Introduction to Psychology
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Questions and Answers

What aspect of cognitive psychology is emphasized by Piaget?

  • Children’s cognitive development (correct)
  • Unconscious processes
  • Language acquisition
  • Decision making

Which psychological approach emphasizes personal growth and free will?

  • Psychoanalytic theory
  • Behaviorism
  • Cognitive psychology
  • Humanistic psychology (correct)

Who is known for the determinism of the unconscious in personal conflicts?

  • Abraham Maslow
  • Daniel Kahneman
  • Sigmund Freud (correct)
  • Carl Rogers

Which theorist is associated with the decision-making aspect of cognitive psychology?

<p>Daniel Kahneman (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cross-cultural psychology primarily focus on?

<p>Cultural variation in behavior and mental processes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which field of psychology primarily focuses on the study of human behavior in the workplace?

<p>Organizational/Industrial Psychology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of an experimental study in psychology?

<p>Manipulation of independent variables (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological sub-field studies individual emotional and motivational processes?

<p>Intrapersonal Psychology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In experimental psychology, what does randomization help to ensure?

<p>Minimization of bias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of psychological research deals with the operationalization of variables?

<p>Experimental design (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of psychological research design examines the effects within the same group under different conditions?

<p>Within group design (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'ceiling effect' refer to in psychological measurement?

<p>Participants are at a maximum scoring level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sub-fields of psychology examines how cultural factors influence individual behavior?

<p>Cross-cultural Psychology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of correlational research methods?

<p>Analyzing relationships between variables in natural settings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a double-blinded experiment?

<p>Neither participants nor researchers know who receives which treatment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of field studies in psychology?

<p>They focus on naturalistic observation and behavior coding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research method involves analyzing pre-existing data for trends and patterns?

<p>Archival research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical consideration ensures participants understand the study's risks and benefits?

<p>Informed consent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the father of experimental psychology?

<p>Wilhelm Wundt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique did Wundt primarily utilize in his psychological studies?

<p>Introspection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bias may arise from a participant's desire to present themselves favorably in research?

<p>Demand characteristics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of research validity relates to generalizability of findings to different settings?

<p>External validity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of data collection allows participants the freedom to express their thoughts in their own words?

<p>Open-ended questionnaires (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is regarded as the father of American psychology?

<p>William James (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle does Functionalism emphasize in psychology?

<p>The purpose of consciousness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Ivan Pavlov's conditioning experiment with dogs demonstrate?

<p>The relationship between stimuli and responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist developed behaviorism and emphasized studying observable behaviors?

<p>John B. Watson (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What notable contribution did Ulric Neisser make to the field of psychology?

<p>He wrote the first textbook on Cognitive Psychology. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the criticisms that Noam Chomsky had towards behaviorism?

<p>It failed to account for the complexity of language acquisition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Gestalt Psychology emphasize in its study of consciousness and behavior?

<p>Understanding consciousness in a holistic manner (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did B.F. Skinner influence the field of behaviorism?

<p>He provided empirical support via animal experiments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes behaviorism?

<p>A perspective that studies only observable behaviors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Cognitive Revolution challenge in psychology?

<p>The importance of mental events (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Experiment

A research method where the experimenter manipulates the independent variable to observe its effect on the dependent variable in a controlled setting.

Independent Variable

The variable that is manipulated by the experimenter in an experiment.

Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured in an experiment to see if it is affected by the independent variable.

Between-Group Design

A research design where participants are randomly assigned to different groups, each receiving a different level of the independent variable.

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Within-Group Design

A research design where the same participants are exposed to all levels of the independent variable.

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Operationalization

A specific way to measure or operationalize a variable in an experiment.

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Randomization

The process of randomly assigning participants to different groups in an experiment.

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Cause-Effect Relationship

The conclusion that the independent variable caused a change in the dependent variable.

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Cognitive Psychology

The study of mental processes involved in how we acquire knowledge, interpret sensory experiences, and make decisions.

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Humanistic Psychology

A school of thought that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, personal freedom, and personal growth.

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Humanistic Self-Concept

A theory that suggests human behavior is determined by the self-concept, which is constantly growing and striving for development.

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Cross-cultural Psychology

A field that analyzes how cultural factors influence human behavior and mental processes.

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Evolutionary Approach

The idea that behavior and thinking can be explained by evolutionary processes that helped our ancestors survive and reproduce.

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Confounding variable

A variable (extraneous) that is related to both the independent and dependent variables, making it difficult to determine the true cause of the effect.

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Matched conditions

A method to control for confounding variables by creating groups that are similar on key characteristics. It involves assigning participants to groups based on their values.

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Counterbalancing

A technique to eliminate the influence of confounding variables by systematically altering the order of conditions for different participants.

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Elimination

A method of controlling extraneous variables by eliminating them entirely.

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Non-experimental methods

An approach to research that aims to study real-world phenomena in their natural settings, focusing on relationships between variables.

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Correlation

A statistical measure that describes the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.

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Archival research

A type of non-experimental research that involves collecting and analyzing existing data.

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Case study

A type of non-experimental research that involves in-depth analysis of a single case or individual.

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Survey research

A type of non-experimental research that uses surveys and questionnaires to gather information about a population.

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Field studies

A type of non-experimental research that involves observing and recording behavior in natural settings.

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Behaviorism

A school of thought in psychology that emphasizes the need to study only observable behaviors, rejecting mental events as a subject of study.

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Functionalism

The idea that psychology should focus on the function or purpose of consciousness rather than its structure.

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Gestalt Psychology

The idea that consciousness and behavior should be studied as a whole, rather than in separate parts.

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Classical Conditioning

The idea that learning occurs through the association of a neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring stimulus, resulting in the neutral stimulus triggering the same response.

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Cognitive Revolution

The belief that language acquisition and production cannot be solely explained through a stimulus-response model. Proposed by Noam Chomsky.

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Operant Conditioning

The theory that behaviors are learned through a process of reinforcement and punishment, where behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated.

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Ivan Pavlov

Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, who observed the conditioned reflex in dogs.

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B.F. Skinner

B.F. Skinner, a behavioral psychologist who emphasized the importance of reinforcement in shaping behavior.

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William James

William James, an American philosopher and psychologist, who is considered the father of American psychology.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Psychology

  • Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour.
  • Psychologists use scientific methods to study human behaviour.
  • Psychology involves many subfields, such as clinical, organizational, social, developmental, educational, experimental, cognitive, evolutionary, forensic, sport, cross-cultural, and positive psychology.
  • The study of psychology also includes research methods like experimental, non-experimental, and others
  • Ethical considerations are fundamental in psychological research.

Basic Psychological Processes

  • Basic psychological processes include perception, learning, and memory.
  • Thinking and decision-making are important cognitive processes
  • Different aspects of motivation, emotion, personality, and individual differences, as well as intelligence.

Psychological Research: Scientific Nature

  • Psychological research follows a systematic process that begins with hunches based on background knowledge, personal experience, and casual observation.
  • These hunches lead to theories about social behaviour, predictions derived from theory which are used as hypotheses
  • Predictions are empirically tested through research.
  • Research either confirms or disconfirms predictions, consequently either supporting or rejecting a theory.
  • This process might lead to the modification or rejection of a theory,
  • Confidence in the theory is increased when predictions are confirmed and reduced when predictions are disconfirmed.

Experimental vs Non-experimental

  • Experimental Methods:
    • Manipulating an independent variable to measure its effect on a dependent variable in a controlled setting. -Operationalization of variables helps to define variables precisely.
      • Randomization helps to control for confounding variables and increase the validity of the research results
    • Cause-effect relationships can be established through carefully designed experiments.
  • Non-experimental Methods:
    • Study how changes in one variable(s) is associated or links to changes in another variable(s) in a naturalistic setting.
    • Correlational relationships, large scale samples, randomised sampling, and multivariate research are used to identify relationships.
    • Other methods include archival research, case studies, structured interviews, questionnaires, open/close-ended/rating scales for collecting data.
    • Field studies involve observation and coding of behavior and beliefs in their natural settings.

Experimental Methods

  • Experiment Types:
    • Between-group design.
    • Within-group design
  • Unit of Measurement:
    • Ceiling effect.
    • Floor effect, Discrimination index
  • Controlling Variables:
    • Confounding of variables.
    • Matched conditions.
    • Counterbalancing
  • Types of Experiments:
    • Lab experiments and field experiments
  • Validity and Realism:
    • External validity versus internal validity.
    • Mundane realism versus experimental realism.
  • Biases:
    • Subject, demand characteristics, and experimenter effect
    • Double-blind experiments can be used to mitigate biases.

Non-experimental Methods

  • Data Analysis:
    • Statistical methods and software are important for analyzing data
      • Interpretation is needed from data analysis
        • Power and significance of the study
  • Research Ethics:
    • Ethical approval is necessary
    • Respecting privacy is an important factor
    • Informed consent, use of deception, and debriefing are crucial ethical considerations.

Schools of Psychology

  • Different schools of thought, including Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviorism, Gestalt Psychology, Cognitive, Psychoanalysis, and Humanism, developed in the study of psychology.

  • Key figures from each school influenced their development, like Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener, William James, John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, and Sigmund Freud, amongst others.

  • Cross-cultural psychology focuses on cultural variations in behavior and mental processes, led by scholars like G. Hofstede, J. Berry, R. Nisbett, and M. Schaller, amongst others.

  • Different schools of thought have specific methodologies for acquiring knowledge and interpreting data.

Indian Scenario

  • Indian psychologists and researchers like N.N. Sengupta, G.S. Bose, D. Sinha, K.R. Rao, R.C. Tripathi, Janak Pandey, G. Mishra, and R.A. Singh, amongst others, have contributed significantly to the field of psychology in India.

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Description

This quiz explores the fundamentals of psychology, including the scientific study of the mind and various subfields such as clinical and cognitive psychology. It also covers basic psychological processes like perception and memory, as well as the ethical considerations in research. Test your understanding of key concepts and research methodologies in this engaging quiz.

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