History of Psy PDF

Sub-fields Organizational/Industrial Psychology Clinical Psychology Social Psychology Developmental Psychology Educational Psychology Experimental Psychology Cognitive Psychology Evolutionary Psychology...

Sub-fields Organizational/Industrial Psychology Clinical Psychology Social Psychology Developmental Psychology Educational Psychology Experimental Psychology Cognitive Psychology Evolutionary Psychology Forensic Psychology Sport Psychology Cross-cultural Psychology Positive Psychology Psychology 1 1. Introduction to Psychology 2. Basic Psychological Processes: Perception, learning, memory 3. Thinking & Decision Making 4. Intrapersonal Processes: Motivation, Emotion, Personality, individual differences, Intelligence 1. Johnson, J. G., Weber, A. L., & Filter, K. J. (Eds.). (2006). Introduction to psychology (2nd ed.). HarperCollins Publishers. 2. Ciccarelli, S. K., & White, J. N. (2017). Psychology: An exploration (5th ed.). Pearson Education India. 3. Morgan, C. T., King, R. A., Weisz, J. R., & Schopler, J. (2008). Introduction to psychology (7th ed.). McGraw- Hill. 4. Baron, R. A., & Mishra, S. (2016). Psychology (5th ed.). Pearson. Psychological Research: Scientific Nature Experimental Vs Non-experimental  Experiment Effect of manipulation of independent variable(s) on measurement of dependent variable(s) in a controlled condition Operationalization of variables Randomization Cause-effect relationships  Experiment Study of effect of manipulation of independent variable(s) on measurement of dependent variable(s) in a controlled condition. By sample : Between group design By conditions : Within group design  Experiment Study of effect of manipulation of independent variable(s) on measurement of dependent variable(s) in a controlled condition. Unit of measurement Ceiling effect Floor effect Discrimination index  Experiment Study of effect of manipulation of independent variable(s) on measurement of dependent variable(s) in a controlled condition. Confounding of variables Matched conditions Counterbalanced Elimination  Lab & Field experiments Validity : External vs Internal Realism : Mundane vs Experimental Biases : Subject effect Demand characteristics – social desirability & evaluation apprehension Experimenter effect Double-blinded experiments  Non-experimental Methods Study how changes in one variable(s) is/are associated or link with changes in another variable(s)in the naturalistic setting. Correlational Relationships Large scale sample Randomized sampling Multivariate research  Non-experimental Methods Archival Research : assembly & analysis of secondary data Case studies : in depth analysis of single case Survey research : Structured / semi structured interviews Questionnaires Open ended / close ended Rating scales / binary responses Generalization  Non-experimental Methods Field Studies : observation, recording and coding of behavior belief and feeling as it occur. Ethnography Observation Narratives ✓Qualitative in nature ✓Subjectivity bias  Data Analysis Statistics Statistical software Interpretation Power & Significance of the study  Research Ethics Ethical approval Respect of privacy Use of deception Informed consent Debriefing Schools of Psychology The Story so far…  Wilhelm Wundt Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920), a German professor of philosophy, founded the first laboratory for the scientific study of psychology at the University of Leipzig in 1879. Father of Experimental Psychology The “scientific” technique Wundt employed was introspection (literally, “looking within”) Structuralism The structuralist perspective assumes that psychological experience is better understood only when the content of that experience has been analysed and identified. These elements would include ideas like sensations, emotions, and images. These investigations were based on introspection by trained subjects. Introspection – careful, systematic self- observation of one’s own conscious experience. Edward Tichner  G. Stanley Hall Wundt’s student, G. Stanley Hall played vital role in bringing the science of psychology to America. Founded the American Psychological Association (APA) and became its first president, he started America’s first research laboratory at John’s Hopkins University in 1883, he began the first journal of psychology in America.  Functionalism William James (1842–1910), whose 1890 book on ‘Principles of Psychology’ is considered the first textbook in psychology. James is usually referred to as the father of American psychology. Functionalism is the idea that psychology should focus on the function or purpose of consciousness rather than its structure.  Behaviourism John B. Watson Behaviorism is a perspective in psychology that emphasizes the need to study only what is observable. Mental events are not observable; behaviors are observable. One cannot observe thought processes, but only the resulting behaviors, the environment in which they are embedded, and the consequences of such behaviors. Thus, it is argued, behavior and its consequences are the appropriate foundation for scientific psychology. Ivan Pavlov Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, began studying stimuli and behaviour in animals in 1906. He succeed in replacing the sight of food with a bell as the triggering stimuli causing the dog to salivate. This type of conditioning revealed much about the relationship of stimuli and responses in organisms. S-R Approach  B.F. Skinner Behaviourism gained greater influence in the 1950’s with the work of B.F. Skinner. By using stimulus and response pairings, he gave empirical support to conditioning using animal experiments.  Gestalt Psychology The belief that consciousness and behaviour must be studied as a whole rather than in separate disciplines. Cognitive Revolution Noam Chomsky (born in 1928), a linguist at MIT, argued that language cannot be explained through a stimulus- response process as championed by behaviorists. He directly challenged Skinner’s book on verbal behavior in a 1959 issue of the journal Language. He illustrated the complexity of language acquisition and production, and he maintained that purely behavioral explanations could not convincingly explain these complexities. Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychology has been officially recognised as a discipline for forty years, dating back to Ulric Neisser’s (born in 1928) landmark book, Cognitive Psychology, in 1967; and the introduction of the field’s journal in 1970. Cognitive psychology—the study of the psychological processes involved in cognitive functions—combines Gestalt principles of perception with interest in information processing, the sequence of cognitive operations whereby sensory experiences are meaningfully interpreted and acted upon. Cognitive Psychology Cognition – the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. Renewed the belief that thinking is a physical experience and need to be studied even though it is unobservable. Piaget – Children’s cognitive development Chomsky – Language acquisition and cognitive roots. Kahnman & Tversky – Decision making & Thinking  Sigmund Freud An Austrian physician who founded the psychoanalytic approach to psychology. From his work with people with psychological problems like phobias, irrational fears and anxieties, Freud developed a theory based on the existence of the unconscious. Emphasized deterministic role of unconscious in personal conflicts and maladaptive behavior.  Humanists Psychology Humanism was a direct reaction to the stripping of free will that psychoanalytic theory and behaviourism entailed. Humanism is the approach that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, personal freedom, and personal growth.  Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow Human behaviour is determined by an individual’s “self-concept”, which animals presumably lack. Need hierarchy The self-concept seeks to grow, evolve and develop and psychological disturbances arise when these drives are blocked.  Cross-cultural Psychology Focus on cultural rooting and variation in human behaviour and mental processes G. Hofstede: Cultural sensitivity theory J. Berry: Acculturation R. Nisbett: Holistic Vs Analytic culture M. Schaller: Behavioural Immune system , Evolutionary Approach Indian Scenario N.N. Sengupta G. S. Bose D. Sinha K. R. Rao R.C. Tripathi Janak Pandey G. Mishra R A Singh Sudhir Kakkar