Lecture 4 Medicinal Herbs 2024-25 PDF

10/29/2024 Medicinal Herbs 2024-25 Lecture 1 Dr. Reham Said Ibrahim Abdelkader Associate Professor of Pharmacognosy 1 Her...

10/29/2024 Medicinal Herbs 2024-25 Lecture 1 Dr. Reham Said Ibrahim Abdelkader Associate Professor of Pharmacognosy 1 Herbal Medicine TCM ----> Traditional Chinese Medicine Oldest forms of health care (Ancient Chinese manuscripts- Egyptian papyrus). Every Culture Demand risen dramatically last few years 1 2  10/29/2024 Herbal Medicine… rising demand a Population rise b Inadequate supply of drugs c Prohibitive cost of treatments d Side effects of synthetic drug Development of resistance to drugs used for infectious e diseases Increased emphasis on the use of plant materials as a source of medicines for a wide variety of human diseases. 3 Let's talk numbers ! Recent study by WHO In developed 30 % of countries eg USA, medicinal plants plant drugs are used as 21,000 plant constitute 25% of ENTIRE PLANT 80 % of world’s species are used as the total drugs in species population rely on medicinal plants. market herbals 2 4  10/29/2024 Constituents? Pharmacological actions? Uses? Contra-indications? Side effects? Dose? Duration? Herb-drug interactions? Authentication? Dosage form? 5 Flower Introduction What is Herb? o Drug composed of the tender parts of the (non-woody) plant axis (stem), leaves, flowers and fruits o Stem is part of the plant axis Fruit which bears leaves at points called nodes, the parts between nodes called internodes. Leaves o This term also includes lower plants (Algae, fungi, Lichens, etc….). Stem (non-woody) 3 6  10/29/2024 Note: Read practical before oral exam just incase Crude herb / powder Ointment/ Infusion Put Boiling Water cream (hot/cold) Then cover for VO not to escape Herb put water and heat Oil dosage Decoction For plants that forms dont have VO and dont have Thermolabile Isolated Dry Extract Consituents compound Tincture Concentrated Dry extract 7 Ethanolic extract The daily dose for individual non-toxic herbs in traditional herbal medicine is usually in the range of 1 to 5 g, given as a decoction, infusion or in pill or powder form 4 8  10/29/2024 Medicinal herbs classified according to their active constituents Lamiaceae Volatile oils Mentha & Thyme Solanaceae, Solanaceae, Vinca, Lobelia Lobelia && Alkaloids Alkaloids Ephedra Ephedra Cannabis Cannabis Resins St St Johns’s Johns’swart, wart,Passiflora, Passiflora, Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Feverfew, Dandelion, Feverfew, Dandelion, Echinaceae Echinaceae 9 Herbs Containing Volatile Oils Family Lamiaceae 5 10  10/29/2024 Peppermint ‫النعناع الفـلفـلي‬ Dried leaves and flowering tops of Mentha piperita L. family Lamiaceae 11 Active Constituents Volatile oil (0.7-4%) menthol 50-60% menthone 9-12 % Condensed tannins Polyphenolic cmpds 10 Carbon atoms Monoterpenes Flavonoids increase the herb’s antioxidant capacity and other health-promoting effects.) Antiaging, protect from cardiovascular diseases and cancer 6 12  10/29/2024 Uses and Indications Colds and flu Menthol, is an effective decongestant. (Decongestants shrink the swollen Dec surface tension of gases in stomach membranes in the nose, making it easier to breathe.) Menthol is also an expectorant. Expectorants loosen and bring up mucus Carminative, digestive from the lungs. This helps people with aid (for bloating & coughs. flatulance), Aromatherapy Antispasmodic A person can add 3–4 drops of (laxative preparations) peppermint essential oil to hot water and then inhale the steam. 13 VO used for GIT,Respiratory,Nrevous System Uses and Indications Carminative, digestive aid (for bloating & Flavoring agent flatulance), Aromatherapy Food and pharmaceuticals Antiseptic Antispasmodic (mouthwash) (toothpastes, shaving creams and (laxative preparations) herbal preparations like cough sedatives & gargles) 7 14  10/29/2024 Uses and Indications Other actions from therapeutic pharmaceutical preparations Separated by steam distillatiion Peppermint oil : Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) (precaution…. Next 2 slides !) Menthol : -skin penetration enhancing properties - produces a cooling sensation and reduction in pain associated with a wide variety of painful conditions (antirheumatic preparations) : mild arthritis, muscle or joint paint, backache, bruises, …….. It is important to make sure to dilute it with a carrier oil before applying it to the skin. 15 Dosage forms Tea Oil Capsules Cream How to prepare ? Highly precaution…. (Menthol) By infusion concentrated & Next slide Because contain VO Used Internally irritant Enteric Coated 8 16 Only open in intestine  10/29/2024 Egyptian Market 17 Herb/Drug interactions 16% Only absorbed Peppermint tea + Iron compounds : Reduce absorption by 84% OH come from Polyphenolic cmpds Fe--OH 9 18  10/29/2024 Herb/Drug interactions Peppermint tea + Iron compounds : Reduce absorption (Anemia !) 19 Herb/Drug interactions Peppermint tea + Iron compounds : Reduce absorption Enteric coated peppermint oil + Antacids: heart burn Antacids inc pH in stomach irritation of stomach wall Open Sphincter so acid go on oesphpogus Heart Burn 10 20  10/29/2024 Contraindications Preparations containing the oil should not be applied to the faces of infants or small children, particularly not in the nasal area (glottal spasm or bronchial spasm up to asthma like attacks or even possible respiratory failure). Patients with digestive ulcers and gastric reflux Reflux Patients with contact dermatitis. 21 Peppermint vs Spearmint.. Fun Facts !! 11 22  10/29/2024 Peppermint vs Spearmint.. What's the difference ?? Peppermint Spearmint Mentha piperita Mentha spicata Menthol MAJOR Menthol minor (carvone) Both help with digestive symptoms works better for relieving respiratory and skin symptoms Has spicy cooling taste Has mild taste 23 Thyme ‫الزعتر‬ Leaves and flowers separated from dried stem of Thymus vulgaris L or Thymus zygis L or a mixture of both, family Lamiaceae 12 24  10/29/2024 Active Constituents Volatile oil (0.7-4%) Thymol 30-70% Carvacrol 3-15% Monoterpenes only called for aliphatic cmpds These are Phenols Condensed tannins not terpenes Flavonoids (e.g. apigenin, and thymonin. These flavonoids increase the herb’s antioxidant capacity and other health-promoting effects.) 25 Uses and Indications  Traditionally: Carminative , spasmolytic & antimicrobial  Respiratory system: wet productive cough -Internally: Expectorant and antibacterial in treatment of coughs -Gargle laryngitis and tonsillitis  Dentistry: Antiseptic mouthwash  Flavoring agent & in Cooking 13 26  10/29/2024 Did You Know? Thymol is widely used as an active ingredient in many commercial brands of mouthwash, including Listerine. Thyme has shown antimicrobial activity against various strains of bacteria and fungi 27 Preservtive 14 28  10/29/2024 Contraindications Not for use in pregnancy except under supervision (Emmenagogue) inc blood secretion Note: Concerns for thyme are based on higher therapeutic doses not lower doses generally used for cooking or as a spice. 29 Medicinal herbs classified according to their active constituents Lamiaceae Volatile oils Mentha & Thyme Solanaceae, Vinca & Ephedra Alkaloids Cannabis Resins St Johns’s wart, Passiflora, Miscellaneous Feverfew, Dandelion, Echinaceae 15 30  10/29/2024 Cannabis Indian Hemp/weed ‫الحش ش‬/‫القنب الهندى‬ Flowering and fruiting tops of the cultivated female plant Cannabis sativa family Cannabinaceae 31 Constituents It contains resins called cannabinoids including ▵9-TetraHydro-Cannabinol (THC) Cannabidiol (CBD). There are over 100 cannabinoids in cannabis, but THC and CBD are the most well-studied 16 32  10/29/2024 Is marijuana the same thing as cannabis? People often use the words “cannabis” and “marijuana” interchangeably, but they don’t mean the same thing. 33 warm climate cold climate 20XX Sample Footer Text 34 17 34  10/29/2024 Growing Cannabis Cold climate Warm climate Fiber production Medicinal uses-Abuse Devoid of THC Rich in THC Non-psychoactive psychoactive 35 Stalk is strong,tall fibers so very economic No need high amount of water Have Glandular Trichomes No need of pesticides 20XX Sample Footer Text 36 18 36  10/29/2024 Cannabis trichomes are tiny, crystal-like, sticky glands found on mainly on the leaves and flowers of a cannabis plant. Cannabis trichomes are the structures that contain the most important compounds: cannabinoids like THC, CBD. 37 Hashish (Hash) Hashish (Arabic: ‫ )حشيش‬,also known as hash, is a drug made by compressing and processing trichomes of the Cannabis plant Crude Resin 19 38  10/29/2024 Uses & Effectiveness Possibly Effective for … There is evidence supporting the use of cannabis or its derivatives in: oTreatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting o Neuropathic pain by sublingual spray o Multiple sclerosis There is interest in using cannabis for several other purposes, but there isn't enough reliable studies supporting its use. 39 THC CBD Treat multiple sclerosis 20 40  10/29/2024 Marijuana is the third most commonly used addictive drug, after tobacco and alcohol 41 Cannabis Bioavailability 21 42  10/29/2024 43 Travels to liver where it’s metabolized to many metabolites more THC (11-OH-THC ) potent than THC The THC inhaled in the cannabinoids are smoke; is lipid soluble, absorbed they accumulate through the in fatty tissues, lungs, rapidly reaching peak enters the concentrations bloodstream in 4-5 days It reaches the brain within minutes 22 44  10/29/2024 Complete elimination means to be out of body of a single dose may take up to 30 days Repeated dosage Accumulation  Brain damage 45 Short term actions of Cannabis in Humans 23 46  10/29/2024 Psychomotor/CNS effects Mood Produces a euphoriant effect or ‘HIGH’. However dysphoric reactions, including severe anxiety and panic, occur on dose dependent basis. Children and adolescents most susceptible. 47 Psychomotor/CNS effects Perception Produces perceptual changes Colors may seem brighter, music more vivid. Spatial perception is distorted, and time perception is impaired. Slowing of reaction time, motor incoordination Hallucinations may occur with high doses. 24 48  10/29/2024 Psychomotor/CNS effects Driving and piloting skills Cannabis impairs road-driving performance and have linked cannabis use with increased incidence of road traffic accidents. 49 Hippocampus responsible for short and long term memory Psychomotor/CNS effects Memory problems and concentration Defects in short-term memory, difficulty in concentration 25 50  10/29/2024 Systemic effect Use of cannabis affects Dose-related Tachycardia males and female sex Particularly useful in hormones. patients receiving Widespread Vasodilatation radiotherapy In females it may cause abnormal menstruation CVS Respiratory Endocrine Ocular Antiemetic Bronchial & Pulmonary Increased conjunctival irritation vascular congestion 51 Long term effect Decrease IQ o Performance in heavy, chronic cannabis users remains impaired even when they are not actually intoxicated. Low life Relation- satis- ship faction problems o These impairments can last for many weeks, months or even years after cessation of Financial difficulties end cannabis use 26 52  10/29/2024 Tolerance, Dependance & Withdrawal 53 Legality of Cannabis The legality of cannabis for medical and recreational use varies by country. 27 54  10/29/2024 Macroscopical, Microscopical, Organoleptic characteristics Authentication Chromatography: TLC, GC, HPLC, using ref. samples. Chemical tests Beam’s test Fast Blue B Test It gives purple color with 5% ethanolic KOH, Place 1 mg of cannabis (oxidation of CBD to hydroxyquinone). on the upper side of THC does not react to the Beam test sheets of filter paper. Add light petroleum drop by drop until the lower paper is just moist. Remove the upper paper and add to the lower one part of Fast Blue B reagent, a red to violet color is developed. 55 Strox…. Voodoo ‫اﻻستروكس‬ HIGHLY ADDICTIVE DRUGS Strox pose a new danger that has Made with an aromatic plant like spread recently in Egypt marjoram or certain components of among young people, who incense, mixed with narcotics and anticholinergic drugs like atropine, are the future of our hyoscine and hyoscyamine. These society. substances can have psychotropic effects when taken in large doses. 28 56  10/29/2024 Strox…. Voodoo ‫اﻻستروكس‬ Synthetic Combination of cannabinoi ds  Aromatic plant like marjoram or certain Anticholinergics components of incense + Industrial  Psychotropic agent Narcotics  synthetic cannabinoids (up to 400x more powerful than natural marijuana)  Industrial narcotics (unknown chemicals)  Anticholinergic drugs like atropine, hyoscine and hyoscyamine cause Hallucination Strox / Voodoo 57 They appear aromatic plants, but they hide risky narcotic substances Most common brand is "Mister Nice Guy", which is sold in a small bag decorated with a smiley emoticon. Sold in small packets affordable price for younger age and available online Limited knowledge considering exact ingredients makes its identification in biological very challenging. 29 58  10/29/2024 Patients with Strox smoking presented with : visual and auditory hallucinations accompanied with fear and intense aggression, seizure, transient coma, impaired ventilation, and chest pain. Addicts walk in the street like zombies. Sometimes they collapse in the middle of the street, then get up and try to start a fight. § Health problems depend on specific synthetic cannabinoid, the dose and the duration of use. Acute Strox intoxication manifested by acute psychosis and severe cases could develop cardiovascular instability and fatal coma. 59 30 60  10/29/2024 Thank you Dr. Reham Said Ibrahim Abdelkader 61 31