History Sec 4 Review Part 1 PDF

# Nationalisms and the Autonomy of Canada 1896-1945 ## The Conscription Crisis 1942 The Conscription Crisis emerged again as Mackenzie King's government passed bill (Quebec was against it, but the rest of Canada was for it). ## World War Two (1939-1945) ### Economic: - Ended the Great Depression. -...

# Nationalisms and the Autonomy of Canada 1896-1945 ## The Conscription Crisis 1942 The Conscription Crisis emerged again as Mackenzie King's government passed bill (Quebec was against it, but the rest of Canada was for it). ## World War Two (1939-1945) ### Economic: - Ended the Great Depression. - Industrial production of war materials increased: - Created Jobs - Decreased unemployment - The Canadian government financed the war effort through the sale of Victory Bonds and by rationing resources (e.g.: fuel, rubber, nylon & metal). ## Focus on... ### Winnipeg General Strike and "Bloody Saturday": On May 15, 1919, more than 25,000 Winnipeg workers went on strike. One month later, on June 21, soldiers occupied the streets, injuring several and killing two persons. Following this violent repression, workers ended the strike. ### Unemployment in Canada A line graph showing unemployment in Canada from 1928 to 1939. The y-axis shows the percentage of unemployment and the x-axis shows the year. The unemployment rate is 30% in 1939. ## French - English Nationalisms 1. **Henri Bourassa:** A French Canadian nationalist who supported bilingualism and rejected a military alliance with Britain. He opposed the Boer War 1899-1902 and British Imperialism (military conquests and colonies); argued against the military draft (Conscription) law passed by Prime Minister Robert Borden during World War I. 2. **PM Wilfrid Laurier:** A French Canadian nationalist who viewed English and French as equal partners in Canada; argued in favour of provincial autonomy; supported the formation of a Canadian Navy in 1911 while maintaining an economic and flexible military alliance with Britain. 3. **PM Robert Borden:** An English imperialist who advocated Canadian autonomy within the British Empire; supported Britain during WW 1 by passing the Conscription Law in 1917. 4. **Premier Maurice Duplessis:** A Quebec nationalist (leader of Parti Union Nationale) who supported provincial autonomy and favoured traditional values & an alliance with the Catholic Church between 1936 and 1959. 5. **Lionel Groulx:** A Quebec nationalist, a priest and historian between 1920 and 1960, who supported: - **Clerico-Nationalism:** Which viewed Quebec as a Catholic nation and the only real homeland for French-speaking people (Canada was seen as a failure for French Canadians). - **Cooperatism:** A system designed to help farmers pool their resources and share in the profits. ## 2^nd Phase of Industrialization During this phase (1896-1929), hydro-electric power and oil became the main source of energy for heavy industries in the following sectors of the economy: - Mining (iron, asbestos, aluminum) - Pulp and paper (paper, newsprint) - Petro-chemical (oil refineries, plastics) - Automotive (cars, trucks) The United States replaced Britain as the main investor in Canada and major importer of Canadian products (mining, pulp & paper in particular). ## Strikes and Strikers at the End of the 1910's A table showing the number of strikes and strikers in Canada from 1916 to 1922: | Year | Strikes | Strikers | |---|---|---| | 1916 | | | | 1917 | | | | 1918 | | | | 1919 | | | | 1920 | | | | 1921 | | | | 1922 | | | ## Unions and Workers Unions and workers increasingly resorted to protests and strikes: - **Winnipeg General Strike in 1919** - **Catholic Church**: Supported and established the Confederation des travailleurs catholiques du Canada (CTCC) in 1921 and Union catholique des cultivateurs in 1924 (cooperative association for the agricultural sector). - **Quebec government**: Adopted the Workers' Compensation Act in 1926 to improve labor standards. ## The Roaring Twenties (1920-1929) After World War I (1914-1918), Canadians took advantage of the economic prosperity. There was an increase in consumption of consumer goods and entertainment (movies, restaurants, nightclubs). **Mass Culture intensified and took on many forms:** - Radio stations (XWA, CKAC) - CBC/Radio Canada - Jazz clubs - Movie theaters ## The Great Depression 1929-1939 Serious economic crisis highlighted by the New York Stock Market Crash on October 24, 1929 (known as Black Thursday). With supply of goods greater than consumer demand, workers were laid off, companies declared bankruptcy, unemployed soared as did poverty. Both levels of government attempted to solve the crisis by promoting several policies: - **Prime Minister R.B. Bennett**: Introduced the New Deal in 1935 (public works, labour camps, food stamps, cheques, minimum wage). - **Premier Maurice Duplessis and the Catholic Church**: Advanced colonization of Abitibi as part of the Return to the Land policy of 1936 to 1939. ## Colonization and Nationalism During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the Quebec government under Maurice Duplessis introduced a new colonization program (Return to the Land) to settle more remote regions of Quebec, such as Abitibi. The program was supported by the Church as it promoted a new current of thought called clerico-nationalism: - **French Canadian Nationalist**: Believed that a rural way of life would help protect their identity and culture. Lionel Groulx was a leading spokesperson for this current of thought. ### Clerico-Nationalism - French Canadian nationalism supported by the Catholic Church (Abbe Lionel Groulx) - Based on values of the "traditional past", it promoted the protection of French Canadian... - Language - Culture - Catholicism - Agricultural way of life - French Canadian nationalists distanced themselves from Clerico-nationalism because they believed that they should be involved in business. ## New Ideologies 1920s-1920s World War I (1914-1918) and the Great Depression (1929-1939) led to the rise of new political movements, challenging the democratic-capitalistic countries of the world. Socialism, Fascism, Communism relied on strong leaders to bring about major reforms: 1. **Socialism**: Inspired the formation of Canadian Commonwealth Federation (CCF) led by James Woodsworth who advocated free public education and healthcare. 2. **Fascism**: Inspired the formation of the Parti National Social Chretien led by Adrien Arcand who advocated the "purity of the Canadien race." 3. **Communism**: Inspired the formation of the Communist Party of Canada led by Tim Buck and Fred Rose who advocated public control of banks and companies. 4. **Cooperatism**: Developed in Quebec during the 1930s enjoying support from the Church, Premier Maurice Duplessis & farmers. - Agricultural Co-ops were set up with government financial assistance allowing farmers to pool their resources for profit. - Alphonse Desjardin's Caisse Populaire (first established in the late 19th century) provided low-interest bank loans to its members. ## Immigration Policy 1896-1939 In the early 20th century, most immigrants came from Europe and the United States. From 1900 to 1915, some 3 million people settled in Canada, primarily on the Prairies. Increased presence of immigrants from various origins (eastern European and Asian) led to the rise in xenophobia – hostility towards people of foreign origin: - $500 head tax imposed on Chinese immigrants in 1903. - Japanese immigrants were limited to 400 in 1908. Immigration came to a virtual standstill during the Great Depression & World War II. Xenophobia was particularly high during World War II when over 20,000 Japanese-Canadians were placed in internment camps in western Canada. ## Urbanization Urbanization increased during the period of industrialization and World War I as people moved to the cities in search of factory jobs: 1. By the 1920s, Canada had become a largely urbanized country. 2. Huge differences existed between working-class neighbourhoods and upper-class (bourgeoisie) districts. 3. Overcrowding, high infant mortality rates & unsanitary living conditions were common features of urban slums. Governments responded by financing water treatment facilities (chlorination), sewage systems, distributing clean milk (Goutte de Lait), installation of street lighting & tramways. ## Canadian Autonomy Canada's important role in World War I (1914-18) enabled it to gain greater independence from Britain: 1. Participated in the peace talks and signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. 2. Became a member of the League of Nations in 1920. 3. Statute of Westminster in 1931 gave Canada complete autonomy in foreign affairs: - **Prior to 1931**: If Britain was at war, Canada was legally obligated to assist and/or participate since it was part of the British Empire. - **Full Independence**: However, was not achieved in 1931 since only Britain could formally amend the BNA Act (Canada would be become fully independent in 1982 with the repatriation of the Canadian Constitution). ## Feminism and The State Mid-19th century feminist organizations believed in social reformism (society must serve everyone): - **Lady Ishbel Aberdeen**: Believed it was the duty of women to be mothers and look after health and education. Early-20th century feminist movements organized to raise awareness for social and political issues: - **Eva Circe-Cote**: Denounced imperialism, women's working & living conditions. - **Marie Lacoste Gerin-Lajoie**: Helped found the first classical college for girls in 1908. - Women's participation in the war industries during both World Wars empowered the feminist movement. - **Suffragettes**: Were able to gain the right to vote in federal elections in 1917 and in Quebec provincial elections in 1940 (led by Idola St. Jean and Therese Gasgrain). ## Federal - Provincial Relations Disagreements occurred whenever one level of government (federal) interfered with provincial areas of jurisdiction. Several provincial governments demanded more autonomy within Canada as a result of policy disagreements: 1. **World War I 1914-1917:** - **Prime Minister Borden**: Introduced the War Measures Act giving the federal government powers to: - Issue Victory Bonds and collect an Income Tax to help finance the war effort. - Censor information. - Impose wage and price controls. - Enact the military draft (Conscription 1917). 2. **World War II 1939-1945**: - **PM William Lyon Mackenzie-King**: Introduced the War Measures Act giving the federal government powers to: - Issue Victory Bonds & raise taxes. - Intervene in provincial jurisdictions (health and social services). - Impose wage and price controls. - Hold a plebiscite vote in 1942 (conscription). - Establish internment camps for Japanese-Canadians. 3. **Rowell-Sirois Commission 1940**: - Commission recommended granting more powers to the federal government for the duration of the war. - The Quebec government firmly opposed the Commission's recommendation. ## Premier Adelard Godbout Premier of Quebec between 1939 & 1944 who pushed for liberal reforms: - Granted women right to vote in 1940. - Created Hydro Quebec. - Compulsory school attendance (to age 14). - Opposed Conscription. - Argued against federal government's involvement in provincial areas of jurisdiction (family allowance and unemployment insurance). - Did not agree with the Rowell-Sirois Commission. ## Natural Resource Sector 1940-1950s World War II (1939-1945) and the Cold War (post-1948) had a major impact on Quebec's economy: - High demand for iron and copper by the U.S. weapons industry (American supplies were low). - U.S. became major investor in developing mining towns (Fermont, Gagnon and Schefferville) by building roads, railway lines, and employing thousands of Quebec workers. - Saint Lawrence Seaway was completed in 1959 to facilitate the transport of resources and goods between Canada and the United States. - Food industry expanded (as did farming and agriculture production).