HISTORY-OF-BIOLOGY-and-Biogenetic-Theories.docx

**HISTORY OF BIOLOGY** **YEAR** **NAME** **COUNTRY** **CONTRIBUTION** ---------- ----------------------------------- ------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1628 William Harvey...

**HISTORY OF BIOLOGY** **YEAR** **NAME** **COUNTRY** **CONTRIBUTION** ---------- ----------------------------------- ------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1628 William Harvey Britain Demonstrated that the blood circulates and the hearts pump. 1665 Robert Hooke Britain Used the word cell to describe compartments he sees in cork under the microscope 1668 Francesco Redi Italy Showed that decaying meat protected from flies does not spontaneously produce maggots. 1673 Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Holland Used microscope to view living microorganism 1735 Carolus Linnaeus (Carl Von Linne) Sweden Initiated the Binomial System of naming organisms. 1809 Jean Baptiste de Lamarck France Supports the idea of evolution but think there is inheritance of acquired characteristics. 1825 George Cuvier France Founded the science of vertebrate paleontology which showed that fossils are related to living forms. 1825 Georges Cuvier France Founded the science of vertebrate paleontology which showed that fossils are related to living forms. 1838 Matthias Jacob Scheiden Germany Stated that plants are made up of cells and are considered multicellular organisms (Metaphyta). 1839 Theodore Schwann Germany Stated that animals are made up of cells and are considered multicellular organisms (Metazoa). ------ ----------------------- --------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1851 Claude Bernard France Concluded that a ealtively constant internal environment allows organisms to survive under varying conditions. He is also known as the "Father of Animal Parasitology". 1858 Rudolf Virchow Germany Stated that cells come only from preexisting cells. "Omnis cellu;aae e cellula". 1858 Charles Darwin Britain Presented evidence that natural selection guides the evolutionary process. 1858 Alfred R. Wallace Britain Independently came out with the same conclusions as Darwin regarding the theory of evolution. He introduced the six zoogeographic realms. 1865 Louis Pasteur France Disproved the "Theory of Spontaneous Generation" (Abiogenesis Theory) of organisms and proved that infections are caused by bacteria, and develops vaccines against rabies and anthrax. 1866 George Johanne Mendel Austria Proposed the "Basic Laws of Genetics" based on his experiments with garden peas (Pisum sativum). +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 1882 | Robert Koch | Germany | Establishe the | | | | | "Germ Theory of | | | | | Disease" and | | | | | developed many | | | | | techniques used | | | | | in | | | | | Bacteriology. | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | 1903 | Karl | Austria | Discovered the | | | Landsteiner | | ABO blood | | | | | types. | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 1929 | Sir Alexander | Britain | Discovered | | | Fleming | | "Penicillin" | | | | | from a fungus | | | | | which nowadays | | | | | considered as | | | | | source of | | | | | antibiotics. | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 1937 | Konrad Z. | Austria | Founded the | | | Lorenz | | science of | | | | | Ethology | | | | | (Animal | | | | | Behavior) and | | | | | showed the | | | | | importance of | | | | | imprinting as a | | | | | form of early | | | | | learning. | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 1950 | Barbara | United States | Discovered | | | McClintock | | transposons | | | | | (jumping genes) | | | | | while doing | | | | | experiments | | | | | with corn. | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 1953 | James Watson | United States | Proposed the | | | | | molecular model | | | Francis Crick | Britain | of DNA Double | | | | | Helix through | | | Rosalind, | Britain | x-ray | | | Frnaklin | | diffraction | | | | | method | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 1997 | Ian Wilmut | Britain | Succesfully | | | | | cloned Sheep | | | | | which he named | | | | | "Dolly" for the | | | | | first time. | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ **FILIPINO BIOLOGISTS** 1. **Barbara Ramon C. PhD (Plant Physiology)** - He worked on the development of mango flowers induction technology; rapid propagation of tissue culture of sugarcane, rattan, and banana; and development of seedless calamansi. 2. **Primavera, Jurgenne H., PhD** - She was recognized as one of Time Magazines Heroes of the environment for 2008. She has devoted her researches to mangrove ecosystem preservations 3. **Cruz, Lourdes, PhD** - As an oustanding biochemist young scientist; her reseraches have highly facilitated in understanding the biochemistry of toxic peptides found in the venom of fish-hunting Conus (marine cone shells). Her studies characterized over 50 active peptides from the venom, that aid in the development of conotoxins used as tools for examining brain activities. 4. **Velasquez Carmen C., PhD (National Scientist, Parasitology)** - She authored a book "Degenetic Trematodes of Philippine Fishes" which deals about fish parasites. 5. **Velasquez, Gregorio T., PhD (National Scientist phycologist)** - He is an internationally acclaimed phycologist (algologist). He produced about 45 Researches and 70 articles on algae both on local and international scientific papers **FOREIGN BIOLOGISTS** 1. **Darwin, Charles (1809-1882** - He was an english naturalist and author of the "Theory of evolution and natural selection". 2. **Fleming, Sir Alexander (1881-1955)** - A Scottish biologist. Who discovered penicillin an antibiotic by serendipity. 3. **Koch, Robert (1843-1910)** - A German microbiologist, who discovered bacteria causing anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera. He also developed microbiological culture techniques. 4. **Linnaeus, Carolus (Carl Von Linne) (1741-1783)** - He is a Swedish naturalist and botanist who was known as the "Father of Taxonomy". He developed the binomial system of nomenclature of giving scientific names and outlined the rules of classification in his written account entitled Systema Naturae. **BIOGENETIC THEORIES (Theories on the Origin of life)** 1. 2. **Theory of Spontaeous Generation (Abiogenesis Theory)** This theory assumed that living organisms could arise suddenly and spontaeously from any kins of non-living matter. One of the firm believers in spontaneous generation was Aristotle, the Greek philosopher (384 -- 322 BC). Aristotle He believed that dead leaves falling from a tree into a pond would transform into fishes and those falling on soil would transform into worms and insects. He also held that some insects develop from morning dew and rooting manure. Egyptians believed that mud of the Nile river could spontaneously give rise to many forms of life. The idea of spontaneous generation was popular almost till seventeenth century. Many scientists like Descartes, Galileo and Helmont supported this idea. In fact, Von Helmont went to the extent stating that he had prepared a 'soup' from which he could spontaneously generate rats! The 'soup' consisted of a dirty cloth soaked in water with a handful of wheat grains. Helmont stated that if human sweat is added as an 'active principle' to this, in just 17 days, it could generate rats! The theory of Spontaeous Generation was disproved in the course of time due to the experiment conducted by Francisco Redi, (1665), Spallanzani (1765) and later by Louis Pasteur (1864) in his famous Swan neck experiment. This theory was disapproved, as scientist gave definite proof that life comes from pre-existing life. 3. It is simply a modification of the theory of Special Creation. It states that there have been several creations of life by God, each preceded by a catastrophe resulting from some kind of geological disturbance. According to this theory, since each catastrophe completely destroyed the existing life, each new creation consisted of life form different from that of previous ones.  Georges Cuvier A French scientist Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) and Orbigney (1802 to 1837) were the main supporters of this theory. 4. According to this theory, life has reached this planet Earth from other heavenly bodies such as meteorites, in the form of high;y resistance spores of some oragnisms. This idea was proposed by Richter in 1865 and supported by Arrhenius (1908) and other contemporary scientists. The theory did not gain any support. This theory lacks evidence, hence it was discarded. Svante Arrhenius 5.  This theory is also known as Materialistic Theory or Physico-chemical theory. According this theory, Origin of life on earth is the result of a slow and gradual process of chemical evolution that probably occurred about 3.8 billion years ago. This theory was proposed independently by two scientists -- A.I. Oparin, a Russian scientist in 1923 and J.B.S Haldane, an english scientist, in 1928. According to this theory, - Spontaeous generation of life, under the present environmental condition is not possible. - Earth's surface and atmosphere during the first billion years of existence, were radically different from that of today's conditions.  **The Primitive Reducing Atmosphere containing Methane,CO~2~ and H~2~S.and powerful volcanic eruptions and magma flow resulting to emission of such gases. As described by Oparin and Haldane's Theory.**