History of Biology PDF

BRIEF HISTORY OF BIOLOGY IN FAMOUS BIOGRAPHIES Norfarahin Norwen [email protected] LEARNING OUTCOMES Explain the significant contributions of each personalities that involved in the development of biology Distinguish the contribution among the personalities that involved in the develo...

BRIEF HISTORY OF BIOLOGY IN FAMOUS BIOGRAPHIES Norfarahin Norwen [email protected] LEARNING OUTCOMES Explain the significant contributions of each personalities that involved in the development of biology Distinguish the contribution among the personalities that involved in the development of biology  Claudius Galenus, 130 Roman/Greek Surgeon, Philosopher and physician Performed dissection on Barbary apes, pigs, sheep, and goats He distinguished; 7 pairs of cranial nerves Valves of the heart Structural differences for veins and arteries His accomplishments; Discover arteries carrying blood not air Tying off the recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLN), showing brain controlling the voice Tying off the ureters, demonstrating kidney and bladder functions Galen, lecturing on anatomy in Rome, in the Temple of Peace, using skeletons. Galen, treating a gladiator in Pergamum.  He stated; Phthisis/Tuberculosis was contagious Diabetes symptoms Descriptions of the central and peripheral facial paralysis (Bell’s Palsy) His accomplishments; First to describe carotid sinus hypersensitivity (CSH) First person correct explanation bedside technique of pulsation Described several psychiatric disorders (anxiety, depression, bipolar, PTSD, schizophrenia) Published medical book; “The Canon of Medicine” (Al-Qanun fi al-tibb) “Book of the Cure” (Kitab al-shifa) IbnMuslim Sina, 1025 philosopher-scientists Andreas Vesalius, 1543 European anatomist and physician Performed dissection on cadavers He demonstrated; Muscle and bone structure, also other features of human anatomy Correction for Galen’s claimed; 1. The human breastbone are in three segments instead of seven 2. The humerus (the upper arm bone) was the longest bone in the body, but the truth are the femur, tibia and fibula of the shin pushed the humerus to fourth His accomplishments; Produced anatomical charts of the blood and nervous system as a reference aid Published medical book; “The Seven Books on the Structure of the Human Body” (De Humani Corporis Fabrica) Vesalius publicly dissecting a female corpse, amidst more than 70 spectators. Robert Hooke, 1665 English physicist He discovered; First used the word cell to name the microscopic honeycomb cavities in cork; protective water-resistant tissue in the outer covering of stems or trunks Illustrations of the crystal structure of snowflakes (hexagonal crystalline) His accomplishments; Built Gregorian reflecting telescope (supplying an upright images) and invent modern microscope Published book; “Small Drawings” (Micrographia)  Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, 1675 Dutch Microscopist He discovered; Bacteria and isolating ‘animalcules’ from different sources; rainwater, pond, human mouth, and intestine His accomplishments; First to observe protozoa and bacteria First to describe the spermatozoa from insects, dogs, and man My work, which I've done for a long time, was not pursued in order to gain the praise I now enjoy, but chiefly from a craving after knowledge, which I notice resides in me more than in most other men. And therewithal, whenever I found out anything remarkable, I have thought it my duty to put down my discovery on paper, so that all ingenious people might be informed thereof. Antony van Leeuwenhoek. Letter of June 12, 1716  Carolus Linnaeus,1700 Swedish Naturalist and Explorer He; Systematized the plant and animal kingdoms Classified the mineral kingdoms His accomplishments; First to frame principles for defining natural genera and species of organisms; Binomial nomenclature (like a unique code) Well-known example of two-part system; dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex and species Homo sapiens Common name: Blue Crab Scientific name: Callinectes sapidus Kingdom: Animalia | Phylum: Arthropoda | Published book; Class: Malacostraca “Systema Naturae” Louis Pasteur, 1854 French Chemist and Microbiologist He discovered; Microorganisms cause fermentation; applied to wine and beer industry Germ theory, the theory of zoonotic diseases; chicken cholera His accomplishments; Originated the process of pasteurization Develop vaccines against anthrax (sepsis complications) and rabies (affecting central nervous system)  Alfred Russel Wallace, 1858 English Humanist, Naturalist, Geographer, and Social Critics Co-founder of evolutionary theory by natural selection He discovered; Sulawesi and survival of the fittest, explorations on bird called maleo Published book; “The Malay Archipelago”  Charles Darwin, 1859 English Naturalist Pioneered the evolutionary theory by natural selection He discovered; A species are more likely to survive in their environment and pass on their genes to the next generation Published book; “On the Origin of the Species” Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection of Finches from Galapagos Archipelago. He discovered; The basic principles of heredity; the ability for pea plants to pass traits His accomplishments; First person to lay mathematical foundation in Science Mendel’s law of Inheritance Gregor Mendel, 1865 Austrian Botanist and Teacher  James Watson & Francis Crick, 1953 American Biologist and English Physicist The discovery of the double helix, the twisted-ladder structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)