Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Standards Reviewer PDF

***2^ND^ SEMESTER - HARDWARE REVIEWER:*** **Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Standards Reviewer** Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) is a vital framework aimed at ensuring the well-being, safety, and protection of workers in various environments. Below is a detailed summary of the key compon...

***2^ND^ SEMESTER - HARDWARE REVIEWER:*** **Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Standards Reviewer** Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) is a vital framework aimed at ensuring the well-being, safety, and protection of workers in various environments. Below is a detailed summary of the key components related to OHS standards. **Overview of OHS Standards in CSS** The implementation of OHS standards in Computer System Servicing (CSS) or similar fields ensures that individuals working in environments with potential hazards are adequately protected. These standards encompass the proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE), adherence to safety protocols, and maintenance of hazard-free workplaces. **Essential Protective Equipment and Their Functions** 1. **Gloves** - **Purpose:** Protect hands from injuries such as cuts, abrasions, or chemical burns. - **Types:** - Nitrile gloves (chemical resistance) - Latex gloves (flexibility and sensitivity) - Leather gloves (protection from mechanical hazards) - **Applications:** Handling sharp tools, exposure to chemicals, or electrical work. 2. **Eye Protection** - **Purpose:** Safeguard eyes from flying debris, chemical splashes, or harmful radiation. - **Types:** - Safety goggles (full eye coverage) - Face shields (extended face and eye protection) - **Applications:** Cutting, grinding, soldering, or handling hazardous substances. 3. **Hearing Protection** - **Purpose:** Prevent hearing damage caused by prolonged exposure to loud noise. - **Types:** - Earplugs (insertion into the ear canal) - Earmuffs (covering the entire ear) - **Applications:** Operating machinery, working in construction zones, or exposure to high-decibel environments. 4. **Anti-static Equipment** - **Purpose:** Prevent electrostatic discharge (ESD) that can damage sensitive electronic components. - **Types:** - Anti-static wrist straps - Anti-static mats - Grounding devices - **Applications:** Servicing computer hardware, assembling electronics, or working with flammable materials. 5. **Foot Protection** - **Purpose:** Shield feet from injuries such as punctures, impacts, or slips. - **Types:** - Steel-toe boots (protection from heavy objects) - Anti-slip footwear (traction on wet surfaces) - Electrical hazard boots (insulation from electricity) - **Applications:** Warehousing, construction, or electrical maintenance. 6. **Face Masks or Respirators** - **Purpose:** Protect respiratory health by filtering harmful particles, fumes, or infectious agents. - **Types:** - Disposable masks (basic protection) - N95 respirators (high filtration efficiency) - Powered Air-Purifying Respirators (PAPRs) - **Applications:** Working in dusty environments, dealing with hazardous fumes, or during pandemics. **Core Principles of OHS Standards** 1. **Risk Assessment:** - Identifying and evaluating potential workplace hazards. - Implementing measures to mitigate risks. 2. **Safety Training:** - Educating workers on proper use of PPE and safety protocols. - Conducting regular drills and refreshers to ensure preparedness. 3. **Workplace Maintenance:** - Keeping the environment clean, organized, and free of unnecessary hazards. - Ensuring equipment is well-maintained and inspected regularly. 4. **Emergency Preparedness:** - Establishing clear procedures for fire, medical emergencies, and other crises. - Ensuring access to first aid kits, fire extinguishers, and evacuation plans. 5. **Legal Compliance:** - Adhering to government-mandated OHS regulations and standards. - Documenting compliance activities for audits and inspections. **Applications in Computer System Servicing (CSS)** The CSS field often involves tasks that expose workers to potential electrical, physical, and chemical hazards. Key practices include: - Ensuring proper grounding when handling hardware. - Wearing anti-static gear during electronic assembly or repair. - Using gloves and masks when dealing with chemicals like cleaning agents. - Following ergonomic practices to prevent musculoskeletal disorders. ##### What is the CPU? - The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the \"brain\" of the computer. - **Primary Functions:** - Interpreting and executing instructions. - Acting as the main control unit for the system. - **Importance:** - Determines the computer's speed and efficiency. - Serves as the hub for hardware and software operations. ##### Computer Architecture - Refers to the design of a computer system. - **Von Neumann Architecture:** - A foundational design used by modern computers. - Consists of components like the CPU, main memory, input, and output devices. #### **Components of the CPU** 1. **Control Unit (CU):** - Directs operations within the CPU. - Manages the fetch-decode-execute cycle. - Coordinates the data flow between CPU components. 2. **Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):** - Performs arithmetic operations (e.g., addition, subtraction). - Executes logical operations (e.g., AND, OR, NOT). 3. **Registers:** - Temporary, high-speed storage within the CPU. - Holds data and instructions during processing. 4. **Cache:** - High-speed memory within the CPU. - Stores frequently accessed data to reduce latency. 5. **Clock:** - Synchronizes CPU operations by generating regular pulses. - Defines the number of cycles the CPU performs per second. 6. **Buses:** - Electrical pathways for data transmission. - Types: - Data bus: Transfers actual data. - Address bus: Transfers information about where data should go. #### **The Fetch-Execute Cycle** The process by which the CPU executes instructions: 1. **Fetch:** - Retrieves the instruction from main memory. 2. **Decode:** - Interprets the fetched instruction to understand the operation. 3. **Execute:** - Performs the specified operation. #### **Detailed Functionality of CPU Components** **Component** **Function** ------------------ --------------------------------------------------------- **Registers** Temporary, high-speed data storage. **Control Unit** Decodes instructions and coordinates CPU components. **ALU** Executes arithmetic and logical operations. **Clock** Regulates the timing and synchronization of operations. **Buses** Facilitates data transfer between CPU components. **What is RAM?** - **Definition:** Random Access Memory (RAM) is hardware that provides temporary storage for the operating system (OS), software programs, and data in use. - **Purpose:** Ensures quick accessibility for the processor, enhancing system performance. - **Structure:** Stored on modules called DIMMs (Dual Inline Memory Modules). **Types of RAM Modules** 1. **DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module):** - Common in desktops. - Available in multiple pin configurations: 168, 184, 240, and 288. 2. **SODIMM (Small Outline DIMM):** - Compact design for laptops and small devices. - Fewer pins and smaller size compared to DIMM. 3. **LODIMM (Long Outline DIMM):** - Larger modules for desktops and high-performance systems. - Ideal for devices with more space and greater performance needs. **Key RAM Features** 1. **Clockspeed:** - Base speed of memory chips. - Measured as \"MT/s\" (Million Transfers per Second), typically double the clock speed due to DDR technology. 2. **Frequency:** - Operational speed of memory, tied to the system clock. 3. **Capacity:** - Maximum size per module. - DDR5 supports up to 128GB per module, offering the highest capacity. **Types of SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)** 1. **FPM DRAM (Fast Page Mode DRAM):** - Improved consecutive memory location access. - Clock speeds: 50 MHz to 100 MHz. - Key limitation: Asynchronous operation. 2. **EDO DRAM (Extended Data Out DRAM):** - Enhanced FPM with concurrent read/write capabilities. - Operates at 50 MHz to 133 MHz. - Remains asynchronous but faster than FPM. 3. **SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM):** - Fully synchronized with the system clock. - Speeds: 66 MHz to 133 MHz. - Pipelined architecture for parallel operations. **Generations of DDR RAM** 1. **DDR1 (2000):** - Data rates: 200--400 MT/s. - Voltage: 2.5V. - Early adoption in desktops and servers. 2. **DDR2 (2003):** - Data rates: 400--800 MT/s. - Voltage: 1.8V. - Faster and more power-efficient than DDR1. 3. **DDR3 (2007):** - Data rates: 800--2133 MT/s. - Voltage: 1.5V. - Higher bandwidth and lower power usage. - Standard for PCs in the 2010s. 4. **DDR4 (2017):** - Data rates: 1600--3200 MT/s. - Voltage: 1.2V. - Enhanced memory density and error correction. - Prefetch width: 16-bit. 5. **DDR5 (2020):** - Data rates: 4800--8400 MT/s. - Voltage: 1.1V. - Prefetch width: 32-bit. - Increased capacity (up to 128GB per DIMM). - On-die Power Management IC (PMIC) for efficiency. **Comparison of SDRAM Technologies** **Type** **Clock Synchronization** **Key Advantage** **Speed** -------------- --------------------------- ------------------------------------ ------------- **FPM DRAM** Asynchronous Sequential memory access 50--100 MHz **EDO DRAM** Asynchronous Concurrent read/write 50--133 MHz **SDRAM** Synchronous Parallel operations via pipelining 66--133 MHz Motherboard Platforms: AMD and Intel ------------------------------------ The motherboard is the backbone of a computer system, connecting all its components. AMD and Intel are the two primary platforms in this space. ### **Chipset** - **Definition**: A collection of electronic components that manage data flow between critical parts of the computer such as the CPU, GPU, RAM, storage, and peripherals. - **Key Functions**: Enables the functioning of the computer system by coordinating communication. **Motherboard Components** The motherboard contains several essential components, which can be divided into the following categories: 1. **Central Processing Unit (CPU) Socket**: - The CPU is installed into the motherboard via this socket. - Examples: AMD's AM4/AM5 or Intel's LGA1200/LGA1700. 2. **Chipsets**: - Manages communication between the CPU and other motherboard components. - Split into **Northbridge** and **Southbridge** (explained below). 3. **Northbridge**: - Located near the CPU and directly connected to it. - Responsible for high-speed components like: - RAM (memory). - GPU (graphics card). 4. **Southbridge**: - Also known as the **I/O Controller Hub (ICH)**. - Handles low-speed components, including: - Storage (SATA, NVMe). - USB and I/O peripherals. - Audio and networking interfaces. 5. **Memory Slots (DIMM Slots)**: - Hold the system's RAM modules. - Support different types of RAM, such as DDR4 or DDR5. 6. **PCIe Slots**: - Used to install expansion cards like: - GPUs (Graphics Processing Units). - Sound cards. - Network cards. - PCIe versions include PCIe 3.0, 4.0, and the latest 5.0. 7. **Storage Connectors**: - **SATA Ports**: For traditional hard drives and SSDs. - **M.2 Slots**: For high-speed NVMe SSDs. 8. **BIOS/UEFI Chip**: - Stores the firmware that initializes hardware during startup and provides system settings. 9. **Power Connectors**: - **24-pin ATX Power Connector**: Supplies power to the motherboard. - **8-pin/4-pin CPU Power Connector**: Supplies power specifically to the CPU. 10. **I/O Ports**: - External connectors for peripherals, such as: - USB ports. - HDMI/DisplayPort for integrated graphics. - Ethernet port. - Audio jacks. 11. **Cooling and Fan Headers**: - Connectors for cooling solutions, such as CPU coolers and case fans. 12. **CMOS Battery**: - Powers the BIOS/UEFI settings when the computer is turned off. - Keeps the system clock running. 13. **Integrated Graphics Output**: - Ports for connecting monitors if the CPU includes integrated graphics (e.g., HDMI, VGA, or DisplayPort). ### **Modern Motherboards** - In modern systems: - **Northbridge** functionality is integrated into the CPU. - **Southbridge** is still present but is now connected to the CPU. - These advancements lead to **better performance** and reduced latency. AMD Processors -------------- **Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)** is known for: - Designing processors (CPUs) and graphics technologies. - Key product families include Ryzen and Athlon processors. ### **AMD Chipsets** 1. **AM4 Chipsets**: - Models: A320, B350, B450, X370, X470, X570. - Supports Ryzen and Athlon processors. 2. **AM5 Chipsets**: - Models: B650, B650E, X670, X670E. - Supports Ryzen 7000 and 9000 series processors. 3. **Threadripper Chipsets**: - Designed for high-end desktop (HEDT) systems. - Models: X399, TRX40, WRX80. Intel Processors ---------------- **Intel Corporation** provides chipsets for: - Consumer desktops, workstations, and servers. - Chipsets support specific CPU generations and unlock features like overclocking, faster storage, and more PCIe lanes. ### **Intel Chipsets** 1. **Intel 300 Series**: - Models: Z390, Z370, B360, H310. - Oldest generation of chipsets. 2. **Intel 400 Series**: - Models: Z490, H470, B460, H410. 3. **Intel 500 Series**: - Models: Z590, H570, B560, H510. 4. **Intel 600 Series**: - Models: Z690, H670, B660, H610. 5. **Intel 700 Series**: - Models: Z790, H770, B760. - Latest generation supporting modern processors. ### **Key Differences Between AMD and Intel Chipsets** 1. **Overclocking Support**: - **AMD**: Overclocking is supported on most chipsets. - **Intel**: Limited to Z-series chipsets only. 2. **Memory Support**: - **AMD**: Generally supports higher memory speeds and better scalability, especially with DDR5 in recent models. - **Intel**: Focuses on compatibility and stability, with DDR5 becoming mainstream in newer series. 3. **PCIe Lanes**: - **AMD**: Leads in PCIe lane availability, particularly in high-end and HEDT platforms (PCIe 4.0/5.0). - **Intel**: Emphasizes integrating PCIe 5.0 in its latest chipsets.