History, Magellan, Evolution PDF

**History according to different authors/ figures** **Confucius:** "Study the past if you would define the future". It indicates that he believed that studying the past may help us understand the future as well. The past may be a looking glass of what the future holds. **George Santayana:** "Thos...

**History according to different authors/ figures** **Confucius:** "Study the past if you would define the future". It indicates that he believed that studying the past may help us understand the future as well. The past may be a looking glass of what the future holds. **George Santayana:** "Those who cannot remember the past are doomed to repeat it." Filipino historian, **Teodoro A. Agoncillo**, believed that history deals with the past rather than the future. Furthermore, he believed that history is utilized to steer away from the errors made in the past and not to recreate these events exactly. \*Teodoro A. Agoncillo is a text book author. Both of these authors believed that history is a tool which may help us avoid making the same errors done in the past. **Napoleon Bonaparte:** "History is written by the winners." Napoleon Bonaparte, a Corsican born, French conqueror, successfully invaded almost all of Europe (except for Britain an area which at the time has a superior navy vessel as due to their topographical nature.). He managed to defeat about 70 wars, made himself the first emperor of France (The famous incident where he took the crown from the bishop/ priest and placed it in his own head because all his victories were made by him and he is above anyone else; a display of his rejection of the authority of the Pontiff.), and become one of the most significant figures in world history. The series of wars he was involved in was named after him; the Napoleonic wars. His tactics and strategies in wars are still greatly studied. His downfall (Napoleon's Waterloo) became a symbolism for weakness in such great characters; He was defeated in the battle of Waterloo ending his reign. The seventh coalition was successful in defeating him. Having said all that, Napoleon Bonaparte is a man which barely receives defeat. His feats reflect his definition of history directly. It is true however that winners are the ones that creates a significant mark on history; their efforts in their victories are greatly remembered and written down for future generations to see. (e.g. Olympians winning a gold medal, countries winning major wars, generals or conquerors winning their battles.) On the contrary, major downfalls of the great are being recorded as well. **Herodotus:** Father of History; Born in Halicarnassus, a Greek historian and geographer, coined the word "history" from the Greek noun "historia" meaning inquiry or research. \*He adopted the term "historia". He was a compelling narrator with a keen interest in local traditions. **Historiography:** is the study of how historians construct history as a field of study, and thus, it includes all historical writing on a given topic. It describes the methods, sources and theoretical framework that historians have used to study it. - It is the study or interpretation of how history is written by different sources. - Refers to the writing of history based on critical examination of sources and the selection of particulars from the authentic materials. It also includes synthesis of particulars into a narrative that will stand the test of critical methods. **History is.....** - Relevant; it uses past experiences to explain what is important in our lives today. - Integrative of many disciplines; it especially incorporates: - Geography - \*Topography greatly affects the way of life of societies. - Literature - Art - Sociology - Economics - Political Science- \*Study of the government of a certain place. **Communist** **Socialist** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Everything is state owned. Businesses, establishments or organizations are owned by the government running the country. Big companies are owned by the government. While citizens are allowed to run small private businesses. Table 1. Difference of a communist and socialist government. - A strict reliance solely on the past with no examination of how the past has influenced the present. - As a discipline, it is the study of the past. - The word "history" (from Greek ioropia, historia meaning "inquiry, knowledge acquired investigation") is etymologically unrelated to the possessive pronoun his. - "herstory" is history written from a feminist perspective. - History includes heroic deeds of men. - Events such as wars, revolution, people and places. **Heuristics:** is the process of assessing the validity of sources based on the external criticism of historical sources. \*The truthfulness of evidences of history. \- assessing the methods used by the authors in writing history. **Hermeneutics:** The study of how history is interpreted or the interpretation/ translation of what happened in the past. - It is written from the writer's perspective; how the writer sees the events of the past and the reasons why the events took place. \*Ruy Lopez de Villalobos renamed our country after the Spanish King Philip II of Castile. He renamed the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas. *Many western authors westernized names of historical figures.* - Magellan is a western name. His real name was Fernando de Magellanes. **Sources of history are:** 1. **Non-written sources (Oral Sources) --** passed down from generations to generations to generations through oral communication, include poetry, ballads, hunting chants, dirges, and songs. - Most oral source are from elders/ knowledgeable people from that age or time. - "babaylans" is a tribal doctor and is often female. - Babaylans pass on the stories of great men in their genealogy. - They often tell these stories after dinner, before dinner, or in a bonfire. During these, they tell the story of their ancestors and forefathers. - They often know their genealogy and can trace it way back. 2. **Written Sources -** historical events that have been documented. - These are documents or fragment of documents saved from the past. - Ancient Filipinos had syllabic words; baybayin or alibata. - The bible is an example of a written source. - it was originally written in Arabic and Greek as it was the widely used language at the time; Greek was also the language used by the philosophers. - Egyptians are builders. 3. **Archaeology --** study of historical artifacts known as "dug history" - Historians base their findings on artifacts from sunken civilizations. - This is a primary source. - Artifacts are analyzed through **carbon dating** also known as **carbon-14 dating** and **radiocarbon dating**; a technique developed **by Willard Libby,** based on the decay of the carbon-14 isotope. This technique can accurately determine the age of artifacts or organic materials as old as approximately 60,000 years. This technique is also used to avoid fabrication of evidence. - One great example of archaeology being a significant tool in discovering the way of life of past societies is the dug up remains of Pompeii. The volcanic ash released by Mt. Vesuvius' eruption ruined buildings, killed and asphyxiated its population and covered the entire city. Its thick covering was then uncovered and revealed that it preserved artifacts and evidence of the past. - The oldest archaeological site in the Philippine is in Kalilayan, Unisan. Wherein sunken vessels of traders, balangays and junk ships were found and studied. - The oldest place studied in the world are in the; - Middle East - Egypt - Jerusalem 4. **Ethnography --** study of an ethnic group's way of life. - Study of different ethnic group's culture. - Different indigenous stacks. 5. **Linguistics --** study of language similarities. - study of similarities of different languages. - Filipino or Tagalog is noticed to have some influences from some Austronesian languages (e.g. java, Hindi, Malay, etc.) - Guru meaning mentor or guide or expert of their field in Sanskrit and Hindi is similar to the word guro in tagalog meaning teacher or guide. - Our language was highly influenced by the Spanish. - Some parts of the country speak corrupted Spanish. **These sources of history are the main source of primary sources of history.** **Primary Sources:** gives first hand, original, unfiltered information. Examples are eyewitnesses accounts, personal journals, interviews, surveys, experiments, historical documents, and artifacts. These sources have a close, direct connection to their subjects. - First-hand information is provided by people present when the event happened. - Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg address is an example of primary sources. - War correspondence - News reports - Primary sources can still cause controversies as it can be written by sources with biases. **Types of Primary Sources:** 1. **Autobiographies and Memoirs** 2. **Diaries, Personal Letters, and Correspondence** 3. **Interviews, Surveys, and Fieldwork** 4. **Photographs and Posters** 5. **Works of Art and Literature** 6. **Speeches and Oral Histories** 7. **Other types: include books, magazine and newspaper articles and ads published at the time of the event and artifacts of all kinds, such as tools, coins, clothing, furniture, etc.** **Secondary Sources:** these are created by someone who did not experience first-hand or participate in the events or conditions. - Interpretations placed in media. **Types of Secondary Sources:** 1. **Bibliographies** 2. **Bibliographical works** 3. **Periodicals** 4. **Newspaper** 5. **Magazines and Journals** 6. **Literature reviews and review articles (e.g., movie and book reviews)** **Tertiary Sources:** Compilation of the documents or sources of history. **Types of Tertiary Sources:** 1. **General references; such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, almanacs, and atlases** 2. **Crowd sources Wikipedia, YouTube, message boards and social media sites like twitter and Facebook** 3. **Search Sites; Google, Bing, Safari, etc.** **Repositories of Primary Sources:** 1. **A library** - **National libraries** 2. **An archive** - **National Archives of the Philippines (Manila)** 3. **A museum** - **National Museum of the Philippines** 4. **A historical society** - **Stored by private collectors** *\*Sources are priceless wealth.* **Hacienda Escudero** in Tiaong, Quezon is a repository that preserves mummies and other cultural artifacts and sources. **Reviewer in Readings in Philippine History** **Quiz 2** I. **Life and Explorations of Ferdinand Magellan** - **Ferdinand Magellan** is his westernized name - **Fernando de Magellanes** his name after he naturalized in Spain - **Ferñao de Magellanes** his given Portuguese name **Trivia on Ferñao de Magellanes** - He was born in **1480,** in **Sabrosa, Northern Portugal** - Enrolled in **Portuguese Army,** was made passenger along beachfront of Africa, took part in naval battles, **was injured in Morocco,** which rendered him lame (or with a limp). - **He also had disagreements with the Portuguese rulers in Morocco and later fell out of favor with King Manuel I.** - Pursued the argument of **Eratosthenes of Cyrene** that the world is **round**. - On **September 20, 1519** began his voyage from the **Andalusian** **port of San Lucar de Barrameda, Spain** crossing the **Atlantic.** - **Strait of Magellan** originally known as **Canal de Todos los Santos** which was crossed in **27 days** - Saw **Mar Pacifico** on **November 28, 1521(He named the Pacific Ocean** Saw **Mar Pacifico** on **November 28, 1521(He named the Pacific Ocean meaning pacified because among all the oceans they have encountered, this was the most calm and peaceful)** - First area encountered was likely **Guam & Mariana Island** - On **March 16, 1521,** landed in **Homonhon,** near **Samar & Leyte.** - Held the **first mass** in **Limasawa Island, southern part of Leyte** on **August 30, 1521, Easter Sunday.** - **Killed in the Battle of Mactan** by Lapu Lapu's warriors (**Sampung Baha**) on **April 27, 1521** - **Juan Sebastian Elcano** continued the journey to **Moluccas Island** for repair **(Victoria & Trinidad).** *The journey to the Moluccas (Spice Islands) was continued by the ships Victoria and Trinidad, which had to be abandoned for repairs * - **Victoria was left with 18 surviving crew end up its voyage on September 6, 1521 (a three-year voyage)** - **Antonio Pigafetta,** chronicler, **Francisco Albo,** pilot, who handled the logbook, **Enrique de Malacca,** interpreter, were among the survivors. **Explorations of Ferdinand Magellan** - He was a **Portuguese explorer** who presented to **King Charles V** his services to find a new route to **Indonesia and India and legendary Spice Islands.** - During the **15^th^ century, Portuguese and Spain had a rivalry.** - **Moluccas** was first occupied by **Portugal.** - **In adherence of the *papal bull* Spain was granted the west route and the east route was for Portugal.** - This was officialized in two treaties: **The Treaty of Tordesillas (**An agreement between the monarchs of Spain and Portugal to divide the word between them into two spheres of influence.**)** and **Treaty of Zaragoza (Saragossa)** setting a second line dividing the Pacific from the Spice Islands. - **Ferdinand Magellan is considered to be the first European man to reach the Pacific.** - **Spain not being able to sail eastward, rendered their King to agree to Magellan's proposal of finding a westward route to the spice islands.** - Ferdinand Magellan was granted by Charles I his approval on March 1518 and was then provided with **270 men & 5 ships namely:** - **Santiago** - **Trinidad (Magellan's Flagship)** - **Victoria** - **Conception** - **San Antonio** - His five-ship fleet was named ***Armada de Molucca*** - European nations strived to find their routes to eastern nations or the spice islands **because it was difficult to grow spices in their lands as their weather was cold and arid.** - Due to the small number of spices in Europe in the 15^th^ century, its value became notable as only rich merchants and royals (kings) were able to afford spices. - A kilo of gold = A kilo of spices - **Moluccas was first occupied by Portuguese since they were earlier in exploration of Asia, and passing the Cape of Good Hope.** - During that time, whoever discover the land first, owns it. - It was validated by the pope through the **Papal Bull** and was straightened by the **Treaty of Tordesillas and Treaty of Zaragoza** - In these treaties, the world was divided into two by Spain and Portugal - Whoever cross the land of Portugal will be ceased by the Portuguese navy. - **Spain had the Americas (Southern)** - **Portugal had Asia** - **Timeline of his Voyage** - **September 20, 1519** The expedition sets sail from Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain. - **February - August, 1520** The ships winter in modern day Argentina. Crews mutiny but Magellan ultimately regains control. - **November 28, 1520** The expedition sails through the newly discovered strait. Magellan and crew become the first Europeans to reach the Pacific Ocean. - **March 6, 1521** The expedition makes landfall in Guam after almost 100 days at sea. - **April 27, 1521** Magellan is killed in a battle with locals. - **November 8, 1521** Juan Sebastian Elcano leads two ships to the Moluccas, and eventually returns to Spain with one ship. **September 6,1522** After 3 years at sea, the Victoria, returns to Sanlucar de Barrameda. - When they arrived at **Mariana Islands**, dozens of the Chamorro people plundered some of their stuff from their ship Trinidad, which was why Magellan called the islands as **Islas de los Ladrones (Island of the Thieves).** - Magellan's men kept decreasing over the span of his voyage due to: - **Multiple Mutinies** (led most of the time by captains of respective ships as they do not trust Magellan and has fostered a hatred for him due to their perception of the Portuguese.) - **Scurvy and Starvation** - **Battles with locals** - **These are the places that the Armada de Molucca stopped on:** - **Guam** - **Mariana Islands (lslas de los Ladrones)** - **Cape Verde Islands**: The first stop after departing Spain, these islands provided fresh water and supplies. - **Brazil**: The expedition anchored in Brazil to resupply and explore the coast. - **Patagonia**: The ships sought shelter from a storm and replenished their food supplies. - **Tierra del Fuego**: The crew spent time hunting for food and exploring the region. - **Maluku Islands (Spice Islands):** The primary goal of the voyage, these islands were known for their spices, especially cloves and nutmeg. - **Philippines**: Magellan and his crew stopped in several islands, including Cebu and Mactan, where Magellan tragically lost his life in a battle with local natives. - **Tidore**: One of the Spice Islands, Tidore was a major source of cloves. - **Palawan**: The expedition stopped here on their way back to Spain. - **Malacca**: A major trading port, Malacca provided supplies and information. - **Sumatra**: The ships anchored in Sumatra for rest and replenishment. - **Battle of Mactan:** - The reason they fought was **Lapu Lapu resisted because he did not want to be under the rule of Humabon.** - **Humabon asked Magellan to subjugate Lapu Lapu** - Humabon, chieftain of Cebu wanted to stop the foliage of Lapu Lapu and his piracy of traders from Cebu (Apparently, the Mactans were inflicting damage on the Cebuano's economy) - Piracy was the way of life of Lapu Lapu's men - Lapu Lapu had about 1500 men going against a technologically advanced crew, and managed to defeat them. - **Humabon** changed his name into **Don Juan** and his wife **Dona Juana** - Mactans had bronze swords and wooden shields during the battle - Magellan took a poisoned arrow above the knee which put the lid on the casket - **Sampong Baha** or the brave warrior of Mactan who allegedly finish the deed (killed Magellan) using his **kampilan.** - **Oral testimonies** state it was Sampong Baha not Lapu Lapu - The rest of Magellan's men retreated after the death of their commander. - Humabon's men was told by Lapu Lapu to kil Magellan's remaining men - All of his crew that was present in the battle might have been killed except for **nine** men - The Battle of Mactan occurred on **April 27,1521** - **Enrique de Malacca** - He was assumed to be Filipino, was likely Indonesian, hailing from Moluccas Island - He was bought by Magellan as a slave, and took him back when he was still Portuguese - He survived and reached Spain - Assumed to be the first person to circumnavigate the world as he came from Indonesia, was brought to Spain, travelled with Magellan in and the Armada de Molucca as their translator, went back with Juan Sebastian Elcano to Indonesia, and went back to Spain. - After Magellan's death, Juan **Sebastian Elcano** took over the voyage and led the remaining men to continue forward to Moluccas, thus finishing the first circumnavigation. - Among 5 ships, only **Victoria** managed to return with an evident decrease in its members. - Mactan is host to a statue commemorating Magellan II. **Evolution of the Philippines and its People** **THE EVOLUTION OF THE NAME \"PHILIPPINES\" AND ITS PEOPLE** - Southeast Asian archipelago, with **7,640 islands** total, with about **2000 of them inhabited**. Situated on the border of Pacific\'s **\"Ring of Fire\"**, noted for its frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions with roughly **50 volcanoes**, **ten of which are active**. With hot muggy weather, numerous typhoons and distinct dry and rainy seasons. - **Ma-l** (or Ma-yi meaning Gold) first mentioned in **volume 186** of the **Song Dynasty\'s official history**, included among the southern sea nations, date back to **971 A.D.** Also, from Sultanate of Brunei also make reference to it in the **10th century**. **Luzon** was called **\"Liusong\" by the Chinese traders**, and **Lucoes** by **Portuguese chronicler Pires (1512).** - Widespread use of gold. Earliest type of currency was the **\"piloncito\"** used in **Tonda and Butuan**, considered as the first coins used. Also, gold ingots shape of rings known as **\"barter rings\"** or **\"Panica\"** up until **16^th^ century**. Used as status symbol and markers of affluence - In **1521**, Magellan landed on the islands and placed a cross in Cebu, **converted Rajah Humabon and his wife Harah Amihan and named them Carlos and Juana.** **Fr. Pedro de Valderama,** chaplain of the voyage offered **the first mass in Limasawa Island on Easter Sunday March 31, 1521.** Magellan named the islands the **\"Las Islas de San Lazaro\" or Saint Lazarus Islands** when they first landed in **Homonhon Island on March 16, 1521,** the day of the **Feast of St. Lazaro.** - Spanish explorer **Ruy Lopez de Villalobos** led a subsequent expedition, gave the name **\"Las Islas Filipinas\"** **Philippine Islands in** **1543** to the **islands of Leyte and Samar (later used to the whole archipelago in 1571)** in honor of **Prince of Asturias later became King Philip II of Spain**. He **failed to settle in the islands and fled to Portuguese controlled island of Muluccas** where he was captured by the Portuguese and perished. - By using the strategy of **\"divide and conquer"** the Spaniards were able to **seize power in all the independent islands swiftly and established its capital in Manila.** - After the **revolution of the native Filipinos against the Spanish rule**, the islands were **ceded to United States by Spain in 1898**. The Filipinos waged war against the US, but were **defeated and surrendered**. After the turbulent history the Filipinos attained **freedom on July 4, 1946.** - In **2019**, **Callao Cave** led researchers to conclusion in **2019** that an early **hominid** like **Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens**, scientifically known as **\"Homo Luzonensis\"** lived in **the Island of Luzon** **between 50,000 to 67,000 years ago.** The fossils of **\"Ubag\"** were carbon dated by researcher **Florent Detroit of the Musee de l\'homie at the Natural History Museum in Paris and Armand Mijares of the UP.** The **Negritos** have descended from the **Homo Luzonensis. Lumads, Aeta, Ati, Tumadok**, **Aeta, Agta, Mamanwa** are descended from the Negritos. - The **Tabon Man** found in **Tabon Caves in Quezon**, Palawan found in **1962** show that **Homo Sapiens** lived there between **37,000 and 47,000 years ago**. - The Philippines probably where **first migrants were the Negritos (Aeta)** from mainland Southeast Asia. - According to historians, some **3000 B.C.,** groups of people from **Indonesia and Malaysia** arrived in the islands of the Philippines to be its **first settlers**. Filipino languages will always be traced back to its **Austronesian heritage.** - **Social Stratification** in the Philippines predates the arrival of the Spanish, **four classes were distinguished**: - **Maginoo or Datu (Noble Class),** - **Timawa (freeman or commoner),** - **Maharlika (warrior), and Alipin (Servant).** - **Aliping Namamahay** - **Aliping Saguiguilid** - Other groups are **Tambalan** (**Babaylan/Katalunan for female; Asog/Bayugin for male)** specialized in magic, divination, healing and herbalism. - **Atubang ng Datu** is an adviser of the datu, **privy or Chief Minister**. - **Darangan** is an outstanding soldier. **Paratabgaw** is a barangay teacher. **Trivia on the evolution of the Philippines and people** - **Other Chinese names:** - **San Tao: 3 islands** - **Pearl of the Orient** by **Rizal (poem)** - **La Republica de Filipinas** by **Emilio Aguinaldo** during **Malolos Constitution.** - **Tondo** known as **commercial hub** before colonial period. - **Philippine Islands (P.I.)** by early American occupation. - **Maharlika** as proposed by **President Ferdinand Marcos Sr.** - **Maniolas or Minolas** given by **Claudius Ptolemy** - **"Islas de Oriente"** by the **Portuguese** based on their travel route. - **Mintolang, Malilu, Sulu and Pishoye** name given by **Wang Ta-yuan** to Mindanao, Luzon, Visayas - **Las Islas de San Lazaro** named by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 when he reached the islands of Homonhon in the island of Samar (now present day Eastern Samar) on the feast of St.Lazarus of Bethany. - **Las islas de Poniente** another name from Ferdinand Magellan when he learned that the Las islas de San Lazaro also included Cebu and Leyte islands - **Ilhas do oriente** name given by Portugal when they approached the island of the east of Portugal in late 1540's - **Las islas Filipinas** named by **Ruy Lopez de Villalobos** in **1543** to Samar and Leyte - **In honor of King Philip II of Spain** - **Pearl of the Orient/ Pearl of the Orient Seas** name used by Rizal to describe the Philippines - **Other notable names for the Philippines:** - Official Name: **Republic of the Philippines** - **Ophir**- Old name: **Land that supplies King Solomon with Golds** - **Chinese name** - **Chin-san: Mountain of golds** - **Liu sum- Land adjacent to the mainland (China)** - **San Tao- Three Island** - **Spanish** - **La Agunda dela Buenas Senales: watering place of the good omen** - **Archipelago de Magajaes: archipelago of Magellan** - **Archipelago de Celebes** - **Other name: Island of mortars** - **Proposed name for the Philippines** - **Haring Bayang Katagalugan** - **Kapatiran** - **Luzviminda** - **Maharlika** - **Rizalia** - **Republica Rizalina** **Lecture Notes:** - The islands of the Philippine archipelago are located in the Ring of Fire; a geographical location where volcanoes are situated. - Minerals and resources are brought upon by volcanoes, some of the eruptions produced gold and silver. - Mt. Banahaw is an active volcano as there were records that it erupted. - This would explain why Sariaya, Quezon is plentiful of huge stones. - It would take 400 years before Mt. Banahaw erupts once more. - **Ma-I** is a name from **Song dynasty's records.** This is because they used to trade with us. - The record of the Chinese Archives which includes the name given for our islands were dated back to 970 A.D. - During this time (before year 1000), Philippines was known to be a major source of gold. - Proof: Natives used gold as ornaments and wore it in their daily lives. - **Lucoes** is a Portuguese given name. - Different islands traded with minerals. - They had their own currencies during the time too: - Piloncito - Panica - **Barter Trade**: is when they exchange goods instead of money or gold for goods. - The goods involved turtle houses, sometimes pearls, spices, nuts, dried animal meat (deer meat). - This was how Filipinos traded before the Spaniards even arrived. - Artifacts of trading in that day can also be found in **Hacienda Escudero** in **Tiaong, Quezon** - **Eratosthenes** believed that the world is round through **astronomical explanations** by observing **heavenly bodies.** - The sun is round so the other planets that revolves around it must be round as well. - **Gold** is used until the 16^th^ century. - **In the forms of rings, armors, anklets, earrings, necklace, etc.** - **March 31, 1521,** the firs mass was held and led by **Fr. Pedro Valderama** - It was significant because it marks the beginning of Christianization of the Philippines. - **March 16,1521,** Magellan gave the islands (Samar, Cebu, Leyte) name: **Las islas de San Lazarro** during the feast of San Lazarro. - **Ruy Lopez de Villalobos** a colonizer sent by Spain to claim the land (Philippines) in 1543. - He was unsuccessful in his venture as his ship sun and was captured by Portuguese men. - He named the Philippines in honor of King Philip II: **Las Islas Filipinas** - **1898** arrival of America in the Philippines and marked the beginning of the American occupation. - **Spain** sold the Philippines to the United States with the cost of **\$20 million** **in the Treaty of Paris.** - The Spanish-American war sparked in **February 15, 1898** due to the sinking of **USS Maine** in **Havana Harbor, Cuba.** US blamed Spain for the bombing and sinking of the ship. - **Admiral George Dewey** was stationed in Hongkong and led the fleet of United States during the Battle of Manila Bay. On the other hand, **Admiral Patricio Montojo y Ruiz,** led the Spanish fleet. He was a Spanish naval commander. - When the events of Spanish-American war transpired, the entirety of the Philippines was under the rule of Emilio Aguinaldo, except for Fort Santiago. - The Philippine-American war sparked because U.S. would not give back Manila. - This was a war in which we were defeated and prolonged the occupation of America of about 40 years. - Under the rule of United States, we were called **Philippine Islands.** - We became territory of the United States. - As time went by, Philippines yearned for independence and **Quezon,** along with **Osmenia** went to the senate of the United States to ask for liberation. - The known Portuguese explorer that took the eastward route was **Vasco da Gama** who first reached the **Cape of Good Hope.** - "The Philippines that you know now, is not the Philippines you know." - The current name of the Philippines: **Republic of the Philippines** - The earliest record of Philippines being mentioned is during the Song Dynasty in China. - This was during the 900 A.D. (801-900) - 21^st^ century from 2001- onwards - **Ma-I or Mayi** was a Chinese given name which describes the Philippines. - **Another Chinese name: Liusong** - **Portuguese name: Lucoes** - The Chinese claims that they were the first civilized people in the world and the others are **barbarians (uncivilized people).** - This is due to them being the first to invent many things; gunpowder, iron, paper, fireworks among many more. - The Chinese were also earlier than the west in discovering the Philippines. - Then came the Spanish in 1521, and was first named **Las Islan San Lazarro because they arrived during the feast of San Lazarro.** - **Ruy Lopez de Villalobos (1543)** the islands were then named **Las Islas Filipinas** in honor of King Philip II. - The order was to make a settlement and live in the islands permanently. - He did not accomplish this order. - He was jailed in the Moluccas and perished there. - **East: Portugal: Most Asian Countries (India, Indonesia, etc.); West: Spain: South America** - The Philippines is the only country in which was occupied by Spain in the East. Which is why we are the only predominantly Christian country in the east or in Asia. - **1^st^ largest religion: Hinduism** - **Religion of India** - **Oldest religion in the world** - **2^nd^ broader religion: Islam** - Catholicism is a minority in the east - Buddhism, Shintoism, practiced in China - Religion is banned by the **Chinese Communist Party** currently - **San Lorenzo Ruiz de Manila** was a Filipino martyr who was canonized by the Catholic Church in 1987. He is the patron saint of the Philippines. - Born in the 16th century in Binondo, Manila, Ruiz was a Chinese-Filipino boy who was baptized as a Christian**. He later became a catechist, teaching the faith to other Filipinos. During the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in World War II, Ruiz refused to renounce his** **faith and** **was executed along with 15 other Christians.** - Ruiz\'s martyrdom became a symbol of Filipino resilience and faith. He was beatified in 1970 and canonized in 1987. His feast day is September 25. - Japan killed Christians. - **Miguel Lopez de Legazpi** arrived in 1565, 40 years after Magellan and was successful to colonize **Cebu, and nearby islands of Mindoro.** - **Cebu** was made the **first (oldest city) capital city** of the Philippines. - They then defeated **Raja Solaiman** and conquered **Luzon** - Then made **Manila** the second **capital city** because it is bigger than Cebu, has a safe harbor for ships and Manila Bay is surrounded by lands. - They prepared to build a fort and hid there. The said fort is now known as **Fort Santiago** - Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was able to unify the islands, and was the first man to do so. - After this unification, the group islands were called **Archipelago de Las Islas Filipinas** - Under this the three major islands are under the Spanish rule: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao - This is when the term Filipino was created - **1898:** Americans came during the time of the Philippine revolution under the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo (Malolos Constitution). - Americans bombed Intramuros and the Spaniards surrendered. - The Americans stayed in Manila - Filipino rebels stayed outside Intramuros - Filipino-American war - We were defeated and Emilio Aguinaldo surrendered - We then became a territory of U.S. - The islands were renamed as **Philippine Islands** - **Manuel L. Quezon, Sergio Osmeña, Claro M. Recto** who convinced US senators **to give Philippines independence** - According to them we were not yet ready to be liberated and we were still illiterate. - They taught us English and their values - Children 7 years old and above are required to be put in school and was caught when found outside during class hours - Gave us 10 years to practice how to govern a country under the name of: **Commonwealth of the Philippines** - **1941** was supposed to be the year where the deal with Americans ended and they were to liberate us - **But the Japanese arrived** - under this occupation, they did not change the name - Under the Japanese was President **Jose P. Laurel** and was known as **a puppet of Japan** - The government during this time, went through a **puppet government,** where the Japanese controlled everything. - **1944:** Americans returned under **General Douglas McArthur** (known for his famous line **"I shall return"**) - Japan lost and the Commonwealth was reestablished - **July 4, 1946:** on the **10^th^ year** of the Commonwealth, the Philippines were given independence - **This was one of the dates when we celebrate Philippine independence** - Under this, the name became **Republic of the Philippines** and has not changed since then - Many advocated for independence, however, many politicians wanted to be under the federal state of US - Many Filipinos wanted independence - **Manuel L. Quezon: "I would rather have a government run like hell by Filipinos, than a government run like heaven by Americans"** - If you are a keen observer, this quotation is prophetic **Evolution of the People of the Philippines (Lecture notes)** - The first evidence of the first inhabitants according to a primary source: **cave paintings;** nomads have lived in the country - Caves in Palawan better known as the **Callao Caves** has led researchers that neanderthals and other early ancestors once walked the Philippines. - Bones were also found in the cave that can be dated approximately, 50,000 to 67, 000 years ago through carbon dating. - These fossils are called "Ubag" - **Hominid:** bipedal, first to walk with two feet but in a slouched manner with hands still almost reaching or dragging through the ground - **Homo sapiens:** ancestors of modern man - When the cavemen came out of their caves, they became **negritos** - **Aeta** - **Lumad** - **Tumandong** - **Agta** - **Mamanwa** - **Mangyan** - **They made houses** - **Homo Luzonensis:** fossils found in Luzon - Carbon dated - Fossils found in Tabon cave has same findings and is dated about **37,000 -- 47,000** years ago - Called the **Tabon Man** found in **1962** - Fossils of homo sapiens: forefathers of modern men - **"All men are relatives"** - **Austronesian migrants** started coming from neighboring islands - **Sumatra** - **ASEAN countries** - **Datus** from Luzon are from **Burneo** - **Barangay:** system of government of Datus - Communal system: Pag-aari ng isa, pag-aari ng lahat - **Language/ Dialects** - Came from **Austronesian Languages (includes India)** - Many languages were mixed and it is noticeable - **We belong to the oldest men** - **Alfred Wegener** proposed the theory of "**Pangaea"** or the theory of continental drift - **Every land was once joined together as a single land** - **It was a floating big mass of land** - **For millions of millions of years, drifted apart** - **Ice Age:** Millions of years ago, a giant asteroid hit the earth, causing different species to go extinct (e.g. dinosaurs)**,** the asteroid then caused a thick ash to cover the skies which hindered sunlight, without the warmth of the sun, the temperature dropped which started very cold state which expanded for many years. - Earlier inhabitants are **Malay and Indonesians** around **3000 BC** - **First settlers:** - **Austronesians** - **Indonesians** - **Malaysians** - They moved here because there were wars with other baranggay - Indonesian and Malay - **Social Stratification: Social classes** - **There were four classes:** - **Maginoo or Datu:** ruling class - **Timawa:** Commoner or free men - **Maharlika:** warrior class, able bodied who can defend their barangay - **Alipin:** slaves or servants - **Aliping Namamahay:** permitted to marry and can have homes - **Aliping Saguiguilid:** no homes, are not permitted to walk in the middle of the road, is always in the sides/ sidelines - **Atubang ng Datu:** adviser of the datu, chief minister - **Darangan:** bravest Maharlikan - **Parabtagaw:** oldest teachers, outstanding teachers, doctors, writers - **There are heritage houses in Vigan with verandas** - **Casas de las Acuzar (replica of historic houses) in Bagac, Bataan** - **Casas de Los Acuzar, replica** - **Vigan has the originally made historical structures as validated by National Historical Institute** - **Oldest hotel in Manila: Hotel de Oriente** III. **First Mass in the Philippines** **RPH FIRST MASS IN THE PHILIPPINES** - Primary Source \#1: **Francisco Albo**, a **pilot** in one of Magellan\'s ships, Trinidad. He was one of the **18 survivors** who returned with Sebastian Elcano on the ship Victoria, after they circumnavigated the world. - In Albo\'s account, the location of **Mazaua fits the location of the island of Limasawa**, at the southern tip of Leyte. Albo **did not mention the first mass, but only the planting of the cross upon the mountain top from which could be seen three islands to the west southwest, which also fit the southern end of Limasawa.** - Primary Source \#2: **Pigafetta\'s Testimony of the Route of Magellan\'s Expedition**. The name of the location of the first mass was **Mazaua in all primary sources**, including Pigafetta\'s journal, which served as the trip chronicler for Magellan. - It must be pointed out that both Albo and Pigafetta\'s testimonies **coincided** and corroborated each other. Pigafetta gave more details on what they did during their weeklong stay at Mazaua. - The **birth of Roman Catholicism** in the country was signified by the celebration of the first Catholic mass in the Philippines on **March 31, 1521, on Easter Sunday.** As recounted by Pigafetta the first Christian Mass celebrated by **Fr. Pedro de Valderama** was made in an island which he called **\"Mazaua.\"** He described **Limasawa\'s Island shape as round like a ray and elongated like a sliced worm.** - In the Pigafetta account, a crucial aspect of **Butuan was not mentioned: the river (river delta)**. Butuan is a riverine settlement, situated on the Agusan River. **The beach of Masao is in the delta of the said river**. It is a crucial omission in the account of the river, which makes part of a distinct characteristics of **Butuan\'s geography that seemed to be too important to be missed**. It must also be pointed out that **later on, after Magellan\'s death, the survivors of his expedition went to Mindanao and seemingly went to Butuan**. In this instance, **Pigafetta vividly described a trip to a river.** But note that this account already happened **after Magellan\'s death.** - Butuan has long been believed as the site of the first mass. In fact, this has been the case for three centuries, **culminating in the erection of a monument in 1872 near Agusan River, which commemorated the expedition\'s arrival** and celebration of Mass on **April 8, 1521**. The king who joined in the first mass allegedly **arrived at their ship in Balanghai**, according to the report. - At least **nine Balanghai artifacts have been discovered in Butuan, but not in Limasawa.** - Distance from **Homonhon-Limasawa (14.6 Leagues). Homonhon-Masao, Butuan (24.54 leagues).** - **Zaide** determined that the first mass took place in **Masao, Butuan**. The diary of Pigafetta serves as the foundation of Zaide\'s assertion. - **Gold and gold mines are plentiful** I Mazzaua, as described by Pigafetta. - Albo, unlike Pigafetta, notes in his report that the **first Mass was held in Butuan on Easter Sunday, March 31, 1521.** - **Andres de Urduneta,** Augustinian friar with **Miguel Lopez de Legazpi** in **Feb 13, 1565** wrote that the first mass was held in **Butuan** on **April 18, 1521, 44 years later.** - **Rajah Kulambo** and **Rajah Siagu, King of Butuan** are witnesses of first mass in **Limasawa.** - **Congress recognition** of **Limasawa** was on **July 15, 2020** per **RA2733.** - **Rajah Kulambo, chieftain of Limasawa.**