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Questions and Answers
What characterizes Atypical Depression in a patient?
Which stage of sleep is Hypnic myoclonia associated with?
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of Parkinson's Disease?
What type of seizure is characterized by a blank stare lasting only a few seconds?
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What is a characteristic of Adjustment Insomnia?
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Which condition is characterized by obstructive sleep apnea?
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Which of the following is FALSE regarding vital signs during stage 1 of NREM sleep?
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Wandering episodes are more characteristic of which stage of Alzheimer's disease?
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What is one of the diagnostic criteria for narcolepsy?
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Which neurotransmitter decrease has been linked to narcolepsy?
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What type of seizure is characterized by repetitive lip smacking and hand rubbing?
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Which physical manifestation indicates bradykinesia in a patient with Parkinson's disease?
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At which stage of sleep are sleep spindles most characteristic?
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In which sleep stage does hip myoclonia typically occur?
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What are delta waves associated with?
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What describes depression with catatonic features?
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What type of seizure is characterized by repetitive hand rubbing and hallucinations before the event?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for controlling vision?
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Which statement about the organization of the nervous system is false?
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Which statement regarding Alzheimer's disease is incorrect?
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of Parkinson's Disease?
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Which type of neurons control the body's response to sensory input?
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What is true about Schwann cells and their role in myelination?
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What are the physiological implications of REM sleep?
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What condition is indicated by the patient's temporary numbness and slurred speech that resolved by the time of evaluation?
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What was the primary reason the patient initially dismissed their symptoms?
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Which past medical history factor increases the risk of stroke in the patients described?
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What diagnostic tool is recommended as the first step to evaluate the suspected ischemic stroke?
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What is the critical time window for administering tPA to treat ischemic strokes?
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What symptom did the spouse observe that indicated the patient's potential stroke?
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Which treatment is typically contraindicated if a CT scan shows hemorrhagic stroke?
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How can the clinical significance of the patient’s symptom resolution be described?
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Study Notes
Seizures
- A seizure with repetitive hand rubbing and hallucinations before onset is a focal seizure with impairment of consciousness or awareness.
- A full body muscular contraction followed by loss of consciousness and convulsions is a generalized seizure, specifically a tonic-clonic seizure.
- A seizure with a blank stare that lasts only seconds and often goes unnoticed is an absence seizure.
- A focal seizure affecting the left temporal lobe with lip smacking, hand rubbing, fear, and insecurity is a focal seizure with impairment of consciousness or awareness.
Cranial Nerves
- Cranial nerve II controls vision.
- CN VI is affected when a patient has difficulty tracking their eye laterally.
Nervous System
- The somatic nervous system cannot be further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
- Schwann cells produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) but not in the central nervous system (CNS).
Sleep
- REM sleep is important for normal physiologic and psychological functioning during wakefulness.
- Obstructive sleep apnea is sleep disordered breathing caused by airway obstruction.
- Hypnic myoclonia occurs in stage 2 of sleep.
- Sleep spindles are characteristic of stage 2 of sleep.
- Hip myoclonia occurs in stage 1 of sleep.
- Delta waves appear in stage 3 of sleep.
Alzheimer's Disease
- Tau protein is not broken down when the neuron that produced it dies.
- Wandering episodes are characteristic of moderate, not severe, Alzheimer's disease.
Parkinson's Disease
- Parkinson's disease is characterized by a decrease, not increase, of dopaminergic neurons.
- Pill rolling is a physical manifestation of Parkinson's disease.
- Bradykinesia, difficulty turning around with freezing in the process, is a physical manifestation of Parkinson's disease.
- Cogwheeling, a catch felt during passive arm flexion and extension, is a physical manifestation of Parkinson's disease.
- Parkinson's disease is not characterized by neurofibrillary tangles.
- Drug therapy for Parkinson's Disease aims to increase dopamine neuron activity or decrease acetylcholine neuron activity.
Depression
- The average age of onset for major depressive disorder is mid-30s, but the age of onset is decreasing in recent times, not increasing.
- Atypical depression is characterized by a generalized depressed mood, changes in appetite, irritability that gets worse as the day goes on, and excessive sleep affecting productivity.
- Depression with catatonic features is characterized by feelings of worthlessness and guilt, difficulty sleeping, and repetitive accentuated blinking.
Other
- Interneurons control the bodily response to sensory input internally and externally.
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) inhibit the reuptake of serotonin at the presynaptic space.
- The midbrain houses the cerebral peduncles.
- Astrocytes help form the blood-brain barrier, preventing toxins from entering the brain.
- Vital signs decrease, not increase, during stage 1 of NREM sleep.
- A decrease in hypocretin has been linked to narcolepsy.
- The diagnostic criteria for narcolepsy include a mean sleep latency time of less than 8 minutes and 2 or more episodes of sleep onset REM during repeated nap opportunities.
- Transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a stroke-like event but with temporary neurological deficits.
- A CT scan is the first diagnostic tool for suspected ischemic stroke, followed by an MRI if the CT is inconclusive.
- tPA is the treatment of choice for ischemic stroke within the 3-4.5 hour treatment window.
Synapses and Neurotransmitters
- Neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft by three mechanisms: reuptake, extracellular diffusion, and ingestion by microglia.
- Chemical synapses produce excitatory or inhibitory signals by the secretion of neurotransmitters from presynaptic neurons, which diffuse into the synaptic cleft.
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Description
Test your knowledge on seizures, cranial nerves, and the nervous system. This quiz covers important concepts including types of seizures, functions of cranial nerves, and the structure of the nervous system. Dive into the essentials of neurology and learn more about sleep's role in health.
