HISP Civ Mid2 notes PDF

1 McGill University Fall Semester 2024 Teacher: Jose Jouve-Martin Email: [email protected] Hispanic Civilization 1 HISP-225 ___ Notes on the READINGS and the VIDEOS Lecture 10: Towards Unification: – Video 1- The Catholic Kings in the History of Spain —----- The rise of the House of T...

1 McGill University Fall Semester 2024 Teacher: Jose Jouve-Martin Email: [email protected] Hispanic Civilization 1 HISP-225 ___ Notes on the READINGS and the VIDEOS Lecture 10: Towards Unification: – Video 1- The Catholic Kings in the History of Spain —----- The rise of the House of Trastamara in Castille (14th-16th Century) - Dynasty was founded by Henry II after his victory over his half brother, Peter I, in the Castilian Civil Was - Both were sons of King Alphonse XI of Castile - Peter was the legitimate son of Alphonso’s queen (Maria of Portugal) - Henry = sons of the kings mistress - Henry II were known as the “trastamaras” a name derived from the name their family possessions in medival Galacia - Peter I = Peter the cruel -> after executing 2 of Henry’s siblings + supporters oof the Trastamara cause - kown for is rutheless methods - had upper hand - Henry eventually won, establishing the Trastamara dynasty’s rule A Game of Thrones: Alliance with Arogon or Portgal? - by the early 15th century, Castile had emerged as the most powerful kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula - Balace of power hinged on wether it would unite with Portugal or Aragon - led to conflict and civil war withinh Castile - 2 main problems: Pro-Aragonese Party: Supported by nobles who favored an alliance with Aragon - Aragon’s extensive Mediterranean possessions and thriving trade routes made this option attractive  2 Pro-Portuguese Party: Advocated for closer ties with Portugal - emphasizing Portugal’s historical connection to Leon and its strategic Atlentic networks Power and Betrayal: The Role of Queen Isabella - forced her brother (Henry IV) + the pro-portuguese party to recognize her as the true queen os Castile with the help of Ferdinand of Aragon - The treaty of Alcacovas was singed in 1479 which recognize Isabella and Ferdinand as sovereign of Castile - in exchanged, Castile granted Portugal hegemony in the Atlantic, with the exception of the Canay Islands — Video 2 - Isabella I of Castile: The first great queen of Europe — The Crown of Aragon in the 15th Century - Aragon was a composite monarchy - different realms maintained separate institution and laws, limiting royal power Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, Sicily - 15th century saw economic difficulties specifically in Catalonia due to civil wars and internal strife - Catalan Civil war (1462 - 1472) - John II’s reign was marked by conflicts with the Catalan Generalist and the nobility - resisted royal centralization - Ferdinand’s early life shaped by this political turbulence - The Crown of Aragon had key Mediterranean holdings - including Sicily + Naples - making it a vital player in Italian and Mediterranean politics Path to the Marriage with Isabella - Mid-1460’s, Ferdinand’s future was tied to the broader ambitions of his father, John II, to stabilize Aragon’s position - Complex interwoven nature of Spanish dynastic politics -> Ferdinand and Isabella _ second cousins- John I of Castile = great-grandfather - Forged the Papal authorization to get married - in 1469, Isabella and Ferdiand got married - led to unification of the crowns of Castile and Aragon - BUT at that time -> kingdoms remained distinct with separate laws and customs - Machiavelli’s The Prince is a political treaties that offers advice on ruling and maintaining power emphasized pragmatism, cunning, and sometimes ruthless tactics admired Ferdinand of Aragon as the ideal Prince ○ BECAUSE of Ferdinand’s skillful use of deception, political manipulation, and military prowess to unifu Spain and expand it’s influence while maintaining reputation ○ balance of cruelty and calculated generosity made him a model of Machiavelli’s concept of effective leadership  3 — Video 3 - “Tanto monta, Monta Tanto” - Both Isabelle and were proud monarchs - this resolve gave rise to their shared motto - equal in power and importance -watch video- — The Catholic Kings: Main Policies - Ferdiand and Isabella ruled as co-sovereigns, with each monarch holding equal authority and value in tier respective realms - The crowns of Aragon and Castile remained distinct political entities, governed by their own laws and institutions - Despite their marriage -> kingdoms stayed autonomous and didn’t merge politically - Through marriages of their children -> formed Isabella and Ferdinand formed alliances with leading European dynasties House of Burgundy ( possessions of France, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg) House of Habsburg (possessions of Austria, Hungary, Germany) Portugal and Germany ○ through marriage of their daughter, Catherine of Aragon, to Henry VII of England - In Castile: Catholic Monarchs consolidated royal authority over the high nobility, diminishing aristocratic power to strengthen the central monarchy - In Aragon: Ferdinand bolstered the influence of the Crown across the Mediterranean, securing Aragon’s dominance in the region - After internal crises of the 15th century, both Castile + Aragon achieved significant financial and political stabilization, positioning the 2 kingdoms for consolidation and expansion The Catholic Kings: The early Modern State and Religious Orthodoxy given to Queen Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon by Pope Alexander VI in 1494 as a recognition of their significant contributions of consolidating Catholicism in Spain and expanding its influence globally 1. Completion of the Requonquista: in 1492, Ferdinand + Isabella successfully completed the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule by capturing Granada, the last Muslim stronghold, re-establishing Christianity as the dominant religion across Spain 2. Support of the Inquisition: Catholic Monarchs instituted the Spanish Inquisition in 1478, a state-run religious institution that sought to maintain Catholic orthodoxy by persecuting genetics, including coveted Jews and Muslims suspected of secretly practicing their original faiths 3. Expulsion of Jews 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella issued the Alhambra Decree, which ordered the expulsion of all practicing from Spain, unless they converted to christianity - similar measures for muslim population  4 4. Patronage of Christianity Columbus: Catholic Monarchs sponsored Christopher Columbus’s voyage in 1492, leading to the European discovery of the Americas, which was framed as part of spreading the Christian faith to new lands 5. Humanism and Reform Catholic Kings also supported those who called for the internal reform of the Catholic Church ( not in favor of Muslims and Jews) creation of institutions (Universidad de Alcala) - Beginning of Spanish Humanist movement that would strongly influence the development of the Spanish Golden Age Spain after 1492: Social Transformations - Expulsion of the Spanish Jews in 1492 - “conversos” (crypto-jews) -> many whom continued to play important roles in state administration, the economies of Castile and Aragon, and cultural life of the kingdom - Some maintain jewish practices in secret - others blended elements of Judaism with their new Catholic faith - The fall of the Kingdom of the Granada marked the end of Al-Andalus significant muslim population remained in the Iberian Peninsula forced to convert and be known as “Moricos” - had profound impact on the economy and culture of regions such as Valencia, Granada and Murcia - were expelled from Spain in the early 17th century - Arriving in the mid-15th century, Romani people or Gypsies, originally from India strongly associated with Spanish - particularly Andalusian Culture entered Spain from both Northern Europe and North Africa despite discrimination -> established themselves across the Iberian Peninsula also in colonial Spanish America adopting a semi-nomadic lifestyle - The unison of Castile and Aragon - absorption of Navarre and Portugal in the 16th century - did not eliminate regional distinction Each Kingdom within the Spanish Crown has: ○ own laws, institutions, languages and customs ○ making Spain a “composite monarchy” rather than a unifies homogenous state - Blood Purity laws (1449) - ensures “old christians” ancestry could hold key positions in the economy and administration - laws were based less on racial origins and more on the ability to prove that one’s had been Christian for at least 3 to 4 generations Lecture 11 - Imperial Spain: The Quest for Hegemony  5 - The death of queen Isabella gave Ferdinand much power on the decision of the destiny of her daughters and both Aragon and Castile - Main Enemy in Europe = France - Main Enemy in the Mediterranean = The Ottoman Turks Politics and Gender in Renaissance Spain - Philip of Burgundy * Philip the Handsome -> son of maximilian I of the holy Roman Empire and Mary of Burgundy and ruler of the Netherlands - his marriage to joanna of Castile linked 2 powerful dynasties: the habsburgs + Spanish royal family - arranged by Ferdinand and Isabella to strengthen Spain’s international alliances and secure influence over Europe - Habsburg control over Burgundy and Spanish territories could counterbalance the growing power of france ensure a strategic alliance between the Habsburg and Spain, creating a powerful dynasty union - In the beginning, passionate marriage but quickly became strained - Philip’s infidelity and political ambitions caused tensions - Philip sought to exert power over Joanna’s inheritance - complicated marital dynamic - Joanna’s mental state - Joanna the Mad exhibited signs of deep emotional instability - particularly after Philip dead rumors of erratic behaviour, obsession with philip + inability to govern led to be labeled “the Mad” ○ may have been exaggerated by political reasons - Ferdinand (her father) + Charles V (her son) -> had reasons to to marginalize Joanna - declared Joanna unfit to rule - allowed them to take control of the Spanish throne - her “madness” was used to justify her confinement and the transfer of the powers to male relatives - led to the an upspring in Castile known as the Comunero Revolt and to Juan to be incarcerated in a convent for thirty years until his death — Video 1 - The Spanish Habsburg: The rise of Charles V (Charles I of Spain) — The Spanish Habsburg: The rise of Charles V (Charles I of Spain) - House of Burgundy -> inherited territories in the Netherlands and Eastern France - Habsburg Lineage -> inherited Austria and central European lands; Became Holy Roman Empire in 1519 - Trastamara Dynasty -> gained the Crowns of Castile (expanding into the Americas/Asia) + Aragon (with Mediterranean holdings)  6 First king of Unified Spain - Ruled Castile + Aragon after Ferdinand's death - Proclaimed sole King of Aragon + Castile jointly with his mother Joanna - He arrives in Spain in 1517 Early challenges - was considered as a foreign monarch - limited spanish - Brought with him an entourage of Flemish nobles who displaced the Castilian and Aragonese nobility in court - Assumed full power while his mother was still alive, keeping her jailed in a convent allegedly because of her mental state - Tried to rule without consulting the institution of the different kingdoms - Used the resources of the crown of Castile and Aragon for the purpose of becomin the nest Holy Roman Emperor -> he succeeded in 1519 - As a result,he faced a full-rebellion in 1521 in Castile that almost costed him the crown The comunero revolt (1521) - led part of the Castilian low nobility and part of the high nobility as well as by members some of the most important cities and local institutions - Proclaimed Juana as the only legitimate Queen of Spain as the revolt took a more socially “revolutionary” turn -> aristocracy abandoned the movement the revolt was crushed, but it had important consequences for charles I and the future of Spain - King would learn Spanish and live in Castile - not use the Royal treasure to send payments abroad - would appoint only nobles of Castile and Aragon to positions of power in the territories of those Crowns - The leaders of the revolt were punished, but most nobles and others who participated in the revolt as well as the cities as a whole were pardoned - by winning -> Charles I assured his control over the Castilian nobility - local institutions ans the Cortes continues to exist in Castile after the revolt, but their power was severely curtailed - Path towards an absolute Monarchy Charles I and Imperial Politics: Seven Fronts - Charles I’s reign united the Holy Roman and Spanish Empires - He used the resources of Castile, Aragon and the Low Countries against Francis I, retaking Milan and securing Italy - The divorce of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII ended the Anglo-Spanish alliance, with England fearing Charles’s growing power - Expanded Aragonese territories made the Papacy uneasy; after the 1527 Sack of Rome, tensions shifted towards cooperation in response to Protestantism and Ottoman expansion - The Ottoman Empire  7 expanded in the Mediterranean, threatening Habsburg territories Suleiman the Magnificent laid siege to Vienna in 1529, solidifying Ottoman dominance in the Eastern Mediterranean, -> indirectly strengthen Castile’s position in the Atlantic - Germany and the Reformation challenged the authority of Rome and Habsburg centralism Reformers sought a return to a “primitive” form of christianity, while politically uniting opposition to Habsburg absolutism - America Conquest of the Ztec and Inca empires elevated the importance of America Spanish Crown began asserting direct control over its America territories through institutional structures BUT Charles I focused his “professional” armies on Europe not in America — Video 2 - Like Father, like son: The Rise to Power of Philip II — Showdown in the Mediterranean: The Ottoman Threat and the Battle of Lepanto (1571) - Ottoman expansion - By the mid16th century, the Ottoman Empire had become a dominant force of the Mediterranean, threatening Christian naval supremacy led to the Ottomen Empire controlling trade routes, and expanding towards europe - Significance of the battle - A crucial naval battle between the Ottoman fleet anf the Holy league, led by Spain The Christian coalition defeated the superior Ottoman navvy, halting Ottoman expansion into Western Europe - Spain’s Role - Spain under philip II, provided leadership and resources through Don John of Austria -> commanding much of the Holy league’s fleet Spain contribution was instrumental in securing the victory and checking Ottoman influence in the Mediterranean - Our lady of the Rosary/ of victory - belief was that Mary’s intercession through the prayers of the faithful had turned the tide of the battle in favor of the Chistians forces In Catholic iconogrophy + art -> battle of Lepanto is often depicted with the Virgin mary watching over the Christian fleet symbolyzing her protective and guiding role - Aftermath - Christian Vicotry prevented Ottoman expension into Western Europe and was seen as a crucial turning point in controlling Mediterranean trade routes  8 Ottomans held sway over North Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean, while Spain controlled key western territories, including parts of Italy and the Balearic Islands Territorial expansion the Iberian Union and the First Global Empire - Philip II inherited all the lands of the Crowns of Castile and Aragon, the territories in Italy and the low Countries and the Spain possessions in the Americas The Austrian possession of the title “Holy Roman Empire” passes to PhIlip II - Ferdinand I - During his reign, the Spanish possessions in the Americas were expanded ans consolidated and Spain conquered the Philipinees which offered a territory from which to trade with China and Japan - After the death of King Sebastian of Portugal in 1578 - Philip II of Spain claimed the Portuguese throne uniting the crowns of Spain and Portugal under the Spanish Habsburg created the largest global empire of the time - The Iberian Union controlled vast territories in Europe, Africa, Asia and the Americas -> consolidating Spanis and Portuguese colonies under a single ruler - The union allowed for increased coordination f overseas expansion, maritime exploration, and trade -> creating the first real global empire - The Collapse of the Iberian Union in 1640 was driven by: Portuguese nobles and commoners resented Spanish rule, especially the lack of Portuguese representation and economic neglect Spain’s involvement in costly wars, particularly the Thirty Year’s War, weakened the ability to maintain control over Portugal Trade disruption, particularly due to Dutch and English attacks on Portuguese colonies, contributed to discontent A portuguese revolt (1640), led by the Duke of Barganza, successfully restored Portugal’s independence under King John IV A Revolution in Warfare: The Spanish Tercios - Established in the early 16rh century, the Tercios were elite infantry units of the Spanish army, combining pikemen, swordsmen, and arquebusiers - The tercio formation was revolutionay mix of pike and shot, emphasizing flexibility and depth in combat made them on of the most formidable military forces in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries - The tercios played a crucial role in the Italian Wars, the Battle of Pavia (1525), and the defense of the Spanish Empire during the Eighty Year’s War - Their discipline tactics and the battlefield dominance solidified Spain’s military reputation during the Habsburg reign -> influencing modern infantry formation The Failed Alliance with England and the Invincible Armada - Crown of Spain attempted a strategic alliance with England  9 Philip II of Spain was Married to Queen Mary I of England ( daughter of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VII) they were cousins Death of Mary I and the ascension of Queen Elizabeth led to a new confrontation with England - The relationship between Spain and England deteriorated due to religious differences Philip II of Spain = Catholic | Elizabeth I of England = Protestant Elizabeth supported Protestant rebels in the Spanish Netherlands and santioned piracy against Spanish ships - The execution of the Catholic Mary Queen of Scot’s -> intensified Philip II’s resolve to overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholic rule in England - The “Invincible Armada” was launched to invade England → to dispose Elizabeth and end English support for the Dutch rebels - The Spanish Amarda was defeated by a combination of English naval tactics, unfavorable weather, and logistocal issues Philip II was able to replace the lost ships quickly BUT the loss in men and the change in th political environment postponed the idea of invadfing England indefinitely — Video 3 - Drowning in Riches — Drowning in Riches: Spain and the Price Revolution (16th-17th Century) - Following the conquest of the Americas, particularly the mines of Potosi (Bolivia) and Zacatecas (Maexico) → Spain extracted vast amounts of silver = > flooded european markets - The massive silver influx caused a dramatic rise in inflation across Europe the value of silver dropped, and prices for goods skyrocketed ○ affecting lower-income population - Spanish fueled trade with Asia, especially China which especially accepted silver in exchange for… silk, spices, and other goods → expanding global trade networks - Despite wealth from silver, Spain’s economy suffered from: inflation, unsustainalble dept, and an overreliance on external resources the crown often spent silver on wars ⇒ further financial strain Lecture 12 - Art, Culture, and Society under the Habsburgs – Madrid: King Philip II and the creation ndd Imperial Capital - Madrid = Magerit (arab name) - after the conquest →town became the site of Royal fortress and good place for the king to “hunt bears and wild pigs”  10 reason why there are bears in coat of arms - Before Madrid → Spanish courts were itinerant moving between cities Toledo, Valladolid, Seville - King Philip II (1561) Established Madrid → perminent capital of Spain BECAUSE: 1. Position in the center of the Iberian Penisula and near Roayl hunting grounds 2. No obstacles for the Creation of new administrative buildings 3. Pevious “capitals” were controlled by were controlled by specific nobilary families 4. The kings as the highest political (and religious) authority in the realm 5. It had already housed the Royal Court and the Castilian Cortes in the past 6. Administration could no longer move to different cities due to size Consequences of the Move - Centralization of Power: Madrid became the heart of Spain’s centralized monarchy, symbolizing the authority of the Spanish Crown - Cultural Flourishing: New capital attracted writers, artists, and intellectuals, contributing to Spain’s Golden Age - Long-term Impact: Madrid had reamined Spain’s capital since, evolving into one of Europe major political and cultural hubs A new Temple of Salomon: Philip II and the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial - A Multipurpose building and a Powerful Symbol: A monastery, A royal Residence, a Personal library, and even Royal Necropolis - Architectural embodiment of the power of the Catholic Monarchy - The Temple of Salomon: Built by Juan Bautista de Toledo and Juan de Herrera to commemorate the 1557 Spanish Victory at the Battle of St-Quentin against Henry II, king of France. based on the description of the Temple of Solomon by the Judeo-Roamn historians, Flavius Josephus - An administrative and spiritual center of the Spanish Monarchy: Building was designed to serve at the same time as the spiritual and administrative center of the Spanish Monarchy → Philip II work/religious ethic The building was ossupied by the Order of St-Jerome allowed King to pursue his religious inclination - A royal necropolis: El Escorial has been the burial site for most of the Spain Kings of the last five centuries, Bourbon as well as Habsburg Wordly Affairs: Spanish Fashion in the 16th Century - As the 16th century became increasingly dominated by Spain, - → Spanish clothing style became fashionable, especially from 1550 to 1600 and left an important mark throughout Europe, EVEN in Protestant countries Power and Corruption in Imperial Spain: The age of the “validos” and the creation of an imperial bureaucracy  11 - Validos were royal favorites or chief ministeres in Imperial Spain who wielded significant political power on behalf of the monarch emerged during the late 16th and 17th centuries, under the reigns of Philip III + Philip IV Validos often acted as facto rulers, managing: ○ state affairs, influencing policy decisiosns, and navigating complex administrative and diplomatic challenges - The rise of Validos is due to: Administrative Growth: expansion of the Imperial administration made it increasingly challenging for the King to grasp all the intricacies involved in the decision-making progress ○ as the empire grew, the bureaucratic complexities multiplied → necessitating the delegation of authority to trusted advisor Specialization: the need for expertise in areas such as finance, military startegy, and diplomacy led to emergence of the validos, who often had specific backgrounds and skills Work Ethic and Personal Limitations: Philip II was the last of the Habsburg kings capable of personally overseeing the daily functioning of the state → had strong work ethic and direct connection between monarch + governance ( due to divine right fo kings) ○ BUT Subsequent Kings → less inclined to engage in the minutiae of state affairs ⇒ reliance on the Validos to manage governance Political Reason: Validos acted as a buffer for the king, shielding him from the political repercussions od adverse events and unpopular decisions ○ accumulated vast amount of power BUT also bore blame for failures → allowing the king to keep his image and authority without directly confronting public dissatisfaction King Philip III and the Expulsion of the Mariscos The reing of Philip III from Spain - reign 1598-1621 - often remembered for his weak leadership → delegated much of his authority to the Duke of Lerma - his reign saw a decline of Spanish power, marked by financial troubles and military setbacks — e.g continuation of Spain’s involvement in the Thirty Year’s War - Despite some peace treaties e.g Twelve Year’s Truce with the Dutch, Philip III’s rule is generally seen as a period of decline for the Spanish Empire The Morisco Population - Moriscos were the descendents of converts to Christianity after the fall of Granada in 1492  12 - lived primary in the Kingdom of Valencia and Aragon The Expulsion (1608-1614) - Ordered by King Philip III and carried out under the Duke of Lerma’s administration with strong support from Queen Margaret of Austria (King Philip’s wife) - Targeted approximately 300, 000 Moriscos across spain (3-4% of Spanish Population - Deporation occurred gradually starting in Valenica - spreading to other regions - Reason of Expulsion 1. Religious - seen as a threat to Catholic Unity, accused of secretly practicing Islam 2. Political - Feared as potential allies of the Ottoman Emire or Muslim North Africa 3. Economic - Social unrest due to economic competition with Christian Spaniards, especially in agriculture - Consequences: 1. Demographic Impact - Significant population loss, especially in regions dependent on Morisco labot 2. Economic decline - Agriculture and Artisanal industries suffered in areas where Moriscos had been key contributors 3. Humanitarian Crisis - Mariscos dies during deportation, while others faced harsh conditions upon arriving in North Africa - estimated that around 30,000 to 90,000 were able to return Overview of Phlip IV’s Reign - nicknamed El planeta Rey ruled from 1621 to 1665 - overseeing a period of both cultural flourishing and political decline for Spain - reign market by significant military and territorial challenges, exacerbated by internal strife and economic hardship The Count-Duke of Olivares, King’s of the “Valido” - Gasper de Guzman, became Philip IV’s valido (favorite) and chief minister - Olivares came from a family that opposed the previous favorite → Duke de Lerma (Philip III’s chief minister) - His ambitious reforms aimed to centralize power and restore Spain’s Glory Involvement in the Thirty Years’ War - Early victories bolstered Spain’s military prestige - in 1635, France declared open War on Spain, marking the begining of Spain’s long struggle against the emerging French Domiance - Despite initial successes, Spain’s fortune decline as the war dragged on Attempts at Reform - Recognizing the kingdom’s weakness, Olivares sought to address deep-rooted issues: loss of population, agriculture decay, inflation, frequent epidemics, and the lack of strong industrial base contributed to Spain’s stagnation  13 The union of Arms: an attempts to raise revenue and increase military partipation from Spain’s various territories → this led to upspring in Cantalonia and to Portugal’s independence in 1640 - Philip IV continued his father’s tradition og art patronage, becoming one of the most important supporters of the Spanish Golden Age - Diego Velazquez became the royal court painter → producing masterpeices like Las Meninas - refelcted the sophistication of the Spanish Court - The Peace of Westphalia (1648), marked the end of the Thirty Years’ War: Calvanism was recognize as the legitimate faith Switzerland and the Dutch Republic were recognize as fully independent states Spain, along its Habsburg allies, lost significant influence ib Nother Europe France emerged as the dominant continental power, while Spain’s area of European hegemony came to close - By the time of Philip IV’s death in 1665, the Spanish Empire still spanned approximately 12.2 million square kilimeters, including vas territories in the Americas - BUT, despire having a lot of territories, Spain was No longuer the hegemonic power in Europe → having lost much of its influence in Central and Nothern Europe A painting for King Phillip IV: Diego Velazquez “Las Meninas” and the Golden Age of Spanish Art - King Philip IV = lover of art + culture - His reign saw Spain’s Golden Age of art and literature, despite political struggles Las Meninas (1656) - painting featrues Infanta Margarita Teresa, dauther of Philip IV - she is surrounded by her entourage, King Philip IV + Queen Mariana - Valzquez plays with spatial depth, using mirrors and the gaze of the figures to draw viewers into the scene - Valzquez blends reality with illusion, making it difficult to determine what is being painted or who the true subject of the work is The End of a Dynasty: Charles II, The bewitched, and the effect of inbreeding - Born Novemeber 6,1661 in Madrid - Death of Prince Baltasar Carlos, heir of the throne, made him King of Spain when he was 4 - His mother Mariana de Austria - was named Regent → became on the most powerful women in the history of Spain Health Problems - Charles II suffered from numerous physical end developmental disabilities → limited his ability to Govern  14 - Charled II and the Results of inbreeding: Epilepsy, Sterility, and Klinefelter syndrome Political Instability - The kingdom was effectively ruled by his regents, advisor, and the powerful nobility - Charles was often manipulated by various factions at court → especially his mother and later his second wife, Maria Anna of Neuburg Foreing Policy and the War of Spanish succession - Charles II’s reing saw the decline of Spain’s dominance in Europe as France and Austria gained strength - Charles was unable to produce and heir which led to a succession crisis - Charles II’s death in 1700 marked the end of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty - Upon his death, he named Philip of Anjou (grandson of Louis XIV of France) as his successor → Leading to the War of Spanish succession (1701-1714) ⇒ major European conflict over control of Spain’s vast Empire Positive development - continues Spanish patranoga of Arts - a Commerce Council was created to promote Spanish industry - Rationalization of the State’s expenditures - Monetary Stability - During the reign, the basis for the Spanish Enlightenment were established Lecture 13 - Visionaries and Lunatics: Miguel de Cervantes’ Don Quixote – The Goldan Age of Spanish Literature - Period of extraordinary artistic and literary flourish in Spain - period of expansansion around the world → specifically Western Europe paralleling the political rise of the Habsburg dynasty and the continuing until the late 17th century - The foundation of the Golden age was established by earlier intellectuals deeply influenced by Renaissance humanism → start arriving in the 15th - 16th century - Spain’s possession of Italy facilitated the cultural transfer of the Italian Renaissance → enriching Spanish thought and art - The growth of the Spanish Empire led to the creation of → first bureaucracies → to manage various things → driving a high demans for the literate individuals - This period saw the proliferation of institution of higher learning and the introduction of the printing press - Although Spain became defender of Catholic Orthodoxy, the empire was highly multicultural + multiracial  15 - encounter between peoples from diverse regions ( jews and muslism in particular) of the world fostered intellectual exchange and literary creativity - Madrid (cosmopolitan hub), also saw new forms of entertainment - theater - Censorship had a significant impact on philosophy and theology (could easily get in trouble yk — loyalty to the King and Church) in Spain, pushing many intellectual to focus on literature, which was perceived as a relatively safer space for expression → would get less in trouble with Church and King → since they are loyal to them - less chances of getting accused of corroption - cencorship wasn’t super string on fiction but still existed — Video 1 - Miguel de Cervantes - — The Soldeir in Italy - Miguel de Cerventes - Born in 1547 in Alala de Henares → from a modest family - belongned to a family of low nobility Father (Rodrigo) barber-surgeon, blending medical practices with barbering thought of nobel descent → but little financial security These origins shaped Don Quixote, whose protagonist also has noble ancestry but lacks wealth - (1570) Cervente joined the the Spanish infantry, seving in the Italian Wars as part of Spain’s imperial army Stationed in Naples - experienced life as a foot-soldier → gaining insight into war’s harsh reality Time in Italy exposed him to Renaisance culture, influencing his later literary work - Cevente served in the Battle of Lepanto (1571) part of the Holy alliance - naval clash between the holy league and the Ottoman Empire Although he was ill he fought abroad the La Merquesa, receiving 2 chest wounds and a crippling injury to his left hand proudest moment of his life - After Lepanto, Cervante fought in campiagns in Tunisia + Navarino, part of Spain’s conflict with the Ottomans - Later returned to Naples, continuing serving in war - In 1575, when returning to Spain, Cervantes was captured by Barbary pirates and spent 5 years as a slave in Algiers - Arms vs letters: The confict between arms & letters in relation to Miguel de Cervantes refers to the tension between a life devoted to military service (arms) and one dedicated intellectual and literary pursuits (letters) Cervantes experienced war - soldiers in battle of lepanto while injured later in life → writting became his passion  16 ○ In his work (expecially Don Quixote, Cervente reflects on idealization of military heroism set against the value of knowledge, represented by books and learning ○ does so through the Don Quixote chivalric dream (book he wrote) A Slave Algiers - Captivity in Algiers (1575 - 1580) - at time the ottoman empire – controlled most of the mediterranean Cervantes → 5 years as slave under harsh conditions ○ he was suspected to have money so he wasn’t treated as bad as others made several escape attempts - all failed despite → Cervantes showed resilience and leadership, even helping other captives flee his experience in Algiers had big impact on his later writings impact his view about this cultural and religious conflict 1. The Captive’s Tale (from Don Quixote): - story narrates the experience of Spanish soldier, Ruy Perex de Viedma, who is captured by Moorish pirates and enslaved in Algiers - describes his escape, facilitated by Moorish woman , Zoraida - Zoirada seeks to convert to christianity and flee spain with him - their love illustrates love transcending cultural anf religious boundaries 2. Los baños de Argel (The Prisons of Algiers): - A play that focuses on the lives of Christian captive in the Moorish baths of Algiers, depicting: their suffering, attempts to escape, and the complex dynamics between captors and captives - play underscores the religious conflict between Christians and Muslims focusing on the Captive’s efforts to maintain their faith captive’s endure harsh conditions but refuse to abandon hope or their identity 3. El trato de Argel (The commerce of Algiers): - stroy centers on various captive’s interactions with their captor and their efforts to regain freedom - play delves into the economic aspects of captivity, portraying the trade and ransom system characterized the Mediterranean world at the time - Cervantes explores the cultural exchanges between Christians and Muslims, including moments of mutual understanding alongside conflict side note: he used his work to explore his own feelings A Tax official and Felon - After being ramsoned (1580), Cervantes returned to Spain hoping his military service would be rewarded by the crown - BUT did not happened, so he pursed various other occupations  17 - Cervantes worked as purchasing agent for the Spanish Armada as a tax collector roles were demanding, frequently traveled, managing royal funds and supplies for military campaings Cervnates faced challenges: ○ accusations of financial irregularities ○ inability to manage complex tax issues contributed to financial troubles throughout his life - Cervantes went to jail multiple times most notably in 1597 → discrepancies in his account as a tax collector led to his imprisonment in Seville During this time → believed that he began to conceptualized his masterpiece, Don Quixote ○ Quixote always does what is right his time in jail served as a catalyst for deeper reflection on social and human themes → shaped his literary work - Despite his hardship, Cervantes continued writing prolifically after his release - his professional struggles and imprisonmemt informed much of his satirical, critial view of society, as seen in works like Don Quixote and * The Exemplary Novels (Novelas Ejenplares) - * collection of 12 short stories that reflect Cervantes keen insight into human nature and his ability to weaver mortality with humor The Writer - Cervantes began his career in the 1580’s with little success - first published “La Galatea” (1585) → pastoral novel, recieved modest attention but failed to establish in as a prominent author more phylisophical reflection on love - wrote poetry, theater, prose - Plays+Poetry wrote numerous plays, although many were lost didn’t have much success with plays notable surviving “el trato de Argel” and the “los baños de Argel” ○ both inspired by his captivity in Algiers ○ BUT his dramatic works struggle to compete with those more popular playwrights like Lope de Vega he made sure that Cervante had no space to enter the capital of madrid a lot of competition and controversy between them - Masterpiece: Don Quixote - Part 1 - cervantes literary breakthrough came with the publication of Don Quixote, a satirical novel about delusional knight who believes he an revive chivalry in a world that has moves beyond it greates achievement in world literature  18 - Part 2 - was written in response to the unauthorized publication of a fake sequel by the writer Alonso Fernandez de Avellaneda in 1614 → this guy publishes a second part in his name - like a parody → he makes fun of the original peace and Cervante was really mad - second part of the Ingenious Gnetelman Don Quixote de la Mancha, was a parody mocked Cervantes’ original - also enriched the narrative of his own Don Quixote by adressing the themes of identity, reality, and literary authenticity - Real Part II published a year after Avellandas’ novel - direct counterattack → making more introspective and sel-aware tone, with a focus on Don Quixote’s awareness of his own literary existence - added more character development - although book became best-seller → did not profit from it La Mancha as the setting of Don Quixote - A symbolic setting: area central Spain contrast between the idealistic world and harsh reality setting plays a crucial role in grounding the fantastical elements of the story in a real recognizable world - Realism: significant for it’s realism represents contrast between Don Quixote’s ideal and the everyday life around him → emphasizing the gap between fantasy and reality, central theme of the novel - Detailed depiction of Society: incorporates realsistiv deception of characters and social classes → highlighting diversity in Spain society episodic structure → captures complexities of human nature and social interactions - Everyday life + Idealism: evident in how Cervantes portrays Don Quixote as delusional tension between the real and the ideal makes Don Quixote on the of the first true modern novels, blending realism with profound psychological insight Alanso Quijono: The Man behind Don Quixote Social origins - Alonso Quijano - intorduced as a modest gentleman from La Mancha - His social standing is unremarkable, yet inner life is rich with passion + imagination for the tales of chivalry he reads in books Passion for Books  19 - Quijno’s life is consumed by his obsession with chilvaric romances → medieval knights and their nobles quest - spends time reading, loosing touch with the practical concerns of his life - his obsession becomes intense + dominates his mide Alleged Madness - excessive reading leads to others to perceive hims as mad - Quihano begins to loose touch with reality → believing the world around him mirror chivalric ideals in his book - delusion drives him to assume the identity of Don Quixote, a knight errant on a quest to revive chivalry Transformation into Don Quixote - adopted name → Don Quixote de la Mancha - his transfomartion is marked by a complete reimagining of his identity and willingness to embrace the idealized world of knights, ladies, and honours - this change reflects deep commitment to his new fantastical ideals Don Quixote’s Ideals - believes in the noble values of chivalry: honor, justice, and protection of the helpless - sees himself as a champion of these ideals, determined to fight for what is good and right → ecen if actions are misguided or absurd - ideals often conflict with the real world - world around him Return to Sanity - at the end of part II, after numerous misadventures, his delusion begans to fade - when he returns home → acknowledges the truth of his action and the folly of his request - He dies as Alonso Quijano once again, having regained his sanity - in his final moments, he renounces his chivalric ideals and expressess regret for his misguided pursuits Sancho Panza: The Loyal Squire of Don Quixote Social origins - simpe, rural farmer form la mancha - modest social background - man of common sense - earthy humor - Sancho is often depicted as unrefined but deeply loyal + devoted Relation to Don Quixote - becomes his squire after being promised the governorship of an island → rewarded with wealth + status - Although skeptical od Quijano’s delusion - accompanied him on his adventures, hoping to gain some benefits along the journey Comic/Loyal Characteristic - is prahmactic, grounded, and often provided comic relief - thoughts are rooted in reality  20 - BUT his loyalty to Don Quixote (Quijano) leads him to occasionally indulge in the delsuison → offering contrast to his masters’ idealism - Sancho serves as foil, offering wisdom through humour and simple observation Philosophy and Ideals - while Quixote is being delusional → Sancho focuses on more realistic things: comfort, food, and the promises of wealth - BUT as story progresses - he begins to develop own sense of morality and grows fond of the Knight’s quest - showing that he values loyalty and friendship above material gain Transformation and Growth - Over the novel, Sancho matures both emotionally and intellectually - exposed to higher ideals and becomes more reflective - while still being grounded - appreciated the nobility of Quixote’s ideals - Sancho’s internal growth is evident as he gradually develops his own worldview, mixing common sense with the romantic notion of chivalry Final return to Reality - at the end of part 2 he returns to his senses - still man of practical concerts - now demonstrates a deeper understanding of the complexities of life and shows compassion for his masters’ final moments - his loyalty remains steadfast - expresses a more balanced outlook on life Dulcinea del Toboso: The Idealized Lady of Don Quixote Identity - the woman who Quixote believes to be his lady love, though she never appears in person - in reality she is Aldonza Lorenzo - unrefined peasant woman from nearby village - Quixote transforms her into the idealized, noble lady who mbodies the chivalric virtues of beauty, purity, and virtue Role in Don Quixote’ Mind - she represents the ultimate object of knighlty devotion - sees her as a symbol of perception and honor, despite her reality - Quixote dedicates his quest to Dulcinea, imaginating that she is the one who inspires his noble acts of chivalry, though she is completely unaware of his admiration Symbole of Chilvaric ideals - Dulcinea = key symbole of Quixote’s delsusion of grandeur and his commitment to the ideals of chivalry - his devotion to her is central to his identity as a knigh-errent - she represents the unattainable → motivates his actions and is central to his self-image as a noble hero Role in Sancho Prespective - sees as more realistic figure  21 - sancho is amused by the disconnect between Quixote lofty ideas and the reality of Aldonza - BUT, Sancho humoursly plays along with the illusion - illustrating the tension between reality and fantasy throughout the novel Dulcinea’s Abscence Symbolism - she nevers appears in the narrative - purely idealized figure in Quixote imagination - her absence serves as a commentary on the theme of unattainable ideal vs reality - she represents the unattainable ideals of love and perfection that Quixote aspires but can never truly grasp - she almost emphasizes the gulf between his delusion and the real world End of the Novel - in Part 2 - Quixote briefly admits his perception of Dulcinea is illusory, yet he continues to honor her memory - this moments makes a subtle shift in his character, acknowledging some aspect of reality while still holding on to the idealized vision of her - she remains a key symbol of themes of idealism and illusion in the novel Rocinate: The Noble Steed of Don Quixote - old horse owned by Quixote - parody of Alexander the great horse - bucephalus - reflection of the knight’s modest social statues - in Quixote’s eyes - Rocinante transforms into a noble steed worthy of knight-errent - symbolizing romantic ideals of chivalry and adventure Symbole of Idealism vs. Reality - embodies the conflict between Don Quixote’s lofty aspiratyion and the harsh realities of life - while Quixote sees as a majestic companion - reality = weak and aging → quixote is delusional - contrast highlights the theme of idealism vs. realism Loyal companion - loyal enduring the challenges and misfortunes - horses findelty contrats with Quixote’s shifting perception and adventures → bond between the 2 navigating a world filled with challenges and absurdities Represtation of Chilvaric Values - symbolizes chilvaric values - represents quality of courage and loyalty - Quixote’s views of Rocinante reflects his desire to embody the values of nobility and honor Comic Element - adds later of value in the narrative - appearance often evoke laughter  22 - comedic element emphasizes the absurdity of Quixote’s quest en enhances the novel’s exploration of the gap between illusion and reality Evolution Through the Narrative - as story progresses, horse condition worsens, paralleling Quixote’s decline into deeper delusion - horse’s struggles serve as a reflection of the knight’s own battle against the inevitable realities of age and disillusionment - Rocinante remains a constant reminder of the journey from nobility to absurdity, embodying the themes of loyalty, idealism, and the folly of chivalric pursuits Lecture 14 - A New Dynastie: The Bourbone Reforms and the Spirit of the enlightment —— The War of Spanish Succession: A European Civil War - Death of the childless Charles II of Spain (1700) leads to a dispute over the Spanish throne - had to choose between Franche guy or someone from Habsburg - Philip of Anjou: Grandson of Louis XVI of France, promised throne by Charles II of Spain - Archduke Charles (Habsburg): supported by Austria, England, the Dutch Republic, and other European powers - Charles II chose the Franch candidate (Philip of Anjou) → leads to to the Spanish succession - Key players in Europe: - France (Louis XIV) and Spain (minus Aragon and Catalonia) - Grand Alliance: England, the Dutch Republic, Austria, Portugal, later —> Prussia and Savory - Key player in Spain - Castile, Navarre, and the Basque Province support France and recognize Philip of Anjou as King Philip V of Spain - Valencia and Aragon support the Grand Alliance and the dynastic rights of Archduke Charles – did not see Philip as the King of Spain => wanted to protect their culture and beliefs Immediate outcomes: Treaty of Utrecht (1713): Ends war between most parties Philip V becomes king of Spain, but renounces claim to French throne Balence of Power: To be (Philip the V) accepted as the crown of Spain, he had to renounce his right to the French throne No unification of French and Spanish crowns Territorial Adjustment: ○ Austria gains Spanish Netherlands, Naples Milan and Sardinia ○ → Spain would later regain the Italian possessions, BUT not those in the Low countries  23 ○ Britain gains Gibraltar and Minorca, boosting naval surpemacy ○ English merchants obtain the rigth to the slave trade in Spanish America ○ Portugal American possessions occupied by Spain durign the war, are returned ○ Spain gets to keep its American and Asia possessions ○ Valencia and Aragon including Catalonia, who had supported the Austrian candidate, lost their ancient rights, laws, and institutions and were placed directly under Royal supervision Spanish becomes the administrative language of those territories — Video 1 - Birth of Dynasty: Philip V pf Spain, the First Bourbon King — The long term Impact of the War of Spanish Succession - Philip V pf Spain, the First Bourbon King, which is the reigning dynasty in Spain today the dynastic line was only interrupted only a few times between 1711 and 2016 ○ French Invasion, First/Second Spanish Republic - Franco’s regime recognized the Monarchy, but it did not give it any role in the functioning of of the State until rhe 1970s - The Diada, Catalonia’s National Day - September 11 commemorate the fall of Barcelona in 1714 during the War of Spanish Succession defeat marked the loss of Catalonia’s political autonomy as the region was incorporated into the centralized Spanish monarchy under Philip V Diada has been a symbol of Catalan identity, resistance and the ongoing puch for greater autonomy or independence from spain - The Status of Gibraltar - belongs to the UK as a result of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 → ended the War of Spanish Succession - During the war, Britain captured Gibraltar from Spain in 1704 and the treaty formalized Britain’s control over it - As part of the treat, Spain ceded Gobraltar to Britain - territory has since remained under Bristish sovereignty, despite ongoing Spanish claims to it - strategic location of Gibraltar has made it key naval base for the UK — Video 2 - The Long-Term Legacy of the Peace of Utrech: The Status of Gibraltar — The Bourbon Reforms: Political Modernization - were a series of political, economic, and admistrative changes implemented by the Spanish crown in 18th century  24 - primary under the the reigns of Kings Philip V, Ferdinand VI \, and charles III - aimed at modernization and strengthening Spain and its colonial empire, these reforms sought to increase efficiency in governance, enhance revenue from the colonies, and restore Spain’s position as a hegemonic power → which it has lost following the Peace of Westphalia (1648) and the Peace of Utretch (1714) - The reforms also aimed at the strengthening the king’s power and centralized and standardize the empire by issuing the Nueva Planta decrees these decrees abolished local laws and privileges, particularly in Valencia and Catalonia, BUT Navarra and the Basque Country were exempt, as they had remained loyal to Philip V during the War of Spanish Succession - They were carried out the three key areas: 1 the economy; 2 Education, Religion and Culture; and 3 Military Power The Bourbon Reforms: Economic Objectives - Primary goal = boost the Crown’s income, especially from its American colonies - Spain aimed to regain control over lucrative sectors: mining, agriculture, and trade that had become inefficient and often corrupt - The Spanich crown introduced more effective and uniform taxation system - included stricter enforcement of existing taxes and the creation fo new ones such as: ○ the alcabala (sales tax) + higher tariffs on goods → to ensure a steady stream of revenue - Sought to break the monopoly of certain colonial ports ( Cadiz and Seville) by liberalization trade routes and allowing more colonial cities to engage in direct commerce with Spain - Policy aimed to reduce smuggling and increase the volume of goods flowing between the colonies and the metropole - Spain established royal monopolies over key goods: Tobacco, liquor, and mercury (used in silver mining) - these monopolies allowed the crown to control pricing and profit directly from the sale of these products - Aim of maximizing silver and gold production → in New Spain and Peru - reform sought to modernize and expand mining activities this included reforms to reduce corruption among local officials and more rigorous Crown oversight of resources extraction - promoted the development of new industries in the colonies such as: ○ textiles, agriculture, and shipbuilding  25 ○ this would stimulate economic growth and reduce dependence on European importa - The Bourbon reforms introduced modern farming techniques, promoted: irrigation projects and encouraged the cultivation of new crops measures aimed to increase food production to increase the population size both in Spain and its colonies The Bourbon Reforms: Public Health and Demography - One of the key ojectives → increase the population of both Spain and its colonies to strengthen the empire’s economic and military power - In Spain, pursed through measures to promote: higher brith rate, reduce infant mortality, promoting public health, and higher agricultural yields - Efforst were made to improve the sanitation of Spanish cities - Madrid - this included the: construction of sewer system, cleaning and regulation of public water supplies, and the introduction of grabage collection services - established new institution to address public health concern, including: Royal Academy of Medicine founded in 1734 and other medical centers designed to promote: ○ scientific research and improve healthcare practices - The Royal General Hospital in Madrid, founded by Charles III in 1763, was one of the largest and most advanced medical facilities of the time of Spain - Bourbon reforms took a more systematic approach to controlling epidemics such as: smallpox and the plague, which frequently ravaged Spain and its colonies - Royal Smallmpox Vaccination Campaing (inniciated by Charles III) was one of the most significant public health initiatives - Spain was one of the first countries in Europe to establish a widespread vaccination program - Royal Vaccination Expedition of 1803, led by Francisco Javer Balmis under the patranage of Charles IV, aimed to vaccinate people in Spain’s colonies, especially Latin America + Philipines, against smallpox unsing the vaccination method discovered by Edward Jenner The Bourbon Reforms: Education, Religion, and Culture 1. Education - Sought to modernize education to better align it with enlightenment ideals - they promoted a more secular and scientific curriculum → reducing the dominance of religious instruction in schools and university - Creation of new technicals schools and military academics aimed to train professional in fields like: engineering, navigation, and military science, which were essential for maintaining the empire 2. Religion  26 - The Bourbon kings embraced regalism → doctrine that promoted the supremacy of royal authority over the Church - allowed to control appointments of bishops and other church officials ⇒ increasing state influence over religious matters and significanlty surbing the power of the Catholic Church - Most dramatic actions = expulsion of the Jesuit order (1767), which had a major influence: education, intellectual life, and missionary work Jesuit were seen as a treath to royal authority because of their power and the loyalty to the Pope 3. Culture - The Bourbon were influenced by the European Enlightment and sought to introduce its principles of: reason, science, and progress into Spanish society ○ led to cultural shifts that emphasized intellectualism and modernity ○ BUT they rejected the atheism and republicanism of the the French philosophes (Rousseau, Voltair, Motesquieu) - The creation of academics, libraries and museums - such as: Royal Academic of Fine Arts of San Fernando ○ aimed to foster cultural development and preserve Spanish heritage - The Crown encouraged the growth of printing presses and allowed for more publications, including: scientific journals and secular literature BUT censorship remained place, especially for works critical of the monarchy or Catholicism - The reform fostered a sense of cultural nationalism, with the Crown promoting the idea of unified Spanish identity - included: initiatives to standarized the Spanish language, particularly through institutions like the Royal Spanish Academy (founded in 1713) → which regulated language and promoted Spanish literature The Bourbon Reforms: Military Power and the Path Back to Hegemony 1. Military Modernization - key goals of the Bourbon Reforms = modernize the Spanish military to make it more professional and efficent → following the model of France’s highly centralized military system - New military academies were founded to imporve the quality of officer training - these school such as Royal Military Academy of Zaragoza → focused on modern military tactics, engineering, artillery and navigation - aim was to produce a more skilled and educated officer corps → reducing the influence of nobility and favositism in military promotions 2. Expansion of the Navy  27 - place significant emphasis on the revitalization Spain’s navy, which weakened considerably by the early 18th century - The Crown invested in shipbuilding programs modernized ports like Ferrol, Cadiz, Cartagena and constructed new shipyards - Spains’s naval fleet expended significantly, making it more formidable force in European waters and overseas territories 3. Strengthening Colonial Defenses - Bourbons initiated large-scale projects to build and improve fortification in key colonial cities and ports - EXAMPLE - major fortresses were constructed in Havana, San Juan, and Catagena de Indias to protect these critical hubs from foreign attacks - These defensive improvements helped safeguard the Spanish empire against foreign incursions and pirate raids, particularly during wars with Britian Lecture 15 - Spain after the French Revolution: An Empire Collapses The limitations of the Bourbon Reforms: Internal Factors - Spain’s natural geography posed significant obstacles to modernization efforts - the country’s rugged mountains, arid landscapes, and lack of navigable rivers made transportation and communication within the empire difficult compared to other European powers like England or France, which had more accessible waterways - Spain’s internal structures also restricted the effectiveness of the reforms - The population density was relatively low in many areas → limited economic activity and the ability to support large-scale projects - The seigneurial regime, where local nobility held significant power over the land and resources, often resisted the Crown’s attempts to centralize control - Church properties were extensive and often untazed ⇒ depriving the government of crtitical revenue while the Church wielded considerable influence - futher complicating reform efforts - Spain’s regional development was highly uneven, with three distinct economic networks: Mediterranean Network - had declining influence as trade shifted towards the Atlantic North Atlantic Regional Network - benefited from growing trade with the Americas BUT remained less integrated with the rest of Spain Regional Netwoks of the Center - remained relatively stagnant The limitations of the Bourbon Reforms: External Factors  28 - In the Spanish Americas, although economic growth, especially in Mexico, was strong, the Criollos (American-born Spaniards) were increasingly discontented - Despite being key players in the colonial economy, they were excluded from the top administrative positions, which were reserved for peninsulares (Spnish-born officials). - This exclusion fueled resentment and a growing desire for greater political authonomy or independence → undermining the cohesion of the empire and weakening the effectiveness of the Bourbon Reforms in the Americas - During the 18th century, both England and France emerged as dominant imperial powers, Challenging Spain’s global influence - England’s superior navy, expanding commerical netoworks, and growing colonial empire posed a direct threat to Spain’s overseas territories - France, under Louis XIV and later, Napolean, continued to pressure Spain both diplomatically and militarily - The Bourbon Reforms aimed to modernize Spain’s military and naval forces to defend its vast empire BUT the cost of maintaining and the modernizing a large military, especially during frequent conflicts with European powers and in defending its American colonies, proved unsustainable these military expenses drained the royal coffers → forcing the government to increase taxes and impose burdens on local populations → often led to resistance and unrest, further limiting the success of the reforms Charles IV and the political crisis of the Spanish Monarchy - The first three Kings of the Bourbon Dynasty (Philip V, Ferdinand VI, and Charles III) were abl to consolidate the monarchy according to the principles of Enlightened depotism and implement the program of reforms - A full political crisis blew up during the reign of Charles IV who was crowned King of Spain in 1788 causes: French Revolution: (1789) - Execution of Louis XVI ○ Brief war with France - Concern about the power England - but also fear of the power of the Napoleonic armies Economic growth in 18th Century Latin America, but the “criollo” elite resented the growing control of the Crown - Expulsion of the Jesuits - The war with England as an interruption of the trade with the colonies Delegation of vast amount of power to the King’s favorite (valido): Manuel Godoy - Godoy as a highly unpopular figure Manuel Godoy and the Alliance with France - Early Policy Toward Revolutionary France Initially, Charles IV viewed the French Revolutionary with great suspicion and hostility, fearing its influence on Spain’s monarchy  29 Spain, under his rule, joined a coalition of European monarchies to oppose revolutionary France This culminated in Spain declaring war on France in 1793, in what became known as the War of the Pyrenees BUT the conflict proved disastrous for Spain, leading to military defeats and economic strain - The rise of Manuel Godoy Born to a minor noble family in 1767, Godoy entered the royal court as a member of the Royal Guard and quickly gained favor of the king and queen, particualry Queen Maria Luisa of Parma His rapid rise to power culminated in his appointment as Prime Minister in 1792 → despite his relative inexperience and the rumours he had an alduterous relationship with the Queen Godoy became the most influential figure in Spanish politics, directing both domestic and foreing policy → including aligning Spain with France during the Napoleonic era his influence and favoritism caused widespread resentment among the nobility and the public - Peace in France ( The Treaty of Basel) in 1795, under the influence of Manuel Gadoy, Spain signed a Treaty of Basel, ending the war with France and ceding Santo Domingo to the French King Charles IV granted Gadoy the honorary title of Prince of Peace as a recognition of his efforts in securing peace in spain BUT the title also became a sorce of mockery among his critics, who viewed Godoy’s policies as a weak or self-serving → particularly in his dealing with France and Napolean - Godoy’s Role and the French Alliance Gadoy pushed for Diplomatic pivot towards France, recognizing that Spain coud not sustain its opposition agaisnt the increasingly powerful revolutionary forces This marked the beginning of a pro-French policy, which was solidifies with the Treaty of San Ildefenso in 1796, aligning SPain as an ally of France against Britiain first under the revolutionary government and later under Napolean Bonaparte This alliance dragged Spain into costly conflicts, notably the Napoleonic Wars and ongoing wars with Britain, which severely weakened the Spain economy and military Spain’s fleet suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, leaving the country vulnerable to British naval supremacy The Battle of Trafalgar (1805) and the End of the Spanish Resurgence: How the battle unfolded - Took place in the Atlantic ocean off the southwest coast of Spain, just west of Cape Trafalgar  30 - 27 British ships of the line led by Admiral lord Nelson aboard HMS Vicotry defeated 33 French and Spanish ships of the line under French Admiral Villeneuve - The Franco-Spanish fleet lost 22 ships and the British lost none - The result was due to the strategy used my Admiral Nelson — - The victory confirmed the naval supremacy Britain had established during the course of the 18th century - The scale of disaster left the Spanish possessions in America exposed, and it led to a profound critical political crisis in Madrid The World’s Biggest and Most Expensive Warship: The Santísima Trinidad and the Battle of Trafalgar (1805) - cost 40,000 Spanish Ducats - the Santisima Trinidad was one of the few four-deckers ever built with 136 guns - Reputed to be the largest warship in the world until surpassed by the French Ócean class in the early 1790s - it was nicknamed the The Ponderous and El Escorial of the Seas - ultimately captured ans scuttled the Battle of Trafalgar From Political Crisis to the Napoleonic Invasion of Spain - Napolean’s Influence and the Treaty of Fontainebleau Gadoy’s close ties to Napolean culminated in the Treaty of Fontainebleau in 1807, which allowed French troops to march through Spain to invade Portugal BUT this agreement was part of Napolean’s borader plan to occupy Spain itself Gadoy, sensing the danger, tried to prepare for a possible French betrayal, but it was too late - The Revolt of Aranjuez Ferdinand VII, Chalres IV’s son, capitalized on the widespread hatred for Gadoy’s military and economic policies to position himslef as a popular alternative to his father on March 17,1808, the revolt began when a mob, consisting of soldiers, commeners, and nobles opposed to Gadoy, attacked Gadoy’s residence in Aranjuez The rioters were fueled by the rumours that Gdoy was planning to flee with the royal family to southern Spain and the Americas to escape the advancing French Gadoy was captured and nearly killed by the before being imprisoned Amist the chaos, King Charles IV was forced to abdicate the throne in favor of his son, Ferdinand VII, on march 19, 1808 - The Napoleonic invasion of Spain Napolean, seeing an opportunity to tighten his control over Spain, intervened in the Royal dispute  31 he summoned both Charles IV and Ferdinand VII to Bayonne (France) → where he coerced them to abdicate their claim to the Spanish throne Napolean then installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte, as kign of Spain → triggering widespread resistance The removal of the Bourbon monarchy and the imposition of Joseph Bonaparte as ruler → led to the outbreak of the Peninsular War also known as the Spanish War of Independence (1808-1814), as spanished forces and guerrillas rose up against French occupation “Cette malheureuse guerre m’a perdu”: Napolean’a Spanish Gamble 1. Why did Napolean invade Spain? - a weakened military empire - an Empire for grabs - the control of western Mediterranean - A new market for French manufactures - Napolean’s dislike for the Ancien Regime Monarchies - Hope for the popular support for a French intervention in the face of an unpopular Charles IV 2. Popular uprising and Total War - The start of a popular upspring: the events of May 2 and May 3, 1808 in Madrid - The creation of the Spanish Juntas (Councils): Self Governing bodies that oppose the French - Irregular warfare (guerrillas) and the British intervenion - Total War in Spain: a new concept 3. The start of Spain’s constitutional history - A new beginning: The Cortes de Cadiz and the Constitution on 1812 - A political model for 19th Century Spain: Liberalism, Constitutional Monarchy, and Catholicism - Dashed Hopes: The return of Ferdiand VII (1814) - Spain after 1814: The Absolutist Restoration and the beginning of Spain’s modern politics 4. The cost of the War of Spain - the loss of most of its overseas Empire - the definitive end of its industrial capacity and main markets - from 215,000 to 375,000 military causalities - A demographic loss of between 560,000 to 885,000 (estimated population of Spain circa 1808, 10 million) - An unparalleled level of violence