Cardiovascular Disease Quiz

Cardiovascular Disease: Fundamentals and Cultural Variations

• Cardiovascular disease (CVD) encompasses diseases affecting the heart and circulatory system
• Cultural factors modify CVD effects and progression
• CVD includes coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and hypertension.
• Risk factors for CVD include high blood pressure and obesity.
• CVD is the leading cause of death in the US.

Cardiovascular Disease: Definitions and Prevalence

• CVD originates from abnormalities in the heart and circulatory system.
• Common CVD types include coronary heart disease, heart failure, strokes, and hypertension.
• Other less prevalent types also exist.
• CVD risk factors involve high blood pressure, obesity, and others.

Cardiovascular Disease: Prevalence (cont.)

• Common signs of a heart attack are discussed within this chapter.
• Rates of CVD vary by race, ethnicity, and sex.
• Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is categorized into stages.
• Hypertension rates differ based on age, sex, and race.
• Stroke is a type of cardiovascular disease impacting brain arteries.
• Ischemic stroke is the most common stroke type, and stroke is a significant cause of death in the US.
• Stroke prevalence varies based on age, sex, and race.

Cardiovascular Disease: Prevalence (cont. 2)

• Approximately 23.6 million deaths from CVD are projected by 2030.
• Differences in health behaviours are factors influencing CVD fatality.
• Risk factors include blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking, activity, and diet.
• The Framingham Heart Study is a relevant research topic.

Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues in Cardiovascular Disease

• CVDs are substantial global concerns, anticipated to increase.
• Variations in CVD incidence are frequently related to health literacy and risk factors.
• Cultural factors could contribute to elevated CVD rates in specific groups.

Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues in Cardiovascular Disease (cont. 2)

• Hypertension shows significant cultural variations.
• Anger management and Type A personality traits may be linked to cultural contexts.
• Time perceptions and frameworks differ across cultures, which can be significant.

Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues in Cardiovascular Disease (cont. 3)

• Atherosclerosis is the accumulation of fatty substances in blood vessels.
• Variations exist in how healthcare practitioners manage patients based on cultural disparities.
• Differences in sex/gender between healthcare providers and patients matter.
• C-reactive protein levels correlate with an increased risk of CVD.

Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues in Cardiovascular Disease (cont. 4)

• Control cultures believe in controlling outcomes.
• Constraint cultures see events as outside of human control.
• Neutral cultures avoid outwardly expressing emotions, while Affect cultures openly exhibit emotions.
• These factors, and gender, are culturally intertwined.

Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues in Cardiovascular Disease (cont. 5)

• Developmental issues associated with CVD frequently involve low birth weight, rapid weight gain and aging.
• Individuals traverse various developmental phases like puberty, graduation, careers, and relationships.

Cultural Variations and Developmental Issues in Cardiovascular Disease (cont. 6)

• Significant life events, like natural disasters, could trigger heart attacks.
• Social isolation and loneliness contribute to CVD risks.

Physiological Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease

• Atherosclerosis is a key physiological antecedent of CVD.
• Small fat accumulations in blood vessels evolve into visible streaks.
• Arteriosclerosis leads to reduced artery elasticity.
• Factors like genetics cannot always be modified.

Physiological Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease (cont. 2)

• Genetic predispositions play a role in CVD.
• Other contributors include high blood pressure, diabetes, inactivity, and obesity.
• Gestational diabetes significantly increases CVD risk in females.

Physiological Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease (cont. 3)

• Type 2 diabetes increases the risk of CVD.
• Genetic and cultural factors influence CVD risks across different groups.
• Some groups commonly have a higher chance of being overweight.
• Black Americans often have higher hypertension rates.

Physiological Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease (cont.4)

• Cardiovascular reactivity differs between resting and stressful states.
• This reactivity varies based on race/ethnicity.
• Sexuality might be a factor affecting cardiovascular reactivity.

Psychological Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease

• Psychological variables are tied to CVD incidence.
• There are controversies surrounding how Type A personality traits impact CVD.
• Characteristics of Type B personalities are relaxed behaviour.
• Hostility and anger can contribute to heart attacks.

Psychological Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease (cont. 2)

• Anger episodes relate to increased risk for various health conditions.
• Carotenoids possess antioxidant properties.
• Antioxidants potentially moderate the progression of atherosclerosis.
• High hostility often corresponds with lower serum carotenoid levels.

Psychological Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease (cont. 3)

• Depression and sadness can increase the risk of heart problems.
• Depression in associated with nonfatal heart attack risk.
• Heart disease mortality is higher in depressed patients.
• Hopelessness may predict CVD occurrence.
• Systemic blood pressure (SBP) but not diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is directly related to emotional state

Psychological Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease (cont. 4)

• Stress and depression impact social support.
• Strong support networks increase the chance of seeking necessary interventions.
• Lack of support can have negative effects.
• Lower socioeconomic status (SES) is connected to higher CVD risk factors.

Psychological Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease (cont. 5)

• Environmental factors increase CVD Risk.
• Living in urban areas may correlate with higher stress levels.
• Stress can greatly impact health outcomes.

Psychological Correlates of Cardiovascular Disease (cont. 6)

• Stress response causes blood pressure increase.
• Acute stress can lead to heart problems in vulnerable individuals.
• Stress resulting from work can be detrimental to health.

Health Behaviors and Cardiovascular Disease: Tobacco Use

• Tobacco use greatly challenges global health.
• Smoking plays a crucial role in developing CVD.
• Roughly 8.71 million deaths were attributed to tobacco use in 2019.
• CVD affects many physiological systems.

Health Behaviors and Cardiovascular Disease: Tobacco Use (cont.)

• The Massachusetts Tobacco Control Program has relevance.
• Smoke-free laws reduced smokers.
• Benefits arise from reducing or quitting smoking.
• Smoking is more frequent in certain cultures compared to others.

Health Behaviors and Cardiovascular Disease: Diet

• Nutritional choices profoundly impact health.
• Dietary elements impact CVD rates significantly.
• Diet affects cholesterol and blood pressure.
• Cholesterol is a substantial factor affecting CVD.

Health Behaviors and Cardiovascular Disease: Diet (cont. 2)

• Recommendations to lower saturated fats have changed.
• Not all foods containing saturated fatty acids (SFAs) are detrimental.
• Diets higher in fish reduce the risk of CVD.
• DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet emphasizes dietary strategies aimed at reducing hypertension.

Health Behaviors and Cardiovascular Disease: Diet (cont.3)

• DASH diets were developed in 1995 to reduce blood pressure.
• Mediterranean diets include many fruits, vegetables, nuts, and fish.
• The Indo-Mediterranean diet is a variant of the Mediterranean diet.
• Clinical interventions, focusing on angina pectoris and myocardial infarctions, are important.

Health Behaviors and Cardiovascular Disease: Physical Activity

• Exercise lowers the risk of CVD.
• Physical activity is crucial in behavioral interventions.
• Increased physical activity reduces CVD mortality in patients.
• CVD treatment plans often start with moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, progressing gradually.

Treatment Options

• Treatment choices depend on symptom severity.
• Changing behaviours is a core aspect of treatment.
• Cardiac rehabilitation programs assist in lifestyle modifications.
• Education on lifestyle changes is a vital component of treatment.

Treatment Options (cont. 2): Surgery

• Two types of invasive surgery: angioplasty and laser angioplasty.
• Angioplasty widens blocked blood vessels.
• Laser angioplasty utilizes lasers instead of balloons for vessel widening.
• Atherectomy employs shavers to remove blockages.

Treatment Options (cont. 3): Surgery

• Coronary bypass surgery redirects blood flow around blockages.
• Traditional bypass procedures involve open-heart surgery.
• Minimally-invasive heart surgeries have developed, improving procedures.

Treatment Options (cont. 4): Behavioral Interventions

• Cardiac rehabilitation and interventions to reduce stress and negative emotions are interventions.

Class Exercise

• Form groups and research cardiac rehabilitation programs in a chosen city.
• Explore details of care programs.
• Examine references to health psychologists, and assess the program's ease or difficulty of entry.

Test your knowledge on cardiovascular diseases and their cultural impacts. This quiz covers various aspects including risk factors, types of diseases, and statistical predictions for the future. Challenge yourself with questions about heart health and prevention strategies.