Exam 6 PDF

1. A patient experiences a seizure that manifests with repetitive hand rubbing and reports of hallucinations right before the seizure occurred. They have experienced which type of seizure? Answer: focal seizure w/ impairment of consciousness or awareness 2. The sense of vision is c...

1. A patient experiences a seizure that manifests with repetitive hand rubbing and reports of hallucinations right before the seizure occurred. They have experienced which type of seizure? Answer: focal seizure w/ impairment of consciousness or awareness 2. The sense of vision is controlled by which cranial nerve? Answer: Cranial Nerve II 3. Each of the following statements is true regarding the organization of the nervous system except: Answer: the somatic nervous system can be further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. 4. Each of the following statements is true regarding Alzheimer’s disease except: Answer: Tau protein is broken down when the neuron that produced it dies 5. Each of the following statements is true of Parkinson’s Disease except: Answer: it is characterized by an increase of dopaminergic neurons  6. ___ control the bodily response to sensory input internally and externally. Answer: Interneurons 7. Schwann cells produce myelin in the CNS Answer: false, the Schwann cells produce myelin in the PNS 8. The average of onset for major depressive disorder is mid -30s; however, the age of onset is increasing in recent times Answer: False, the age of onset is decreasing in recent times 9. You witness a seizure in which the person first exhibits a full body muscular contraction followed by a loss of consciousness and convulsions. Is this a generalized or focal seizure? Based upon this description, what specific type of seizure did this individual experience? Answer: Generalized; Tonic-Clonic Seizure 10. Describe the importance of brain activity that occurs during REM sleep. Answer: it is important to get enough sleep during REM sleep since it is necessary for a normal physiologic and psychological functioning during periods of wakefulness. 11. Short essay question Answer: The patient may have obstructive sleep apnea. A sleep study would need to be done to observe brain activity, cardiac rhythm, and ventilation. I would suggest a lifestyle change, for example, losing weight and changing their sleeping position. 12. A patient aids having difficulty tracking their eye laterally. Which cranial nerve is affected? Answer: CN VI 13. You are seeing a patient with Parkinson’s disease in your office. You notice they are repetitively rubbing their right thumb and forefinger. This is an example of what physical manifestation of the disease? Answer: pill rolling 14. Hypnic myoclonia occurs in which stage of sleep? Answer: Stage 2 15. A person reports a generalized depressed mood, changes in appetite, and irritability that gets worse as the day goes on. They also report that they sleep more than 8 hrs which is affecting their productivity. What type of depression are they experiencing? Answer: Atypical Depression 16. Adjustment insomnia is characterized by each of the following except: Answer: more than 30 days of insomnia symptomology  17. What type of seizure manifests with a blank stare, lasts only for a few seconds, and often goes unnoticed? Answer: Absence seizure 18. Sleeping disturbances associated with narcolepsy include each of the following except: Answer: 19. Parkinson’s Disease is characterized by each of the following except ___. Answer: Neurofibrillary tangles 20. _____ control the bodily response to sensory input internally and externally. Answer: 21. SRIs ___ the reuptake of serotonin at the presynaptic space. Answer: 22. _____ is sleep disordered breathing caused by airway obstruction. Answer: Obstructive sleep apnea  23. The aim of drug therapy used for Parkinson’s Disease is to increase ____ neuron activity or decrease ___ neuron activity. Answer: 24. The ____ houses the cerebral peduncles. Answer: 25. Astrocytes help from the blood brain barrier which prevents toxins from the blood from entering the brain Answer: True 26. Vital signs increase during stage 1 of Nuremberg sleep Answer: False , vital signs decrease during stage 1 of NREM sleep 27. Wandering episodes are characteristics of severe Alzheimer’s disease. Answer: False, wandering episodes increase in moderate Alzheimer’s disease 28. Explain the mechanism of electric synapses and how they contribute to the rapid propagation of an action potential Answer:  29. You are babysitting a ____ try of seizure activity. You notice they appear flushed and seem unresponsive. You ask if they are … if nothing happened and returned to pray. Is this a generalized or local seizure? Based upon this description, what specific type of seizure did this individual experience? Answer: Generalized. … seizure 30. A patient reports to the emergency department where you are working 10 pm. They report that earlier in the day beginning at approximately 9 am they began to experience tingling in their right arm. They decided to ignore it thinking it was probably a result of all the gardening they did the day before. As the day went on, the tingling sensation got worse, and they started to have difficulty speaking. The patient's spouse reported that they were slurring their words. Past medical history includes a diagnosis of diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. By the time they are evaluated, their symptoms start to subside. The tingling disappears and their speech returns to normal. What do you suspect this patient has experienced? What evidence is there to support that diagnosis? Answer: Transient Ischemic Attack, based on past medical history and symptoms, there could be a blockage in the flow of oxygenated blood to the brain.  31. A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by their spouse at 8 PM. The spouse reports that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 PM, and she noticed that her husband's speech was very unclear. When she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn’t know that the entire right side of his face felt numb. She reports that he was very active, but he has a past history of age of fibrillation. Based upon the symptoms and past medical history, what do you suspect this patient is experiencing? How would you confirm the diagnosis? Which treatment should be administered? Explain why you chose that treatment. Answer: It is likely that the patient is experiencing an ischemic stroke. CT scan would be the first diagnostic tool to screen for a possible clot in the brain and for hemorrhage rule out which then would lead to an MRI if CT of the head is inconclusive. If it is positive for ischemic blockage, tPA would be administered since he is w/in the 3-4.5 hr treatment window. 32. A patient reports to the emergency room where you are working at the pm. They report that morning they began to experience numbness in the right leg. they had walked more than usual the day before, so they ignored their symptoms. As the day went on, they noticed that the numbness got worse, and they began to slur their words. By the time they are evaluated, their symptoms begin to subside. The numbness disappears, and their speech returns  to normal. What do you suspect this patient experienced? What is the clinical significance? - Transient ischemic attack. Patient was having stroke like symptoms 33. What is the diagnostic criteria for narcolepsy? Describe 2 topics of patient education you would give to your patient to help them combat symptoms of narcolepsy. Answer: if the person is showing a mean sleep latency time of less than 8 minutes and 2 or more episodes of sleep onset REM during the repeated nap opportunities. I would educate them on sleep hygiene, and taking several short naps throughout the day 34. A decrease in which neurotransmitter has been linked to narcolepsy? Answer: Hypocretin 35. A patient has experienced a seizure affecting the left temporal lobe. The family reports that the patient exhibited repetitive lip smacking and hand rubbing followed by a period of great fear and insecurity. They have experienced which type of seizure? Answer: Focal seizure w/ impairment of consciousness or awareness  36. You are seeing a patient w/ Parkinson’s disease in your office. You notice they have difficulty turning themselves around to sit in the chair, freezing in the process. This is an example of what physical manifestation of the disease? Answer: Bradykinesia 37. You are seeing a patient with Parkinson’s disease in your office, You feel a catch as you passively take their arm through flu ion and extension. This is an example of what Answer: Cogwheeling 38. Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of sleep? Answer: Stage 2 39. Hip myoclonia occurs in which stage of sleep? Answer: Stage 1 40. Delta waves appear in which stage of sleep? Answer: Stage 3 41. A person reports feelings of worthlessness and guilt as well as difficulty sleeping. As they are speaking, not repetitive, accentuated blinking of their eyes. What type of depression are they experiencing? Answer: depression with catatonic features  42. A person reports a generalized depression mood, changes in appetite, and irritability that gets worse as the day goes on. They also reported that they sleep more than eight hours, which is affecting their productivity. What type of depression are they experiencing? Answer: Atypical depression 43. Explain 3 mechanisms in which neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft. - Reuptake, extracellular diffusion, ingestion by microglia 44. Explain how a chemical synapse produces an excitatory or inhibitory signal - Synaptic transmitters are secreted by presynaptic neurons and diffuse into the synaptic cleft. A one-way signal will result either from excitatory or inhibitory activity.