History 1301 Fall Final Review 2024 PDF

HISTORY 1301 Fall Final Review 2024 The beakeans republic only thing to study for groups Exam Dates: Tuesday, December 10, 2024. The final will be administered during your class period. You will have the period to complete the final. Format: Canvas Quiz - 50 Multiple Choice Questions (2pts each)...

HISTORY 1301 Fall Final Review 2024 The beakeans republic only thing to study for groups Exam Dates: Tuesday, December 10, 2024. The final will be administered during your class period. You will have the period to complete the final. Format: Canvas Quiz - 50 Multiple Choice Questions (2pts each) This final exam is designed with two goals in mind: 1) multiple-choice questions designed to assess your ability to remember or recall basic and foundational pieces of knowledge related to the following units and 2) multiple-choice questions designed to assess your ability to think critically about the subjects studied in the units. Exam Topics: I. Thinking Like A Historian & Founding Principles and Civic Virtues: Reasons why we study history? ○ To understand the past and how it shapes the present. ○ To learn from past mistakes and successes. ○ To gain insight into human behavior, societal development, and the evolution of institutions. ○ To foster critical thinking and informed decision-making. Define “historical memory” and explain how it is influenced by familial, cultural/religious and national/state memories. ○ Historical memory refers to how societies remember and interpret past events, often selectively and through different perspectives. It is influenced by: ○ Familial memory: Passed down through generations, shaping individual and family identities. ○ Cultural/religious memory: Cultural and religious narratives contribute to collective memories, emphasizing shared values, traditions, and beliefs. ○ National/state memory: The official or dominant narratives created by governments or institutions, which may emphasize certain aspects of history while neglecting others. Founding Principles of Government: popular sovereignty, due process, federalism, liberty, limited government, natural/inalienable rights, rule of law, and separation of powers ○ Popular Sovereignty: The idea that the authority of the government comes from the consent of the governed. ○ Due Process: Legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights owed to a person. ○ Federalism: A system of government where power is divided between a central authority and regional entities (states). ○ Liberty: Freedom of individuals to act as they choose, as long as they do not infringe upon others' rights. ○ Limited Government: A government whose powers are restricted by law or constitution to protect individual rights. ○ Natural/Inalienable Rights: Rights that are inherent and cannot be taken away, such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. ○ Rule of Law: The principle that all individuals and institutions are accountable to the law. ○ Separation of Powers: Division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to prevent any one branch from gaining too much power. Founding virtues: courage, justice, self-governance ○ Courage: Willingness to act in defense of one's principles, even in the face of danger. ○ Justice: The pursuit of fairness and equality under the law. ○ Self-Governance: The ability to govern oneself and make decisions based on rational judgment and civic participation. II. Transatlantic Encounters: What were the characteristics of Native Americans in North America prior to the arrival of the Europeans? ○ Diverse cultures, languages, and societies. ○ Varied economic systems: agriculture (e.g., maize cultivation), hunting, and gathering. ○ Complex social structures, often based on kinship and tribal leadership. ○ Strong spiritual and religious connections to the land. Positions and significance of the Valladolid Debate ○ The debate occurred in 1550-1551 in Spain, focusing on the treatment of Indigenous peoples in the Americas. ○ Two main positions: Bartolomé de las Casas argued for the humanity and rights of Native Americans, while Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda defended Spanish colonial practices, claiming Native Americans were inferior. ○ The debate is significant for early discussions about human rights, colonization, and the ethics of European expansion. What are the consequences of the Columbian Exchange, especially how the movement of people, animals, plants, cultures and disease affected the Eastern and Western hemisphere? ○ Movement of People: Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans were displaced and exchanged, leading to cultural interactions and sometimes conflict. ○ Animals & Plants: European livestock and crops were introduced to the Americas; crops like corn, potatoes, and tomatoes transformed diets in Europe. ○ Diseases: European diseases (e.g., smallpox) devastated Native American populations, decimating entire communities. ○ Cultural Exchange: Both hemispheres exchanged knowledge, technology, and religious beliefs, but often with unequal power dynamics. Role of slavery in the Transatlantic Encounters ○ The demand for labor to cultivate crops (e.g., sugar, tobacco) in the Americas led to the importation of enslaved Africans. ○ Slavery became an integral part of the transatlantic economy, deeply affecting African, European, and American societies. III. Colonial America: Why study colonial American history? ○ It provides insight into the development of American society, government, and identity. 1  ○ Colonial history laid the foundations for the American Revolution and the formation of the United States. What are the reasons for English settlement in North America? ○ Economic opportunities (e.g., resource extraction, trade). ○ Religious freedom for persecuted groups (e.g., Puritans, Quakers). ○ Desire to expand British power and influence. What are the important characteristics for the development of the New England and Cheseapek Colonies? Why did they create distinct separate societies? ○ New England: Puritan religious values, community-focused societies, emphasis on education, diversified economy (fishing, trade, small-scale farming). ○ Chesapeake: More focused on tobacco cultivation, reliance on indentured servants and slavery, more individualistic and economically-driven settlements. What factors contributed to the deterioration of relationships between the Puritans and Native peoples? ○ Land encroachment, differing cultural values, and the spread of European diseases devastated Native populations, leading to mistrust and violence. What are the factors that contributed to the rise of slavery (indentured/African) in the colonies? Trace the development of the slave society in the colonies knowing important events and outcomes. ○ Economic reliance on labor-intensive cash crops, declining availability of indentured servants, and the racialization of slavery. What important rights and principles of government influenced colonial charters? ○ English common law, protection of property, and individual rights such as trial by jury and representation in government. What are the characteristics of the different colonial regions that emerged in North America from 1607 to 1730? ○ New England: Religious-driven, tight-knit communities, economy based on trade and small-scale farming. ○ Middle Colonies: Ethnically diverse, fertile land, agricultural economy with some industry. ○ Southern Colonies: Agrarian economy focused on cash crops like tobacco and rice, reliance on slavery. What are the important political and social developments in the colony of Pennsylvania & Middle Colonies? ○ Founded by William Penn as a Quaker refuge, promoting religious freedom, democracy, and fair treatment of Native Americans. What are the important political and religious developments in the New England Colonies? ○ Puritan influence on religious life and governance, establishment of congregational churches, and a focus on community-based self-governance. What are the important social and economic developments in the Southern Colonies? ○ Economic reliance on cash crops and slave labor, a rigid social hierarchy. What were the causes and importance of the Great Awakening & Enlightenment? ○ The Great Awakening sparked religious revivalism and challenged traditional authority, leading to greater religious tolerance. ○ The Enlightenment emphasized reason, science, and individual rights, influencing political thought and the development of democratic ideals. What are the colonial origins of Republicanism - with a focus on the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut & James Otis, “The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved,” 1763” ○ The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) were an early example of a written constitution, emphasizing the principle of consent of the governed. ○ James Otis’ writings laid the foundation for colonial opposition to British policies, asserting the rights of colonists. IV. The American Revolution - Know the following information: What were the major British laws passed from 1765 to 1774? What was the purpose of these laws? What was the colonial reaction to these laws? How do you characterize British and colonial relations during this time? ○ Stamp Act (1765): Taxed printed materials. Colonial protest through boycotts and the Stamp Act Congress. ○ Townshend Acts (1767): Imposed duties on goods. Led to widespread protests and boycotts. ○ Tea Act (1773): Granted the British East India Company a monopoly on tea. Led to the Boston Tea Party. ○ Intolerable Acts (1774): Punitive measures in response to the Boston Tea Party, including closing Boston’s port. Led to greater colonial unity and the First Continental Congress. What is virtual representation? What are actual representations? What are the arguments for virtual representation and actual representation? ○ Virtual representation: The idea that British members of Parliament represented the interests of all British subjects, including colonists. ○ Actual representation: The argument that colonists should have elected representatives in Parliament to have a say in laws affecting them. What are the principles of the American Revolution and why did the American colonists believe that they had the right to overthrow their government? ○ Colonists believed they had the right to self-govern and oppose tyranny. They argued that the British government violated their natural rights and imposed taxes without consent. What are the intellectual sources of the Declaration of Independence? ○ Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke (life, liberty, and property) influenced the Declaration’s assertion of inalienable rights. How do historians interpret the American Revolution as a radical event? How do historians interpret the American Revolution as conservative event? ○ Radical interpretation: Emphasizes the Revolution's role in promoting equality, liberty, and the expansion of democratic principles. ○ Conservative interpretation: Argues that the Revolution was largely about preserving colonial privileges and maintaining the existing social order. 2  How do the different primary sources and secondary sources support the argument for a radical interpretation? How do they support a conservative interpretation? ○ Radical sources: The Declaration of Independence, speeches by revolutionary leaders. ○ Conservative sources: Loyalist writings, British perspectives on maintaining the status quo. V. The Republican Experiment (OPENSTAX) (Federal negative reading and bank Reading) What are the two views of republicanism and who should govern the new republic? ○ Elitist Republicanism (Federalists): Believed educated elites should govern. ○ Democratic Republicanism (Jeffersonians): Believed in broader participation by the common people. What are the Articles of Confederation? Describe the powers of the Government under the Articles? ○ Structure: Weak central government with most power in the states. ○ Powers: Conduct war, negotiate treaties, and manage Western lands. What are the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? How did these weaknesses contribute the following: Financial and commercial problems ○ Weaknesses: ○ No power to tax → Financial problems (couldn't pay debts). ○ No power to regulate commerce → Commercial problems (states imposed tariffs on each other). Why was G. Washington “mortified beyond expression in 1786” & why did John Qunicy Adams call the Mid-1780s a “critical period"? ○ George Washington: "Mortified beyond expression" due to the weak government. ○ John Quincy Adams: Called it a "critical period" because the nation was on the verge of collapse. What were the key problems of the Articles of Confederation identified by James Madison and what role did he play in addressing these problems at the Constitutional Convention? ○ Identified problems with weak central authority. ○ Advocated for stronger federal government at the Constitutional Convention. What were the main elements of Madison’s proposed reforms, including the "federal negative"? ○ Proposed reforms: ○ Federal negative: Federal veto over state laws. What are the provisions of the key Constitutional Compromises: Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan , Connecticut Compromise, Electoral College, and issue of Slavery ○ Virginia Plan: Representation based on population. ○ New Jersey Plan: Equal representation for states. ○ Connecticut Compromise: Bicameral legislature (House by population, Senate equally). ○ Electoral College: Indirect election of the president. ○ Slavery: 3/5 Compromise (slaves counted as 3/5 of a person for representation). Who were the Federalists, and what arguments did they present in favor of the Constitution?Who were the Anti-Federalists, and what were their primary objections to the Constitution? ○ What role did Madison and Alexander Hamilton play in the ratification of the U.S. Constitution? ○ Federalists (Hamilton, Madison): Supported strong central government and Constitution. ○ Anti-Federalists (Jefferson): Opposed it, fearing loss of states’ rights. Majority of the questions VI. The Republic: (Bank case study) What are the Bill of Rights and what were the issues that led to its controversy and eventual passage and ratification? ○ Defined the Bill of Rights as the first ten amendments. ○ Discussed the Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist Debate and the compromise that led to ratification. What were the three major parts of Hamilton’s Financial Plan? Why did Jefferson and his supporters oppose Hamilton’s Financial Plan? What is the significance of Hamilton’s Financial Plan? ○ Three major parts: ○ Assumption of state debts. ○ Creation of a national bank. ○ Excise taxes and tariffs. ○ Jeffersonian Opposition: Explained concerns over fairness, centralization of power, and tax burdens. ○ Significance: Highlighted the plan’s role in stabilizing the economy and forming political divisions. Why was Hamilton’s proposal for a national bank controversial? Was a national bank needed? ○ Controversial because: ○ It was seen as unconstitutional by Jefferson and his supporters. ○ Hamilton’s View: Necessary for managing debt and providing a stable currency. ○ Jefferson’s View: Unnecessary and unconstitutional. What is Hamilton’s reasoning for creating a national bank? How does he utilize a “loose interpretation” of the Constitution to propose creating a national bank? 3  ○ Hamilton’s Reasoning: ○ Cited the Necessary and Proper Clause to justify implied powers for Congress. ○ Loose Interpretation: Argued that the bank was essential for carrying out constitutional powers like taxation and regulating commerce. Why is Jefferson opposed to the national bank? How does he utilize a “strict interpretation” of the Constitution to oppose the creation of the bank? ○ Jefferson’s Opposition: ○ Believed the Constitution did not explicitly allow for a national bank. (on southern powers) ○ Feared it would centralize power and undermine states’ rights. ○ Strict Interpretation: Emphasized that federal power should be limited to what is explicitly stated in the Constitution. What is the significance of the 1st National Bank? ○ Stabilized the U.S. economy. ○ Increased foreign investment. ○ Set a precedent for federal economic intervention. ○ Deepened political divisions between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. VII. The United States, 1820-1850 What were the major political parties during the first half of the 19th Century? What were their positions on major issues affecting the republic? ○ Democratic Party: ○ Pro-states' rights, limited federal government, expansion of slavery, and westward expansion. ○ Whig Party: ○ Supported a strong federal government, protective tariffs, national bank, and internal improvements. What are the characteristics of the Market Revolution? How did the factory system, immigration, and woman labor aided the growth of the market economy? Significance? ○ Characteristics: Shift from subsistence farming to a commercial economy, rise of factories, urbanization, and improved technology. ○ Factory System: Increased production efficiency and job creation. ○ Immigration: Provided a cheap labor force, fueling industrial growth. ○ Women’s Labor: Worked in textile factories (e.g., Lowell Mills), expanding women’s roles outside the home. ○ Significance: Transformed the U.S. economy, creating a national market and increased wealth disparity. What are the characteristics of the Transportation Revolution? Significance? ○ Characteristics: Development of roads, canals (e.g., Erie Canal), steamboats, and railroads. ○ Significance: ○ Connected regional markets, reduced transportation costs, and facilitated westward expansion and economic growth. What role did Henry Clay and the 2nd National Bank play in the growth of the national economy? ○ Henry Clay: Advocated for the American System, promoting internal improvements, a national bank, and protective tariffs. ○ 2nd National Bank: Stabilized the economy, regulated state banks, and provided credit for businesses and infrastructure. What is the importance and significance of the Jackson Administration during the late 1820s and 1830s? Know his involvement in the Indian Removal and Bank War. ○ Indian Removal Act (1830): Forced relocation of Native American tribes (e.g., Trail of Tears). ○ Bank War: Opposed the 2nd National Bank, vetoed its recharter, and transferred federal funds to state “pet banks,” leading to economic instability. ○ Significance: Strengthened executive power and reshaped U.S. financial policy. What are the causes, events, and outcomes of westward expansion 1803-1850? Know Louisiana Purchase, Settlement and war of independence in Texas, Mexican American War, and Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ○ Causes: ○ Manifest Destiny, economic opportunities, and land availability. ○ Key Events: ○ Louisiana Purchase (1803): Doubled U.S. territory. ○ Texas Independence (1836): Led to U.S. annexation in 1845. ○ Mexican-American War (1846-1848): Resulted in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, adding vast territories. ○ Outcomes: Expansion of U.S. territory, increased conflicts with Native Americans and Mexico, and debates over slavery. What is the relationship between westward expansion and the expansion of slavery? ○ Westward expansion increased the demand for slave labor in new territories, leading to political conflicts over the expansion of slavery (e.g., Missouri Compromise). Understand the role of slavery in the Southern economy? What role did slave labor play? How did slaves in the south develop and culture and systems of resistance to survive enslavement? ○ Role in Economy: Essential for cotton production, the backbone of the Southern economy. ○ Slave Labor: Provided cheap labor for plantations. ○ Culture & Resistance: Maintained African traditions, developed spirituals, and resisted through work slowdowns, escape, and rebellion (e.g., Nat Turner’s Rebellion). What is the Second Great Awakening and how did it influence the Antebellum Reforms of the mid 1800s? ○ Second Great Awakening: Religious revival emphasizing individual salvation and social reform. ○ Influence: Inspired movements for abolition, temperance, women’s rights, and education reform. 4  What are causes, key features, and leaders of the Antebellum Reform Movements of the mid 1800s? ○ Causes: Religious revival, industrialization, and social inequality. ○ Key Features: Focused on moral and social improvement. ○ Leaders: ○ Abolition: Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison. ○ Women’s Rights: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott. ○ Temperance: Lyman Beecher. ○ Education: Horace Mann. VI: A House Divided How did economic, political, moral/religious differences create the division between the North and South? ○ Economic Differences: ○ North: Industrial economy, reliant on free labor and manufacturing. ○ South: Agrarian economy dependent on slavery, with "King Cotton" as the primary export. ○ Political Differences: ○ North: Favored federal authority and tariffs to protect industry. ○ South: Supported states' rights and opposed tariffs that harmed agriculture. ○ Moral/Religious Differences: ○ North: Increasing abolitionist sentiment, viewing slavery as immoral. ○ South: Justified slavery as a “positive good” and essential to their way of life. Know the issues, events, and outcomes of the Missouri Compromise and Nullification Crisis and how these issues reflect growing sectional tensions in the U.S. ○ Missouri Compromise (1820): ○ Issue: Admission of Missouri as a slave state threatened to disrupt the balance of power in Congress. ○ Compromise: Missouri entered as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and slavery was prohibited north of the 36°30′ line. ○ Outcome: Temporarily eased tensions but highlighted divisions over slavery. ○ Nullification Crisis (1832-1833): ○ Issue: South Carolina opposed federal tariffs, claiming states could nullify federal laws. ○ Outcome: President Jackson threatened force; compromise reduced tariffs. ○ Significance: Demonstrated the growing conflict over states’ rights. What is King Cotton? What was the importance of cotton to the Southern and Northern economy? ○ King Cotton: Term reflecting the dominance of cotton in the Southern economy. ○ Importance: ○ Southern economy relied on cotton exports to sustain wealth. ○ Northern textile industries depended on Southern cotton for manufacturing, linking both economies. How did the following issues contribute to the tensions between the North and South in the 1850s?: Compromise of 1850, Kansas-Nebraska Act ○ Compromise of 1850: ○ Issue: Admission of new territories acquired from the Mexican-American War. ○ Provisions: California entered as a free state; stronger Fugitive Slave Act enforced. ○ Effect: Angered the North over the Fugitive Slave Act and deepened divisions. ○ Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854): ○ Issue: Allowed popular sovereignty to determine slavery in Kansas and Nebraska. ○ Effect: Repealed the Missouri Compromise, leading to violent conflict (“Bleeding Kansas”) and further polarizing the nation. How did the 1850s reveal a nation divided between two cultures and two economies and how did these divisions further create political divisions in the nation? ○ Cultural/Economic Divide: ○ North: Industrial, urban, and progressive. ○ South: Agrarian, rural, and conservative, centered on slavery. ○ Political Divisions: ○ Rise of sectional political parties, including the Republican Party, which opposed the expansion of slavery. How did the following events of the 1850s flamed the political crisis developing in the U.S.?: Rise of Republican Party, Dred Scott Decision, John Brown’s Raid ○ Rise of Republican Party: Formed in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the expansion of slavery. ○ Dred Scott Decision (1857): Supreme Court ruled that African Americans were not citizens and Congress could not prohibit slavery in the territories, enraging abolitionists. ○ John Brown’s Raid (1859): Attempted to incite a slave rebellion by attacking a federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, intensifying Southern fears of abolitionist aggression. How did the election of Abraham Lincoln lead to the succession crisis and what were the causes of seven southern states to leave the union from Dec. 1860 to Feb 1861? ○ Lincoln’s Election: Won without support from the Southern states, signaling to them that their interests were no longer represented in the federal government. ○ Causes of Secession: ○ Fear of abolition of slavery. ○ Belief in states' rights and Southern independence. ○ Perception that Lincoln’s presidency posed an existential threat to their way of life. ○ Outcome: South Carolina seceded first, followed by six other states, forming the Confederacy. 5