Formation of Canada and World War I Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of these options are correct? (Select all that apply)

  • Russia (correct)
  • Italy (correct)
  • France (correct)
  • Germany (correct)
  • Austria-Hungary (correct)
  • Britain (correct)

What was the main cause of World War I?

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and his wife Sophia in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Serbian terrorist group Black Hand

The first prime minister of Canada was John A. Macdonald.

True (A)

The Battle of the Somme took place in Belgium.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Battle of Vimy Ridge victory was a significant step toward Canadian independence.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Battle of Passchendaele was a decisive victory for Canadian soldiers.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What country was the primary instigator of the U-Boat attacks during World War I?

<p>Germany</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the Halifax explosion?

<p>The collision of the Imo and Mont Blanc in Halifax Harbour, Canada, in December 1917.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Treaty of Versailles, signed after World War I, was viewed as fair and reasonable by Germany.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Propaganda' refer to?

<p>The spreading of ideas, facts, and allegations to promote one's cause and damage the opposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Conscription was supported by both English and French Canadians during World War I.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main factor that led to the rise of the Bolsheviks in Russia?

<p>The overthrow of the Russian government in 1917, leading to the establishment of a communist regime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main contributing factor to the economic problems Canada faced after World War I?

<p>Inflation, unemployment, and the inability of veterans to reintegrate into the workforce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main impact of the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919?

<p>It led to a crackdown by the police and the military, resulting in the deaths of two strikers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The National Progressive Party, founded by Thomas Crerar, was a major political force in Canada during the 1920s.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The King-Byng Crisis led to the Statute of Westminster.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Person's Case, brought by the Famous Five, successfully granted women the right to vote across Canada.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The economic boom of the 1920s was a result of reduced consumption and increased savings.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Great Depression was caused primarily by overproduction and a decline in consumer demand.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the intense dislike of foreigners?

<p>Xenophobia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason R.B. Bennett's popularity declined during the Great Depression?

<p>His handling of the economic crisis and his failure to implement effective relief programs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Canadian Relief Camps, established during the Great Depression, were well-resourced and provided effective assistance to the unemployed.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'On to Ottawa Trek' was a peaceful demonstration aimed at improving the lives of the unemployed.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What Canadian political party was founded during the Great Depression to advocate for greater social justice and equality?

<p>The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Social Credit movement, led by William Aberhart, successfully implemented its policy of providing cash payments to all Albertans.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of the Union Nationale party in Quebec?

<p>To promote French culture and protect Quebec's autonomy from English influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Padlock Law, enacted in Quebec, targeted Jewish people, labor organizers, and communists.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major event in the 1930s helped to promote the development of Canadian broadcasting?

<p>The creation of the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CRBC), which later became the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC).</p> Signup and view all the answers

World War II was primarily caused by the economic hardship and social unrest that followed the Great Depression.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the political ideology associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party?

<p>Fascism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hitler came to power in Germany through a peaceful and democratic election.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Kristallnacht' was a symbol of peaceful protest against the Jewish community in Germany.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major event in 1939 effectively marked the beginning of World War II?

<p>The invasion of Poland by Germany on September 1, 1939.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Allied Powers in World War II consisted of Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and Japan.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Blitz' was a strategic air campaign solely carried out by the British Royal Air Force against Germany.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Dieppe Raid, a major Canadian operation in World War II, was a decisive victory for the Allied forces.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ortona, a strategic battle in World War II, was fought solely by Canadian troops.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

D-Day, the Allied invasion of Normandy, marked the end of World War II.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After World War II, Japan's economic and military power rapidly declined.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to a conflict in which two opposing powers fight indirectly through proxy forces?

<p>Proxy War</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major event in the 1950s brought Canada and the United States together in defending against potential Soviet aggression?

<p>The formation of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD).</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Suez Canal Crisis was primarily a conflict between Egypt and the United States, with Great Britain and France playing a minor role.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Cuban Missile Crisis was the most serious nuclear crisis in history.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Canada officially became a fully independent nation with the passage of the Canadian Constitution Act in 1982.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Meech Lake Accord was successful in resolving the constitutional issues that had been at the heart of Quebec's relationship with the rest of Canada.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Charlottetown Accord, an attempt at constitutional reform, was approved by a majority of Canadians in 1992.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major event in 1970 led to the deployment of Canadian troops and the imposition of the War Measures Act in Quebec?

<p>The kidnapping of Pierre Laporte, the Quebec Minister of Labor by the Front de Libération du Québec (FLQ).</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Quebec sovereignty movement ultimately succeeded in securing Quebec's independence from Canada in 1995.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The creation of the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) was aimed at restricting the flow of American entertainment programs into Canada.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Brian Mulroney's introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in 1991 was a popular policy that helped to bolster the Conservative Party's popularity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Reform Party, founded by Preston Manning in 1987, later merged with the Progressive Conservative Party to form the Conservative Party of Canada under the leadership of Stephen Harper.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Confederation of Canada (1867)

Canada was confederated on July 1st, 1867, with four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. It was initially inhabited mostly by British people, with French Canadians in Quebec and Indigenous people under the authority of the government.

John A. Macdonald and Early Canadian Identity

The first prime minister of Canada, John A. Macdonald, focused on attracting British immigrants and maintaining a strong connection with Britain.

Laurier's Western Expansion

Wilfrid Laurier, a French Canadian, became Prime Minister in 1896 and promoted westward expansion through immigration. Clifford Sifton, the Minister of the Interior, led this campaign, encouraging immigrants from all backgrounds to settle in the prairies.

Canadian Involvement in the Boer War

In 1899, tensions arose in South Africa, where British settlers clashed with the Boers (Dutch descendants). While French Canadians were hesitant about involvement, Laurier sent 7,300 volunteers to support Britain's efforts.

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Nationalism

A nationalist sentiment that emphasizes pride and loyalty towards one's nation or homeland.

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Imperialism

Refers to a policy of expanding a nation's territory and power through colonization, control of resources, and cultural influence.

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Militarism

A buildup of military strength, weaponry, and armed forces. It often emphasizes the belief that a strong military is essential for national security and power.

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Alliance System

The system of alliances between different nations, creating complex networks of commitments and obligations. It can escalate conflicts due to the domino effect.

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Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (WW1 Trigger)

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Serbian terrorist group Black Hand, sparked a chain of diplomatic crises that led to World War I.

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Triple Entente and Triple Alliance (WW1)

The Triple Entente, an alliance formed by Russia, Britain, and France, opposed the Triple Alliance, which consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

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Canada's Entry into World War I

As a colony of Britain, Canada was compelled to join the war effort in 1914. This forced the creation of the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) under Prime Minister Robert Borden, initially with 25,000 volunteers trained at Valcartier, Quebec.

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Trench Warfare

A type of warfare where opposing armies dig deep trenches to protect themselves from enemy fire, resulting in prolonged stalemates and countless casualties. No Man's Land is the perilous space between trenches.

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Conditions in Trenches (WW1)

Conditions in the trenches were harsh, with constant exposure to cold, mud, and the threat of trench foot, lice, and rats.

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Major Battles with Canadian Involvement (WW1)

Canadian troops participated in several major battles of the war, including the Second Battle of Ypres, the Battle of the Somme, the Battle of Vimy Ridge, and the Battle of Passchendaele.

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Second Battle of Ypres (WW1)

This battle took place in Belgium in 1915. Canadian troops were tasked with holding a 3.5 km line and were the only force able to launch a successful counterattack. It marked the first use of poison gas in warfare, for which Officer Francis Scrimgier developed a solution using urine-soaked handkerchiefs.

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Battle of the Somme (WW1)

This lengthy 141-day campaign in France (1916) at Beaumont Hamel was marked by high casualties. Led by General Douglas Haig, this battle was considered one of the most disastrous of the war.

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Battle of Vimy Ridge (WW1)

This battle in April 1917 marked the first time all four Canadian divisions fought together. It involved a tactic called 'creeping barrage', where artillery fire preceded the advancing troops.

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Battle of Passchendaele (WW1)

This battle in Belgium in 1917 took place on a waterlogged and muddy battlefield, leading to many soldiers drowning. Despite capturing Passchendaele, the Canadians eventually lost it, sustaining heavy casualties.

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The Red Baron (Manfred von Richthofen)

This German pilot, known as the Red Baron, became infamous for his aerial victories in World War I.

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Billy Bishop and Roy Brown (Canadian Aces)

Billy Bishop and Roy Brown were two Canadian pilots who became aces during World War I, acknowledged for their skills and aerial battles.

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Canada's Role in World War I: Overall Impact

Canada played critical roles in World War I by contributing to the war effort and participating in crucial battles. They also contributed to the development of new military strategies.

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Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (WW1)

A military tactic used by Germany in 1917, involving the unrestricted use of submarines to attack enemy ships, including merchant vessels carrying civilians. This tactic angered the Allies.

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Convoy System (WW1)

A system of defense where merchant ships travel in groups under the protection of warships. This tactic was used to protect merchant ships from German submarines.

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Sinking of the Lusitania (WW1)

A British passenger ship sunk by a German U-Boat in 1915, carrying many American citizens. This event further angered America and pushed them closer to entering the war.

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Total War

A type of warfare that involves the entire population, not just soldiers. It includes activities on the “home front” such as propaganda, rationing, victory gardens, and fundraising.

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Victory Gardens

Gardens planted by civilians during wartime to grow food for soldiers and families.

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Rationing

The practice of limiting the consumption of certain goods, such as meat, butter, sugar, and bread, to conserve supplies and send them to soldiers during wartime.

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Propaganda

A form of communication that uses persuasive techniques, often using biased information, to influence public opinion and support a particular cause or ideology, particularly during wartime.

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Conscription

A compulsory military service where all able-bodied men are required to join the armed forces during wartime. It was implemented in Canada due to the high death rate and shortage of volunteers.

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French Canadian Opposition to Conscription

Conscription was opposed by many French Canadians due to their sense of second-class citizenship in a predominantly English-run military and their resentment of past abandonment by France.

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Laurier's Opposition to Conscription

Wilfrid Laurier, a French Canadian leader, opposed conscription, fearing that it would further divide the country.

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Henri Bourassa and Anti-Conscription Protests

Henri Bourassa, a prominent figure in Quebec, led protests against conscription, voicing French Canadian concerns about being treated as second-class citizens.

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Military Service Bill (1917)

This legislation passed in 1917 made military service compulsory for men aged 20-45, exempting only those in essential jobs, the sick, and conscientious objectors.

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Military Voters Act (1917)

This act granted voting rights to soldiers, both male and female, during World War I. It was based on the assumption that they would support conscription.

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Wartime Election Act (1917)

This act, implemented in 1917, extended voting rights to women related to soldiers and nurses during World War I.

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Union Government (WW1, Canada)

Liberals in support of conscription joined the Conservative government under Robert Borden to form the Union Government.

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Study Notes

Formation of Canada (1867-1914)

  • Canada was confederated on July 1st, 1867, consisting of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia
  • John A. Macdonald was the first prime minister
  • The initial majority of inhabitants were British, with French settlers in Quebec and Indigenous peoples under government authority

World War 1

  • Nationalism, militarism, imperialism, and alliances led to WWI
  • Nationalism: loyalty to one's people and homeland
  • Militarism: the belief that strength equates safety
  • Imperialism: the desire to expand an empire
  • Triple Entente (Russia, Britain, France) and Triple Alliance (Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary) were the main alliances
  • The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand triggered the war
  • Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Black Hand, assassinated the Archduke
  • Canada was obligated to participate in WWI due to Britain's control over Canadian foreign policy

Trench Warfare

  • Deep trenches, used as a defensive strategy to slow advancements, were the primary method of conflict
  • "No Man's Land" was the dangerous zone between opposing trenches. It was filled with obstacles like barbed wire, mines, enemy fire, and bodies.
  • Conditions were harsh, including exposure to cold, wet, and muddy conditions, as well as infestations with vermin.

Canadian Participation in WWI

  • Canada sent the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) of 25,000 men.
  • Sam Hughes, the Minister of Militia, oversaw the recruitment program.
  • Four major battles - Ypres, Somme, Passchendaele, and Vimy Ridge saw Canadian involvement
  • Vimy Ridge in 1917 was a significant victory, and the first time that four Canadian Divisions fought together
  • Creeping barrage tactics used to advance towards enemy lines, and led to a German retreat.
  • 10,602 Canadian casualties at Vimy Ridge.

Other Key WWI events

  • The 2nd Battle of Ypres (1915): First use of poison gas by Germany,
  • Battle of the Somme (1916): A long, costly battle.
  • Battle of Passchendaele (1917): Significant number of Canadian casualties due to the waterlogged and muddy terrain.

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This quiz explores the critical events from the formation of Canada in 1867 to the impact of World War I. It covers key elements like Canadian confederation, nationalism, and trench warfare. Assess your understanding of these historical milestones and their significance.

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