plane selection tool and select the sagittal plane. 14. Rotate the cadaver picture so that you can see the organs inside the body. Use the slider bar to change the position of your slice up and down the cadaver to find the lead lines for the labels. 15. Find the diaphragm and follow this through the body. 16. What two cavities does the diaphragm separate? Thoracic and abdominal cavities HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function 16 of 19 CRICOS Provider Code 00301J Post-workshop activities Anatomical planes Describe the two parts formed by the following sections: 1. Frontal or coronal plane A vertical plane that separates the body into anterior and posterior portions. 2. Horizontal or transverse plane A horizontal (transverse) plane that separates the body into superior and inferior portions. A horizontal (transverse) plane runs parallel to the ground 3. Sagittal plane (including mid-sagittal) A vertical plane that separates the body into left and right segments. A mid-sagittal plane will divide the body into two equal segments (e.g. through the nose). A parasagittal plane will divide the body into unequal segments (e.g. through a shoulder). 4. Label the following plane(s) and name the segments they divide the body into. A. Transverse or horizontal plane. Divides the body into a superior (top) and an inferior (bottom) segment. B. Frontal or coronal plane. Divides the body into an anterior/ventral (front) and a posterior/dorsal (back) segment C. Sagittal plane. Divides the body into a left and right segment. A mid-sagittal (median) plane goes directly through the midline of the body and divides the body into equal left and right halves. HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function 17 of 19 CRICOS Provider Code 00301J  5. Which standard plane(s) would you expect to pass through each of the following structures? Please note there may be more than one correct answer. The brain and nasal septum Mid-sagittal, horizontal and/or frontal planes Both eyes Horizontal and frontal planes The heart and the liver Frontal and sagittal The knee and hip joints Para-sagittal (one leg only) and frontal planes Both knees Horizontal and frontal The brain and right shoulder Frontal only The sternum and spinal cord Horizontal and mid-sagittal Location of serous membranes Serous membranes line the trunk cavities and the organs that lie within the cavities. Visceral serous membranes cover the organs and parietal serous membranes line the cavities. Label the organs and serous membranes on the diagram below. 1. Visceral pericardium 2. Pericardial cavity (containing fluid) 3. Parietal pericardium 4. Heart 5 & 10. Diaphragm 6. Visceral pleura 7. Pleural cavity 8. Parietal pleura 9. Lung HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function 18 of 19 CRICOS Provider Code 00301J Anatomical terms Use the anatomical terms you learned in the lectures and workshop to describe the relative position of the following (the first one has been completed for you): The liver is superior to the urinary bladder The lungs are superior to the diaphragm The sternum is anterior / ventral to the spinal column The left kidney is superior / posterior to the hip joint The body organs are deep to the skin The diaphragm is inferior to the brain The ankle is distal to the knee The elbow is proximal to the wrist lateral / superior / The ears are posterior to the mouth The little finger (5th digit) is medial to the thumb The urinary bladder is medial / inferior to the kidneys END OF COMPENDIUM HUMB1000 Human Structure and Function 19 of 19 CRICOS Provider Code 00301J