Health Psychology Cardiovascular Disease PDF

Gurung, Health Psychology, 5th Edition Chapter 14: Cardiovascular Disease: Fundamentals and Cultural Variations  Introduction Class of diseases that affect heart and circulatory system. Cultural factors influence the effects and progress...

Gurung, Health Psychology, 5th Edition Chapter 14: Cardiovascular Disease: Fundamentals and Cultural Variations  Introduction Class of diseases that affect heart and circulatory system. Cultural factors influence the effects and progression of heart disease. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 2  Cardiovascular Disease: Definitions and Prevalence (1 of 4) CVD results from problems with the heart and circulatory system. Most common are coronary heart disease, heart failure, strokes, hypertension. Several other less common types. Risk factors include high blood pressure, obesity. CHD is the leading cause of death in US. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 3  Cardiovascular Disease: Definitions and Prevalence (2 of 4) Most common signs of heart attack. Rates of CHD and CHD vary by race, ethnicity, and sex. Hypertension is high blood pressure. Two stages of hypertension. Hypertension varies by age, sex, race. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 4  Cardiovascular Disease: Definitions and Prevalence (3 of 4) Stroke is type of CVD that affects arteries leading to the brain. Ischemic stroke is the most common. Stroke is leading cause of death in US. Prevalence of stroke varies by age, sex, race. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 5  Cardiovascular Disease: Definitions and Prevalence (4 of 4) Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease Almost 23.6 million will die from CVD by 2030. Fatality is affected by differences in health behaviors. Risk factors are blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking, activity, diet. Framingham heart study. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 6  Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues in Cardiovascular Disease (1 of 6) CVDs are a common global problem. CVDs are likely to increase further. Incidence variations are often due to health literacy and risk factors. Many cultural differences that could account for higher CVD incidence. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 7  Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues in Cardiovascular Disease (2 of 6) Hypertension shows strong cultural differences. Anger and Type A personality traits tied to certain dimensions of culture. Fluid time versus fixed time. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 8  Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues in Cardiovascular Disease (3 of 6) Atherosclerosis is the accumulation of fatty substances in blood vessels. Differences in how doctors manage patients based on cultural differences. Sex or gender differences between doctor and patient. C-reactive protein concentrations associated with CHD risk. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 9  Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues in Cardiovascular Disease (4 of 6) Control culture believes in absolute control of outcomes. Constraint cultures believe things are in the hands of God or fate. Neutral cultures do not openly display emotion. Affect cultures display emotions often. Sex differences are another element of culture. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 10  Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues in Cardiovascular Disease (5 of 6) Developmental Issues in Cardiovascular Disease Number of developmental issues connect. – Low birth weight, rapid weight gain, aging. People go through different stages of development. – Milestones include puberty, graduation, first job, relationships, marriage. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 11  Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues in Cardiovascular Disease (6 of 6) Developmental Issues in Cardiovascular Disease Important negative life events often present in lead up to heart attack. Events such as natural disasters can be related. Social isolation and loneliness associated with risks of CVD. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 12  Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease (1 of 10) Physiological Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease Primary antecedent is atherosclerosis. Small accumulations of fats progress to visible streaks. Arteriosclerosis causes arteries to lose elasticity. Some factors can not be changed. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 13  Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease (2 of 10) Physiological Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease Genetic linkage has implicated predisposition to CVD. Other factors are high blood pressure, diabetes, inactivity, obesity. Females with gestational diabetes more likely to develop CVD. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 14  Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease (3 of 10) Physiological Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease Increased risk of CVD in type 2 diabetes. Different cultural groups vary in genetic predispositions. Some groups more prone to being overweight. Hypertension significantly higher in Black Americans. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 15  Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease (4 of 10) Physiological Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular reactivity is difference between rest and external stressor. Cardiovascular reactivity may vary according to race/ethnicity. May also be related to sexuality. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 16  Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease (5 of 10) Psychological Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease Psychological factors have been tied to incidence of CVDs. Controversy regarding Type A personality characteristics. Type B more relaxed and patient. Hostility and anger can trigger heart attacks. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 17  Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease (6 of 10) Psychological Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease Outbursts of anger associated with increased risk of several conditions. Carotenoid is known to have antioxidant properties. Antioxidants may mediate atherosclerosis. High hostility predicted low levels of serum carotenoids. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 18  Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease (7 of 10) Psychological Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease Feeling sad and depressed can increase heart problems. Depression associated with risk of nonfatal heart attacks. Higher mortality rates. Hopelessness can predict CVD incidence. Direct relationship on SBP but not DBP. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 19  Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease (8 of 10) Psychological Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease Stress and depression may influence social support. Supportive networks ensure person is more likely to get help. Not getting support can be fetal. Low SES is associated with CVD risk factors. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 20  Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease (9 of 10) Stress CVD risk associated with environmental factors. Living in an urban area associated with increased stress. Being stressed can influence health. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 21  Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease (10 of 10) Stress Stress response raises blood pressure. Acute stress can trigger heart problems if already at risk. Stress from work can be dangerous. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 22  Health Behaviors and Cardiovascular Disease (1 of 6) Tobacco Use Tobacco use poses significant challenge to global health. Smoking is important factor in development of CVDs. Tobacco use accounted for 8.71 million deaths in 2019. CVD also impacts physiological systems. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 23  Health Behaviors and Cardiovascular Disease (2 of 6) Tobacco Use Massachusetts Tobacco Control Program. Smoke-fee laws associated with lower odds of smoking. Benefits when people reduce or stop smoking. Smoking more common in some cultures than others. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 24  Health Behaviors and Cardiovascular Disease (3 of 6) Diet Food choice impacts health and well- being. Many dietary factors influence incidence of CVD. Diet can influence cholesterol level, blood pressure, risk for diabetes. Cholesterol is important risk factor for CVD. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 25  Health Behaviors and Cardiovascular Disease (4 of 6) Diet Recommendation to reduce saturated fats has changed recently. Not all food containing SFA are problematic. Diets with more fish are associated with lower risk of CHD. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) style diets. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 26  Health Behaviors and Cardiovascular Disease (5 of 6) Diet DASH diets developed in 1995 to reduce blood pressure. Mediterranean diet includes more fruits, vegetables, nuts, and fish. Indo-Mediterranean diet is adaptation. Interventions for angina pectoris and myocardial infarctions. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 27  Health Behaviors and Cardiovascular Disease (6 of 6) Physical Activity Exercising can reduce risks of CVD. Physical activity is key component of behavioral interventions. More active people with CVD had lower risk of mortality. Plans begin with moderate intensity aerobic exercise with gradual increase in intensity. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 28  Treatment Options (1 of 4) Specific treatment is determined by severity of the symptoms. – Changing behaviors is one of the most critical treatment options. – Admitted to cardiac rehabilitation program. – Educate patients on the best way to change their lifestyles. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 29  Treatment Options (2 of 4) Surgery Two main forms of invasive surgery. Angioplasty opens partially blocked blood vessel. Laser angioplasty uses laser rather than a balloon. Atherectomy uses shaver to cut away blockages. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 30  Treatment Options (3 of 4) Surgery Cardiac bypass surgery redirects blood flow around blockages. Traditionally this required open heart surgery. Minimally invasive heart surgery. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 31  Treatment Options (4 of 4) Behavioral Interventions Two forms of intervention are often utilized. Cardiac rehabilitation. Interventions to reduce stress and negative emotions. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 32  Class Exercise Groups of 4 or 5 Search online for cardiac rehabilitation programmes in a city where your most remote group member is from Note the mention of stress reduction, sleep, managing anger, CBT, behavioural strategies Are health psychologists mentioned? Does it look easy or difficult to get into these programmes? Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 33