History 1301 Fall Final Review 2024

How societies remember and interpret past events, often selectively and through different perspectives.

The idea that government power comes from the consent of the governed.

Legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights owed to a person.

A system where power is divided between a central authority and regional entities (states).

Freedom to act as you choose, only if it doesn't harm others.

To understand the past, learn from mistakes, gain insight into human behavior, and develop critical thinking.

Memories passed down through generations, impacting individual family identities.

Official narratives created by governments or institutions, often emphasizing certain parts of the past.

A government with restricted powers, defined by law or constitution, to protect individual rights.

Rights inherent to all people, such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, that cannot be taken away.

Everyone, including government, is accountable to the law.

Government divided into branches (like legislative, executive, judicial) to balance power.

Diverse cultures and societies in North America before European arrival.

European diseases devastating Native American populations after contact.

Exchange of plants between Europe and the Americas, affecting diets on both sides.

A 1550-1551 debate in Spain over the treatment of Indigenous people in the Americas.

Based on trade (shipping, fishing) and small-scale farming, supporting close-knit communities.

A mix of agriculture (fertile land) and some industry, with diverse ethnic groups.

Focused on cash crops (tobacco, rice) and relying heavily on slave labor, creating a rigid social hierarchy.

Founded as a Quaker refuge, emphasizing religious freedom, democratic principles, and fair treatment of Native Americans.

Shaped religious life and governance, leading to the establishment of congregational churches and strong community-based self-governance.

This religious revivalism challenged established authority, leading to greater religious tolerance, and emphasized individual faith.

This intellectual movement emphasized reason, science, and individual rights, impacting political thought and shaping democratic ideals.

An early example of a written constitution, highlighting the principle of consent of the governed, meaning the people have a say in their laws.

The exchange of people, goods, ideas, and diseases between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, starting in the 15th century. This exchange significantly influenced the development of these continents and led to the rise of global trade networks.

The demand for labor to cultivate crops like sugar and tobacco in the Americas led to the forced importation of enslaved Africans. Slavery became a central part of the transatlantic economy and had lasting consequences on African, European, and American societies.

Understanding colonial American history provides insights into the development of American society, government, and identity. It also lays the foundation for the American Revolution and the formation of the United States.

English settlers came to North America for various reasons, including economic opportunities, religious freedom, and expanding British power and influence. This led to the establishment of colonies like Jamestown and Plymouth.

New England colonies, like Massachusetts, were focused on religion, community, education, and a diversified economy. Chesapeake colonies, like Virginia, were more focused on tobacco cultivation, reliant on indentured servants and slavery, and emphasized individual wealth.

Land encroachment, cultural differences, and European diseases led to the decline of Native populations and strained relationships between colonists and Native Americans. This resulted in conflict and displacement.

The need for labor-intensive cash crops, declining availability of indentured servants, and the racialization of slavery contributed to the rise of enslaved Africans in the colonies. This shaped the development of the colonies and led to complex societal issues.

Colonial charters provided basic rights and principles of government, including English common law, protection of property, and individual rights like trial by jury and representation. These elements influenced the development of American political thought and legal systems.

The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, guaranteeing fundamental rights and freedoms like speech, religion, and due process.

A disagreement over the power of the federal government, with Federalists favoring a strong central government and Anti-Federalists supporting states' rights.

A plan to strengthen the U.S. economy by assuming state debts, establishing a national bank, and implementing excise taxes and tariffs.

Jefferson and his supporters opposed Hamilton's plan, citing concerns over fairness, centralization of power, and tax burdens.

The debate over establishing a national bank, with Hamilton arguing for its necessity and Jefferson opposing it as unconstitutional.

Hamilton argued that the Constitution allowed for implied powers, justifying a national bank as necessary for executing explicit powers like taxation.

Jefferson believed federal power should be limited to what is explicitly stated in the Constitution, opposing the national bank.

The 1st National Bank stabilized the U.S. economy, increased foreign investment, set a precedent for federal economic intervention, and deepened political divisions.

The Articles of Confederation, the first government of the US, had significant weaknesses. It lacked the power to tax, regulate commerce, and enforce laws effectively, leading to financial and commercial problems.

The absence of a strong central government under the Articles of Confederation contributed to national instability. It couldn't pay debts, leading to financial crisis, and states imposed tariffs on each other, hindering commerce.

George Washington, a prominent figure in the American Revolution, was deeply troubled by the weakness of the government under the Articles of Confederation, expressing his dismay as "mortified beyond expression."

John Quincy Adams, a future president, described the period following the Revolutionary War as a "critical period." The nation was on the verge of collapse due to the ineffective government.

James Madison recognized the severe limitations of the Articles of Confederation. As a delegate at the Constitutional Convention, he advocated for a stronger central government to address these issues.

Madison proposed reforms that focused on strengthening the federal government. One of his key proposals was the "federal negative," which would have given the federal government the power to veto state laws.

Several compromises were reached during the Constitutional Convention to address differing opinions among states. Key compromises included the Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan, Connecticut Compromise, Electoral College, and the 3/5 Compromise regarding slavery.

The Federalists, led by figures like Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, supported the Constitution and its establishment of a strong central government. The Anti-Federalists, including Thomas Jefferson, opposed the Constitution, fearing it would undermine states' rights.