Health and Social Care Questions Part 2 PDF

165. Why are people who live near busy roads more exposed to pollution? Motor vehicles produce carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides. 166. What are power stations doing to decrease pollution? Power stations are burning less coal, and improved vehicle technology has also contributed to a reduction in ai...

165. Why are people who live near busy roads more exposed to pollution? Motor vehicles produce carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides. 166. What are power stations doing to decrease pollution? Power stations are burning less coal, and improved vehicle technology has also contributed to a reduction in air pollution. 167. What group of people are more likely to develop cardiovascular problems? People living in cities may be more at risk of developing cardiovascular problems and respiratory disorders. 168. What is a key fact about poor house conditions? A cold damp home with mould and structural defects presents many different risks to health and wellbeing. 169. What are the impacts of an overcrowded house? Overcrowded housing may limit people’s access to washing, cooking and cleaning facilities. Drying clothes indoors and inadequate ventilation can be associated with respiratory disorders. There may also be issues with the lack of access to outdoor green spaces in some areas, reducing physical activity outdoors. 170. What factors cause respiratory disorders? Lack of heating and poor ventilation causing damp and mould in homes cause respiratory problems, like asthma and allergies. Babies, young children and older people are particularly vulnerable. 171. What factors can cause cardiovascular problems? Poor quality housing can cause stress, particularly in vulnerable adults and older people, leading to high blood pressure and an increased risk of blood clots and strokes. Ready-made meals and heavily processed food, high in sugar, salt and saturated fats, increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.  172. What is hypothermia? it is often resulting from cold homes and homelessness. The rise in families living in fuel poverty is a contributing factor, with low- income families unable to afford heating, particularly in older homes. The risk of hypothermia increases for the elderly, who spend more time at home, worried about heating costs. Anxiety and depression- poor quality housing may cause stress, anxiety, depression and mental health issues. Many children living in overcrowded and poor standard housing experience anxiety and mental health issues. 173. What is the impact of availability of transport? The of ce for national statistics (2006) found that households without a car struggle to reach their GP compared to car users. Remote areas may lack public transport, leading to missed appointments, affecting vulnerable individual’s health and wellbeing. 174. What is the impact of opening hours of services? Recruitment of GP’s and nurses is challenging in deprived areas, and appointments during working hours may be inconvenient. There are discussions about adjusting opening hours to t busy lifestyles. 175. Who are people who do not access services? Homeless people and vulnerable immigrants face dif culties accessing health services. According to the ‘healthy lives healthy people’ report (2011), many people are reluctant to register with a GP or face barriers like caring commitments, long working hours, and transport issues. 176. What is meant by family? A family is a social group, often connected by genetics, marriage, or cohabitation. There are various types of families. 177. How can being part of a family support development? fi fi fi Forming emotional relationships and attachments. Providing initial social interactions. Shaping views on social expectations and acceptable behaviour. Meeting physical needs for protection, food, shelter, and warmth. Providing nancial or practical assistance, such as supporting older relatives. 178. What is the impact of a dysfunctional family? Dysfunctional families fail to provide expected bene ts such as emotional support and proper upbringing. Causes include health issues, poor housing, low income, poor parenting skills, aggression, manipulation, neglect, and inconsistent social teaching. Stressful environments in such families can disadvantage children, making it hard for them to develop self-con dence due to constant emotional tensions. 179. What is the impact of parental divorce? Parental divorce can negatively impact children's growth and development, leading to emotional problems like low self-esteem and depression. Children may lack resilience, becoming more in uenced by peers and engaging in risky behaviours such as smoking, drug use, and alcohol consumption. 180. What is the cause of sibling rivalry? fi fi fl fi  Bandura's social learning theory examines the effects of role modelling and imitating behaviour. Exposure to high levels of family con ict, especially in dysfunctional families, can lead to children becoming aggressive or bullying their siblings. Rosenthal and Doherty (1984) found that such children are often bullied by their primary carers, leading them to seek control and power within the household. 181. What is meant by authoritative parenting? Parents are not overly strict; children respect authority and develop values and boundaries. 182. What is meant by authoritarian parenting? Parents have high expectations with strict rules; children may become rebellious and problematic in family and social settings. 183. What is meant by permissive parenting? Parents make few demands, hesitant to enforce rules; children often lack boundaries, and may face challenges in managing responsibilities later. 184. What is meant by uninvolved parenting? Parents are often indifferent, dismissive, or even neglectful. They provide little guidance, nurturing, or attention. 185. What is meant by bullying? It is repetitive behaviour aimed at hurting someone emotionally or physically, affecting both children and adults. It undermines self-esteem and can lead to stress, depression, and anxiety. Bullying can be due to various reasons like religion, race, or cultural background. Cyberbullying, via social media and mobile phones, has increased. fl Bullying can have long-term effects on self-esteem, lasting even into adulthood. 186. What is meant by self-harm? The effects of bullying signi cantly impact a child's growth and emotional development. It can cause feelings of isolation and loss of self-con dence. Children may become self-critical and internalise negative comments. Some individuals tend to self- harm to cope with guilt, distress, and emotional pain, often hiding their behaviour. Bullying can lead to depression or even suicide in children, adolescents, and adults. 187. What is a key fact about religion and beliefs? The UK's religious and cultural diversity can impact health and social care. Providers often face complex situations where service users' cultural or religious beliefs in uence treatment decisions, potentially causing emotional distress and affecting relationships between care providers and families. 188. How does religion impact medical intervention? Many faith groups see prayer as an important part of healing, complementing medical care. However, some religious groups, like Jehovah's Witnesses, reject certain medical procedures such as blood transfusions, even in life-threatening situations. This can lead to legal actions to ensure children receive necessary treatments. Cultural practices also affect healthcare, as some groups, like older Chinese individuals, may rely on traditional remedies and delay seeking medical help, potentially causing issues with medication interactions. 189. How does Religion and beliefs impact dietary restrictions? It is important to consider dietary differences linked to religion and culture when planning a balanced diet. The commonest dietary fi fi fl differences encountered in health care are vegetarianism, halal and kosher diets. For example, dairy and meat products should be kept separate in kosher diets, with different tools used for meat and dairy products when preparing and serving kosher meals, and when washing up afterwards. 190. How does Judaism impact dietary restrictions? Jewish people do not eat pork or shell sh. Hindu and Sikh vegetarian diets require that both equipment and diets do not come into contact with any meat. 191. How does Islam impact dietary restrictions? Muslims do not eat pork or non-halal meats, and they do not consume alcohol. 192. How does being vegetarian impact dietary restrictions? Vegetarianism may have positive or negative effects on a person’s development. There are higher levels of fruit, vegetables and bre and lower fats in the diets which lowers the risk of high cholesterol. However, there are also health risks of nutritional de ciency: calcium de ciency, iron and vitamin B12 and protein de ciency. fi fi fi fi fi