Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics (1st Semester SY 2024-2025) PDF

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1st Semester | SY. 2024-2025 2. Transsexual- Who desire medical assistance to transition from one se...

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1st Semester | SY. 2024-2025 2. Transsexual- Who desire medical assistance to transition from one sex to LESSON 1 another identify as transsexual. (Sexual reassignment). We must be able to articulate observations on 3. Socioeconomic Class- Refers to a group human cultural variation, social differences, social of people sharing similar levels of income, change, and political identities. education, occupation, and social status, which together influence their access to G ★ DIVERSITY - It’s not about how we differ. resources, opportunities, and quality of life. Diversity is about embracing one another’s 4. Determinants uniqueness. (Ola Joseph) ★ Income, value of assets and savings, ★ EVOLUTIONARY DIFFERENCES - N cultural interest and hobbies, education, Interplay of biology, environment, and peers, and relatives. adaptation through time. ★ Political Identity - Refers to the set of TI ★ CULTURAL VARIATION - The rich diversity attitudes and practices that an individual in social practices that different cultures adheres to in relation to the political exhibit around the world. systems and actors within his or her society. ★ NATIONALITY - The identity that is tied to being part of a nation or country. ★ SOCIAL DIFFERENCES - IN Gender, Socioeconomic status, political identity, and religion. VARIATIONS WITHIN CULTURES PR ★ GENDER - Refers to the socially 1. Subculture - A segment of society that constructed behaviors, activities, and shares distinctive patterns of mores, attributes that given society considers folkways and values which differ from the appropriate for men and women. (WHO, pattern of larger society. A culture within a 2013) culture. ★ SEX - Refers to the biological 2. Pop and High Culture AY characteristics of humans such as male and 3. Anthropology – Deals with humans and female while gender categories are more culture. It’s a study of social change, human varied. behavior, language, and tradition. 4. Sociology – Deals with society. Study of SEXUAL ORIENTATION/PREFERENCE social institutions, organizations, structures, G and processes. 5. Political Science – Deals with politics. 1. Heterosexual - Sexually attracted to a Study of the behavior of political actors, person of the opposite sex. PU administration, opposition, and government 2. Homosexual - Sexually attracted to a processes. person of the same sex. 3. Bisexual - Attracted to both sexes. 4. Asexual - Incapable of being attracted to LESSON 2 any sex. 5. Pansexual/Polysexual - Attracted to multiple types of gender identity. CHANGES IN CULTURE AND SOCIETY GENDER IDENTITY CULTURE 1. Transgender- A transgender person is ★ “Way of Life” someone whose gender identity differs from ★ A composite or multifarious area that the sex they were assigned at birth. comprises beliefs, practices, values,  attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of society. ★ is “that complex whole which includes 1. Culture is Learned - The different habits, knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, skills, values, and knowledge are acquired customs and any other capabilities and or learned during a person’s life. habits acquired by man as a member of 2. Culture is Transmitted - Culture within a society.” social group is transmitted to succeeding generations through imitation, instruction, SOCIETY and example, in the form of attitudes, ★ A group of people interacting with each values, beliefs, and behavioral scripts are G other and having a common culture; sharing passed onto and taught to individuals and a common geographical or territorial domain groups. and having relatively common aspirations. 3. Culture is Adaptive - All culture changes. N Changes in the environment are caused by inventions and discoveries. Man can adjust TYPES OF SOCIETIES to his environment. Adaptation is the TI process of change in response to a new 1. Hunting and Gathering - In these societies environment. the main method of food production is 4. Culture is Gratifying - Culture provides collection of wild plants and the hunting of around for food as nomads. IN wild animals daily. Humans gather and hunt 2. Pastoral Society- The prevailing method of food production during this period is through satisfaction for man’s biological and sociocultural needs, foods, clothing, and shelter for various relationships for other individuals and groups. PR 5. Culture is Symbolic - Through culture man pastoralism, more efficient than the can communicate with other people using subsistence method. language. Symbols must be understood by 3. Horticultural Society- These societies all to be an effective tool of communication; have learned how to raise fruits and to allow people to develop complex vegetables grown in the garden plots that thoughts and to exchange those thoughts have provided them their main source of with others. AY food. 4. Agrarian Society- Societies which applied MAIN TYPES OF CULTURE agricultural technological advances to cultivate crops over a large area. 5. Feudal Society- As an offshoot of an 1. Material/Tangible Culture - It deals with G increased food chain, several groups the physical culture including contemporary become wealthy and able to acquire lands technology, artifacts relics, fossils and other and declare these as their own domain. It is tangible remains of cultural development PU based on ownership of land. past 6. Industrial Society- The production of 2. Non-Material/Intangible Culture - It deals foreign metals, silk, and spices in the with the intangibles including values, norms, market stimulated greater commercial beliefs, traditions, and customs that activity in European societies. Free market collectively hold a society and shape and private property. individuals are they interact within society. 7. Post- Industrial Society- Characterized by mass production of all essential products such that the subsistence level of food ELEMENTS OF INTANGIBLE CULTURE production is now a thing of the past. 1. Beliefs/Paniniwala - Man’s perception about the reality of things and are  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1st Semester | SY. 2024-2025 shared ideas about how the world his ★ Opposite relative of the belief that one environment operates. culture is inferior to another. 2. Values - the broad preferences of person on the appropriate course of CULTURE SHOCK - Feeling of surprise and action or decisions he has to take. disorientation , experienced people witness cultural Values are a reflection of a person’s practices different from their own. sense of right and wrong. 3. Norms/Pamantayan - are society’s G standard of morality, conduct, propriety, ethics, and legality. 4. Folkways- Weak forms of norms, 1. Acculturation whose violation is generally not ★ Process of change in artifacts, customs, N considered serious within a particular and beliefs that result from the contact of culture. They are habits, customs, and two or more cultures. 2. Assimilation TI repetitive patterns of behavior. 5. Ideas - Comprise man’s concepts of his ★ A foreign culture which does not necessarily physical, social, and cultural world as make you disloyal or less nationalistic to manifested in people’s beliefs and your home country. 6. values. IN Knowledge - These are the body of facts and beliefs that people accumulate over time. 3. Amalgamation ★ The process of mixing cultures, and as such has been a more balanced type of cultural interaction. PR LESSON 3 LESSON 4 CULTURAL DIVERSITY SOCIALIZATION AY Every society in the world is unique from one ★ Socialization defines the way on how people another. Everyone has his/her own cultural understand social norms to accept beliefs, practices, values, and interests. Each culture has and to be aware of values. its distinct features and characteristics. (PAKIKISALAMUHA) G ★ A sociological process that occurs through 1. Cultural Relativism socializing. ★ The principle that an individual person’s TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION PU beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual’s own culture. ★ Not judging a culture to our own standards 1. Primary Socialization- Socialization during of what is right or wrong, strange or normal. the earliest life of an individual. 2. Ethnocentrism ★ Gender Socialization-Learning the ★ It is a perception that arises from the fact psychological and social traits associated that cultures differ and each culture defines with the person’s sex. reality differently. Judging another culture ★ Race Socialization- The process through solely by the values and standards of one’s which children learn the behaviors, values, own culture. and attitudes associated with racial groups. ★ The belief that one’s native culture is ★ Class Socialization-Teaches the norms, superior to or the most natural among other values, traits, and behaviors you develop cultures. based on the social class you belong to. 3. Xenocentrism 2. Secondary Socialization - refers to the process where socialization occurs through peer groups. The growing individual learns lessons in social conduct from his/her peers. Mostly starts at school. They also teach us the Hidden Curriculum– norms, values, and beliefs. 3. Adult Socialization - refers to the process of role-taking. This teaches an individual to take duties and greater responsibilities such as work, raising a family, being a parent and G spouse. 4. Anticipatory Socialization - refers to the process by which an individual learns the culture of a group with expectation of joining N that group. 5. Resocialization - refers to the process of TI declining former conduct and accepting new ones as part of changes in one’s life. One departs from the former undesirable lifestyle and accepts a new pattern for better. SIX AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION IN PR 1. Family 2. Peer Groups 3. School 4. Workplace 5. Religion 6. Mass Media AY G PU