Herbs II (Lec 5) PDF

Course Title: Pharmacognosy II Course Code: PHG 213 Week number: 5 Lecture number: 5 Lecturer: Dr. Hanan Samir Marzouk Fall 2024 / 2025 EXAMPLES OF MEDICINALLY IMPORTANT HERBS Quick Preview  Stylopod Primary ridge...

Course Title: Pharmacognosy II Course Code: PHG 213 Week number: 5 Lecture number: 5 Lecturer: Dr. Hanan Samir Marzouk Fall 2024 / 2025 EXAMPLES OF MEDICINALLY IMPORTANT HERBS Quick Preview  Stylopod Primary ridge; wavy Secondary ridge; straight Reticulate parenchyma Vascular bundle ‫الحشيش ‪/‬عشب القنب هندي‬  Origin / Botanical source Part used Dried flowering & fruiting tops of the cultivated female plants of Cannabis sativa var. Indica F. Cannabinaceae Species Genus Family Botanical name / Scientific name  Macroscopical Characters Ternate bract Bracts Flower Stipules Bracteoles Simple bract Unisexual flower Simple have only gynoecium Dry Pistillate Indehiscent Fruit flower  Microscopical Characters A) T.S. in the Bract Cystolithic Trichomes only in Cannabis Calcium Carbonate deposit Upper Cuticle Upper Epidermis Palisade Spongy Tissue Lower Epidermis Lower Cuticle Shaggy Hair Non Cystolithic Trichomes  Microscopical Characters Smooth cuticle B) Powder Stomata Have hair Lower Epidermis Upper Epidermis of Bract of Bract Clusters of CAox Clusters of CAox No stomata Hairs No hairs Stomata Upper Epidermis Lower Epidermis Upper Epidermis of Bracteole of Bracteole of Bract  Unicellular with warty cuticle - the base has Calcium carbonate deposite Non glandular Cystolithic trichomes Non Glandular shaggy hair Cystolithic Multicellular Head trichomes Multiserriet, Multicellular Stalk Unicellular with smooth cuticle Responsible for the secretion of oil  Laticiferous vessels in stem Purple pappilosed CaOX clusters stigma Pericyclic fiber  Active Constituents Any resin is an oxidized volatile oil Resin contains Tetrahydrocannabinol THC Cannabinoids: cannabinol CBN,cannabidiol CBD, cannabivarin Sterols Amino acids and choline bases. Traces of volatile oil and oxidase enzyme.  Chemical Tests (1) Powder + dil. HCl gives effervesence due to the presence of CaCO3 in Cystolithic Hair (2) Nagm test (For narcotics) (1) Extract Powder (2) Cannabis with Light Petroleum (3) Any resin is soluble in organic substances Dissolve the residue Evaporate few ml of In acetaldehyde, then the extract in the Add few drops of porcelin dish Vanillin/ HCl reagent Green colour is given changing to Blue then to Violet.  Uses Narcotics = CNS depressive The narcotic effect of Cannabis is mainly attributed to the tetrahydrocannabinols where the action is more pronounced by smoking than by oral administration of the drug. Cannabinol has less narcotic action. Cannabis is a cerebral stimulant, analgesic. Used as sedative in migraine, neuralgia, hysteria, cramps of summer diarrhea, spasmodic cough and in preparations of intestinal disorders. In large doses it produces delirium with hallucinations followed by sleep interrupted by dreams, marked weakness and mental depression  Forms of Cannabis (1) Unprocessed Dried Cannabis flowers in natural herbal form marijuana or Bhang  (2) Processed Forms (A) Kief is a powder, rich in trichomes, which can be sifted from the leaves and flowers of cannabis plants and either consumed in powder form or compressed to produce cakes of hash. (B) Hashish is a concentrated resin produced The strongest from the flowers of the female cannabis plant more potent than marijuana and can be smoked or chewed.It varies in color from black to golden brown depending upon purity. (C) Hash oil (D) Residue collected from a pipe  Kief Hashish Residue collected from a pipe  2- Ergot ‫فطر صدأ القمح‬ Sclerotium = Solid mass of fungus Botanical Source: It is the sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea F. Clavicepitaceae developed in the ovary of the Rye plant Secale cereals F. Graminae 1. Falls in Winter Ergot Life Cycle 1. Ascospores ( Sexual reproduction -flament structure) 2. condiospores (spherical) foremed by the hieve (or the infected flament structure) with the honey dew that attracts the insects 2.Germination in spring (Stromata) The honey dew can spread the infection either 3. Heads of Stromata have Ascospores which can be spread by wind or insects 4. Infection in the ovary (starts from outside the ovary until it makes the whole ovary infected) making falments structures Repeat Condiospores spread the infection It's a form of Asexual reproduction Ascospores Stromata  Active Constituents Alkaloids which are six isomeric pairs: 1. Water soluble alkaloids: one pair only Ergometrine (ergonovine) & Ergometrinine 2. Water insoluble alkaloids: are five pairs in two groups: Ergotamine group which is formed of two pairs: a) Ergotamine & Ergotaminine b) Ergosine & Ergosinine Ergotoxine group which is formed of three pairs: a) Ergocristine & Ergocristinine b) Ergocryptine & Ergocryptinine c) Ergocorine & Ergocorinine  Chemical tests Van Urk test (test for ergotoxine) Chloroform is the heaviest organic solvent Aqueous layer (sodium carbonate) Chloroform (3) Separate the chloroform layer (1) (4) Shake it with half its volume of freshly In a test tube prepared p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, Shake 0.1 g powder Ergot with and ferric chloride in sulphuric acid, leave 5 ml 5% sodium carbonate for 3 minute a blue colour is developed in the acid layer. (2) Add 5 ml chloroform and shake again.  Chemical tests Test for colouring matter (used to detect ergot in flour using 10 g) Crush 2 or 3 pieces of ergot, transfer to a test tube, shake well for 5 minutes with 5 ml ether with 5 drops of sulphuric acid, decant in another test tube, and add 1 ml of saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate and shake when a reddish violet colour is given in the aqueous layer. Test for chitin: Digest the sclerotia with concentrated alkali solution at 110-180 ºC for about 30 minutes where chitin breaks into chitosan and acetic acid. Wash the digested sclerotia with water, soak them in iodine water. Add 10% sulphuric acid where a deep violet coloration is given.  Uses 1. Ergometrine group: has stimulant action on muscles especially uterus so it is used to increase uterine contraction and to control uterine hoemorrhage. 2. Ergotamine group in headache & migraine 3. Ergotoxine group in hypertension 4. Ergosterol is used in the synthesis of vitamin D  Ergot Poisoning [Ergotism, Ergotoxicosis, Staint Antony’s fire] Convulsive symptoms Gangrenous symptoms  Substitutes of Ergot There are different Ergots grow on other graminaceous plants or on others: Ergot of Wheat: shorter, thicker and darker. Ergot of Oats: black in color Ergot of Diss: spirally twisted Factituous Ergot: prepared by moulding ordinary wheat dough and coloring them externally by dipping the dough into red ink then into black ink. It can be distinguished by presence of wheat starch.