Podcast
Questions and Answers
What aspect of cognitive psychology is emphasized by Piaget?
What aspect of cognitive psychology is emphasized by Piaget?
Which psychological approach emphasizes personal growth and free will?
Which psychological approach emphasizes personal growth and free will?
Who is known for the determinism of the unconscious in personal conflicts?
Who is known for the determinism of the unconscious in personal conflicts?
Which theorist is associated with the decision-making aspect of cognitive psychology?
Which theorist is associated with the decision-making aspect of cognitive psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
What does cross-cultural psychology primarily focus on?
What does cross-cultural psychology primarily focus on?
Signup and view all the answers
Which field of psychology primarily focuses on the study of human behavior in the workplace?
Which field of psychology primarily focuses on the study of human behavior in the workplace?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary characteristic of an experimental study in psychology?
What is a primary characteristic of an experimental study in psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
Which psychological sub-field studies individual emotional and motivational processes?
Which psychological sub-field studies individual emotional and motivational processes?
Signup and view all the answers
In experimental psychology, what does randomization help to ensure?
In experimental psychology, what does randomization help to ensure?
Signup and view all the answers
Which aspect of psychological research deals with the operationalization of variables?
Which aspect of psychological research deals with the operationalization of variables?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of psychological research design examines the effects within the same group under different conditions?
Which type of psychological research design examines the effects within the same group under different conditions?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term 'ceiling effect' refer to in psychological measurement?
What does the term 'ceiling effect' refer to in psychological measurement?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following sub-fields of psychology examines how cultural factors influence individual behavior?
Which of the following sub-fields of psychology examines how cultural factors influence individual behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary focus of correlational research methods?
What is the primary focus of correlational research methods?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following describes a double-blinded experiment?
Which of the following describes a double-blinded experiment?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key characteristic of field studies in psychology?
What is a key characteristic of field studies in psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
Which research method involves analyzing pre-existing data for trends and patterns?
Which research method involves analyzing pre-existing data for trends and patterns?
Signup and view all the answers
What ethical consideration ensures participants understand the study's risks and benefits?
What ethical consideration ensures participants understand the study's risks and benefits?
Signup and view all the answers
Who is considered the father of experimental psychology?
Who is considered the father of experimental psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
What technique did Wundt primarily utilize in his psychological studies?
What technique did Wundt primarily utilize in his psychological studies?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of bias may arise from a participant's desire to present themselves favorably in research?
Which type of bias may arise from a participant's desire to present themselves favorably in research?
Signup and view all the answers
What aspect of research validity relates to generalizability of findings to different settings?
What aspect of research validity relates to generalizability of findings to different settings?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of data collection allows participants the freedom to express their thoughts in their own words?
Which method of data collection allows participants the freedom to express their thoughts in their own words?
Signup and view all the answers
Who is regarded as the father of American psychology?
Who is regarded as the father of American psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
What principle does Functionalism emphasize in psychology?
What principle does Functionalism emphasize in psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
What did Ivan Pavlov's conditioning experiment with dogs demonstrate?
What did Ivan Pavlov's conditioning experiment with dogs demonstrate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which psychologist developed behaviorism and emphasized studying observable behaviors?
Which psychologist developed behaviorism and emphasized studying observable behaviors?
Signup and view all the answers
What notable contribution did Ulric Neisser make to the field of psychology?
What notable contribution did Ulric Neisser make to the field of psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
What was one of the criticisms that Noam Chomsky had towards behaviorism?
What was one of the criticisms that Noam Chomsky had towards behaviorism?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Gestalt Psychology emphasize in its study of consciousness and behavior?
What does Gestalt Psychology emphasize in its study of consciousness and behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
How did B.F. Skinner influence the field of behaviorism?
How did B.F. Skinner influence the field of behaviorism?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes behaviorism?
Which of the following best describes behaviorism?
Signup and view all the answers
What did the Cognitive Revolution challenge in psychology?
What did the Cognitive Revolution challenge in psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Introduction to Psychology
- Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour.
- Psychologists use scientific methods to study human behaviour.
- Psychology involves many subfields, such as clinical, organizational, social, developmental, educational, experimental, cognitive, evolutionary, forensic, sport, cross-cultural, and positive psychology.
- The study of psychology also includes research methods like experimental, non-experimental, and others
- Ethical considerations are fundamental in psychological research.
Basic Psychological Processes
- Basic psychological processes include perception, learning, and memory.
- Thinking and decision-making are important cognitive processes
- Different aspects of motivation, emotion, personality, and individual differences, as well as intelligence.
Psychological Research: Scientific Nature
- Psychological research follows a systematic process that begins with hunches based on background knowledge, personal experience, and casual observation.
- These hunches lead to theories about social behaviour, predictions derived from theory which are used as hypotheses
- Predictions are empirically tested through research.
- Research either confirms or disconfirms predictions, consequently either supporting or rejecting a theory.
- This process might lead to the modification or rejection of a theory,
- Confidence in the theory is increased when predictions are confirmed and reduced when predictions are disconfirmed.
Experimental vs Non-experimental
-
Experimental Methods:
- Manipulating an independent variable to measure its effect on a dependent variable in a controlled setting.
-Operationalization of variables helps to define variables precisely.
- Randomization helps to control for confounding variables and increase the validity of the research results
- Cause-effect relationships can be established through carefully designed experiments.
- Manipulating an independent variable to measure its effect on a dependent variable in a controlled setting.
-Operationalization of variables helps to define variables precisely.
-
Non-experimental Methods:
- Study how changes in one variable(s) is associated or links to changes in another variable(s) in a naturalistic setting.
- Correlational relationships, large scale samples, randomised sampling, and multivariate research are used to identify relationships.
- Other methods include archival research, case studies, structured interviews, questionnaires, open/close-ended/rating scales for collecting data.
- Field studies involve observation and coding of behavior and beliefs in their natural settings.
Experimental Methods
-
Experiment Types:
- Between-group design.
- Within-group design
-
Unit of Measurement:
- Ceiling effect.
- Floor effect, Discrimination index
-
Controlling Variables:
- Confounding of variables.
- Matched conditions.
- Counterbalancing
-
Types of Experiments:
- Lab experiments and field experiments
-
Validity and Realism:
- External validity versus internal validity.
- Mundane realism versus experimental realism.
-
Biases:
- Subject, demand characteristics, and experimenter effect
- Double-blind experiments can be used to mitigate biases.
Non-experimental Methods
-
Data Analysis:
- Statistical methods and software are important for analyzing data
- Interpretation is needed from data analysis
- Power and significance of the study
- Interpretation is needed from data analysis
- Statistical methods and software are important for analyzing data
-
Research Ethics:
- Ethical approval is necessary
- Respecting privacy is an important factor
- Informed consent, use of deception, and debriefing are crucial ethical considerations.
Schools of Psychology
-
Different schools of thought, including Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviorism, Gestalt Psychology, Cognitive, Psychoanalysis, and Humanism, developed in the study of psychology.
-
Key figures from each school influenced their development, like Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener, William James, John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, and Sigmund Freud, amongst others.
-
Cross-cultural psychology focuses on cultural variations in behavior and mental processes, led by scholars like G. Hofstede, J. Berry, R. Nisbett, and M. Schaller, amongst others.
-
Different schools of thought have specific methodologies for acquiring knowledge and interpreting data.
Indian Scenario
- Indian psychologists and researchers like N.N. Sengupta, G.S. Bose, D. Sinha, K.R. Rao, R.C. Tripathi, Janak Pandey, G. Mishra, and R.A. Singh, amongst others, have contributed significantly to the field of psychology in India.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz explores the fundamentals of psychology, including the scientific study of the mind and various subfields such as clinical and cognitive psychology. It also covers basic psychological processes like perception and memory, as well as the ethical considerations in research. Test your understanding of key concepts and research methodologies in this engaging quiz.
