History of Education Chapter 5 PDF

# 5 Education ## Stages and schemes in the development of educational system in India - **Primary, secondary and higher education** - **Research institutes in some representative areas** ## The First Census of Independent India (1951) - Revealed the complexity of educational issues in the coun...

# 5 Education ## Stages and schemes in the development of educational system in India - **Primary, secondary and higher education** - **Research institutes in some representative areas** ## The First Census of Independent India (1951) - Revealed the complexity of educational issues in the country - Literacy level was 17% - Literacy level increased from 1971-2001 | Census Year | Literacy | |---|---| | 1971 | 34% | | 1981 | 43% | | 1991 | 52% | | 2001 | 64% | ## Primary education: - Refers to the schooling given to children in the 6 to 14 age group - **Operation Blackboard:** - Scheme started in 1988 by the central goverment to spread primary education - Aim was to improve educational standards - Provided funds to improve the standard of schools and fulfil the minimum educational needs: - At least 2 proper classrooms - Toilets - One of the teachers to be female - Blackboard - Maps - Laboratory apparatus - Small library - Playground - Sports equipment etc. - Helped the primary education system gain momentum ## The formation of Maharashtra State (1960) - Government decided to implement a common curriculum for Stds. I to VII. - Principal Sayyad Rauf drafted the common curriculum. ## Expansion of the educational scheme (1994) - Provision for an additional classroom - Appointment of one more teacher in schools with an enrollment of more than 100 students. - Priority given to: - Girls schools - Schools with a majority of scheduled caste and tribe students - Schools in rural areas - Made binding upon the state government to appointment female teachers to at least 50% of posts in schools ## The District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) - Started in 1994 - Implemented in 7 states, including Maharashtra - Objective was the universalization of primary education - Plan envisaged: - 100% attendance in primary schools - Arresting student drop-out - Education for girls - Education for the physically handicapped - Included programs: - Research and evaluation of primary education - Alternative education - Creating societal awareness - "Mid-day meal' scheme started in 1995 to provide proper nourishment for students." ## Secondary education: - After independence, Education Minister Maulana Abul Kalam Azad wanted fundamental changes in the field of education - **University Education Commission** - Set up for this purpose - Recommended the appointment of a separate commission for secondary education ## The Mudaliar Commission: - Appointed in 1952 - 53 - 11 + 4 years for the first degree - 11 + 1 + 3 years for the first degree - "The commission studied secondary education, the nature of the curriculum, medium of instruction, teaching methodology and made certain recommendations." - "This Commission proposed the concept of Higher Secondary education. However, it was found difficult to implement it all over the country." ## The Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education: - Established on January 1st, 1966 in Pune - Conducts examinations for Std X and Std XII. - Publishes a periodical called "Shikshan Sankraman". ## The Kothari Commission: - Appointed in 1964 - Chairmanship of Dr D.S. Kothari - Dr J.P. Naik made valuable contributions to the work of the commission. - Recommended the 10+2+3 pattern for secondary, higher secondary, and university education - Implemented in 1972 - Suggested a uniform national system of education and the inclusion of the mother tongue, Hindi and English in education. ## Objectives of education according to the Kothari Commission: | Objectives of Education | | |---|---| | Securing and strengthening of democracy | Modernization of education | | Education and productivity | Social and national integration | | Higher education | Nurture of social, moral, spiritual values | ## Education in the Post-independence era: (1948) - The central government appointed the **University Education Commission** - **Chairman:** Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan - **Functions:** - Financial grants - The standard of universities - Their co-ordination - **Method of functioning:** - Accepted the **Five Year Plans method**. - Commission sanctioned and disbursed grants to universities on behalf of the government - The commission undertook planning of university education, coordination of syllabii, giving primacy to national needs through education and the planning and implementing of various schemes of higher education - It has done valuable work in establishing university development councils, centres for advanced studies for post-graduate education, establishing new universities - After the advent of television in India, it initiated the "Countrywide Classroom" programme which is telecast by Doordarshan on behalf of the Commission. ## The Art Department - Established in 1965 in Maharashtra - Framed policy for art education - Responsibility of organizing the drawing grade examinations at the school level ## National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT): - Established in Delhi on September 1st, 1961 - Objective to help the Central Government in matters of school education - Helps implement educational schemes. - Was given responsibility of educational research and development, training, extension, educational programmes, restructuring of school curriculum and textbooks. - Played a central role in designing school curricula and textbooks. - Cooperated with the CBI in providing guidance and cooperation in the area of primary and secondary education ## The Maharashtra State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT): - Established in Pune in 1984. - Functions: - Improving the standard of primary education - In-service training of teachers - Training in the areas of syllabii and evaluation - Vocational guidance for students after Std X and Std XII exams - Other educational functions. - Known as the academic authority - Publishes a periodical called Jeevan Shikshan ## The Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research (Balbharati): - Established in Pune on January 27, 1967 - Prepares textbooks for school children of 1st to 12th standards. - Textbooks aremade in 8 languages: - Marathi - Hindi - English - Urdu - Kannad - Sindhi - Gujarati - Telugu - Publishes "Kishor", a monthly magazine for children. ## National Policy on Education 1986: - Brought fundamental changes in primary, secondary and higher secondary education - Keeping with the changing needs of society - Framed a common core curriculum for all states - The expectation was that by this means, all students in India will get equal educational opportunity - The national curriculum has scope for individual states to bring in flexibility in accordance with their cultural, geographical and historical needs - Prepared 'Primary Education Curriculum 1988' on the basis of the plan of action designed at the national level for the effective implementation of the National Policy on Education 1986 ## The Competency-based Primary Education Curriculum 1995: - Formed a committee at the national level with Dr. R.H. Dave as its Chairman. - They determined minimum levels of learning. - The Dave Committee developed charts of minimum levels of learning in language, mathematics and environmental studies up to Std. V ## Use of a Satellite: - India was successful in using a satellite for the purpose of education in 1975 - Eknath Chitnis, a scientist with ISRO, played an important role in it. - An educational experiment, SITE (Satellites Instructional Television Experiment) was undertaken for educational purposes under the leadership of the Space Applications Centre at Ahmedabad. ## The Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) : - Established with the objective that the stream of education should make its way into every average household of the country. - The United Nations declared 1970 as the International Education Year. - In the same year, a seminar was organised in New Delhi on the subject of Open University by the Government of India Departments of Education and Social Welfare, Information and Broadcasting, University Grants Commission along with UNESCO. - Evolved in 1974 when the government appointed a committee under the Chairmanship of P. Parthasarathy. - Took shape on September 20, 1985. - Named after Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. ## The Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Mukta Vidyapeeth: - Established in Nashik in 1989. ## Concessions given to those who are unable to get a college education in the formal way: - Concessions in eligibility criteria, age and other conditions for admission to this university. - In 1990, the IGNOU started an audio-visual distance education programme through Akashvani and Doordarshan. - Conducted more than one thousand curricula of various branches. - Provided facilities for education through 58 training centres in the country and 41 centres in foreign countries). ## Research Institutes - Science - In the post-independence period, in 1950, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) was established with the objective to promote scientific research in the country and to take the benefits of the research to all the people. - Research began in fields like physics, chemistry, pharmaceuticals, food processing and mining. - Contracts were signed with industries to reduce imports and save foreign currency. - The CSIR motivated fundamental research. - The laboratories of the Council also played an important part in bringing back to the country students who had gone abroad for higher education. ## Achievements of the CSIR: - Making the ink used for marking voters' fingers during elections - Medicines for malaria, elephantiasis and tuberculosis - Water purification technology - Reduction in the time required for bamboo production. - Used DNA fingerprinting for the first time in India. - Conducted a genetic study of the Adivasis of the Andamans and proved that those tribes are 60,000 years old. - Developed the earthquake early warning system. - Played an important role in the use of neem as a pesticide. - Used turmeric for healing wounds - Issued patents for varieties of rice - Prepared a digital encyclopaedia of Indian traditional knowledge and made it available in eight international languages. ## Research Institutes - Mathematics: - "National Institute for Research in the Mathematical and Physical Sciences" in Tamil Nadu was established in 1962. - Encouraged the highest level of research in mathematics. ## Research Institutes - Computers: - In 1969, India made the first indigenous computer named the ISIJU computer and was achieved by the Indian Statistical Institute and Jadavpur University working together. - In 1974, Tata Consultancy Services, (TCS), obtained an American contract in the area of software production and "that was the beginning of the software industry in India." - Computers also helped to step up the speed of scientific research. ## Research Institutes - Supercomputers: - In 1987, America refused to allow India to get a supercomputer. - The Rajiv Gandhi government decided to develop a supercomputer indigenously. - The Central Government established the Centre for Development for Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in Pune in 1988. - The centre was under the leadership of Dr Vijay Bhatkar. - In 1991 the centre developed the Param-8000 supercomputer. ## Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC): - "This institute has conducted valuable researh in the fields of nuclear physics, solid state physics, spectroscopy, chemical and life sciences." - It also started a school to train scientists for setting up nuclear reactors. ## Research Institutes - Engineering: - The Indian Institute of Technology (IIT): - India's first IIT was set up at Kharagpur in West Bengal in 1951. - The objective of this institute was that higher and advanced education in all branches of engineering should be available in India and met the country's needs. - The engineering colleges at Powai, Chennai, Kanpur and New Delhi were converted into IITs. - The Soviet Russia, America, Germany and the UNESCO all extended help to set up these institutes. The IITs in India were given the status of deemed Universities and BTech and MTech courses were started there. - "Admission through entrance exams, nominal fees and reservations for students, are the special features of the IIT institutions." - From 1970 – 1980, a large number of IIT students began to leave for foreign countries causing the 'Brain Drain' crisis. - The situation changed after 1990 and more IITs were also established at Guwahati (Assam) in 1994 and in Roorkee in 2001. ## Indian Institute of Management: - "As high quality engineers were graduating from the IITs, the Centre and the Gujarat government started the Indian Institute of Management to mould skilled managers." - Harvard Business School in America helped to set up IIM Ahmedabad. - Other IIMs have been set up at Kolkata, Bengaluru, Lucknow, Kozhikode, Indore and Shillong. ## Research Institutes - Film and Television: - Systematic training in any aspect of film making is given at the Film and Television Institute of India. - Facilities were made available for imparting scientific training at this Institute in all aspects of film-making such as direction, editing and acting. - This Institute inherited the legacy of the Prabhat Film Company of Pune. ## National Institute of Design: - Established in Ahmedabad in 1961 for the purpose of imparting training in industrial design. - Courses in basic design, graphic design, product design and visual communication were started in 1963-64. - The work done by this institute includes designing of the transistor radio and the calculator and the logos of Indian Airlines and the State Bank of India. ## Research Institutes - Medicine - In the post-independence period, in 1949, the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) was established for conducting research in the medical field. - It was given the responsibility of cooperating with universities, medical colleges, government and non-government research institutes and giving them guidance and financial support for research activities. - Twenty-six centres were started in different parts of the country for research on various diseases. - Their research has made it possible to control tuberculosis and leprosy. ## All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS): - "Established to give further impetus to advanced education and researh in medicine." - Given the responsibility of undergraduate and postgraduate courses in medicine. - "Colleges for undergraduate and postgraduate education in most branches of medicine, good research facilities and well-equipped hospitals are the significant features of this institute." - The institute also provides medical treatment to the common people at nominal rates. - It has established special colleges for training in nursing, and super-speciality centres for treatment of disorders of the heart, brain and eyes. - For further development of the medical field, the Medical Council of India was restructured in 1958 and was entrusted with the task of determining criteria for quality of medical education, its supervision and inspection. - These institutes have the responsibility of conducting research on various diseases, developing tests and standardisation of medicines. ## Research Institutes - Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy: - In 1969 the Central Council for Research in Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy was established to conduct research and bring about development in the Ayurveda, Naturopathy, Unani and Homoeopathy systems of medicine. - In 1979, the institute was dissolved and replaced by three others, namely, the (1) Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine (2) Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy and (3) Central Council for Research in Yoga and Nature Cure in accordance with their respective clinical methodologies. ## Cancer Research: - The Advance Centre for Treatment, Researh and Education in Cancer is a branch of the Tata Memorial Centre. - It functions as the national centre for treatment, research and education in relation to cancer. ## Research Institutes - Agriculture: - In India, research in agriculture had begun as early as 1905. - The Indian Agricultural Research Institute was given the status of a University in 1958 and work began in departments such as development of the agriculture sector, research, well-equipped laboratories, soil science, agricultural sciences, economic botany and other departments. - Research also began on wheat, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables and many other problems. - Its most significant achievement is the fundamental research it has conducted on the methods of taking multiple crops in.