Health: The Basics - Cardiovascular Disease PDF

Health: The Basics Fifth Canadian Edition Rebecca J. Donatelle Angela M. Thompson Chapter 11...

Health: The Basics Fifth Canadian Edition Rebecca J. Donatelle Angela M. Thompson Chapter 11 Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Cancer: Reducing Your Risks Mary McKenna PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. Learning Objectives Describe the anatomy and physiology of the heart and the circulatory system Identify the various types of heart disease and the risk factors for developing them Describe the symptoms, causes, and the risk factors of diabetes Identify the various types of cancer and the risk factors for developing them Explain the importance of lifestyle choices in preventing heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-2 Cardiovascular Diseases Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Leading cause of death worldwide Death rates from CVD are declining Various reasons for decline − advances in medical techniques − earlier and better diagnostic procedures and treatments − better emergency medical assistance programs − better training of people in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-3 Cardiovascular Diseases Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) 80% of premature deaths due to CVD could be prevented through: − healthy dietary intake − regular physical activity − avoiding tobacco − maintaining weight Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-4 Understanding Your Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System System comprising heart, lungs, and blood vessels Transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones, enzymes throughout the body Regulates temperature, water levels of cells, and acidity levels of body components Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-5 Understanding Your Cardiovascular System The Heart Four chambers (2 atria, 2 ventricles) Valves regulate the flow of blood Sinoatrial node serves as natural pacemaker Average heart beats 70 - 80 times per minute Beats faster during activity and when stressed Healthy heart more efficient, less likely to suffer damage Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-6 Understanding Your Cardiovascular System Steps in Function Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium Travels to right ventricle Through pulmonary artery to the lungs (receives oxygen) From lungs to left atrium of heart Forced into left ventricle From left ventricle through aorta to all body parts Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-7 Understanding Your Cardiovascular System Figure 11.1: Anatomy of the Heart Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-8 Understanding Your Cardiovascular System The Blood Vessels Arteries carry blood away from the heart, except pulmonary arteries Arteries branch off into smaller blood vessels (arterioles and capillaries) Veins carry blood back to the heart and carry carbon dioxide and waste to the lungs and kidneys Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-9 Types of Cardiovascular Diseases Atherosclerosis Type of arteriosclerosis (general term referring to narrowing and hardening of the arteries) Fatty substances (plaque) in lining of artery may partially or totally block blood flow Occurs gradually Affected by − fluctuations in blood pressure − elevated blood cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose − cigarette smoking Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-10 Types of Cardiovascular Diseases Coronary Heart Disease The major disease of the cardiovascular system Plaque causes a blockage in one or more coronary arteries that impedes blood flow Myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack Brought on by coronary thrombosis Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-11 Types of Cardiovascular Diseases Coronary Heart Disease Angina Pectoris: severe chest pain result of reduced oxygen flow to the heart Ischemia: insufficient blood flow relative to the demand of the tissue which results in a decrease in oxygen Important to know warning signs Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-12 Types of Cardiovascular Diseases Stroke Blood supply to brain is severely reduced of cut off Causes: − thrombus (blood clot) − embolus (a wandering clot) − aneurysm (a weakening in blood vessel that causes it to bulge or burst) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-13  Figure 11.2: Common Blood Vessel Disorders Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-14 Types of Cardiovascular Diseases Hypertension A CVD and a risk factor for CHD and stroke Chronic high blood pressure (140/80 mg or higher) Essential hypertension (most common) or secondary hypertension Systolic pressure and diastolic pressure Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-15 Types of Cardiovascular Diseases Arrhythmia: irregular heartbeat Congestive heart failure: damaged or overworked heart muscle Congenital heart disease: heart disease present at birth Rheumatic heart disease: caused by an unresolved streptococcal infection of the throat Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-16 Controlling Your Risks for Cardiovascular Diseases Risks You Can Control High Blood Pressure Blood Fat and Cholesterol Levels Cigarette Smoking Physical Inactivity Obesity Diabetes Individual Response to Stress Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-17 Controlling Your Risks for Cardiovascular Diseases Risks You Cannot Control Heredity Sex Age Ethnicity Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-18 Women and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors for Heart Disease in Women Premenopausal: unlikely except if there are risk factors: − diabetes − high blood pressure − kidney disease − genetic predisposition to high cholesterol − family history − oral contraceptive use − smoking Post menopause: risk rises rapidly Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-19 Women and Cardiovascular Disease Recognizing Heart Disease in Postmenopausal Women Women’s symptoms often differ from men’s First sign is chest discomfort rather than pain and may be treated too casually by physicians Heart attack symptoms in women: − pain in neck, jaw, or arms − heaviness in shoulders, back, pit of stomach − feeling out of breath, tired, sweating, nausea Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-20 Women and Cardiovascular Disease Reasons that signs may be overlooked: Sex-bias in health care delivery Viewed as a male disease Women decline major procedures more often than men Symptoms are more vague Less aggressive treatment after a heart attack Older age Smaller arteries Increased incidence of post-infarction angina or heart failure Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-21 New Weapons Against Heart Disease Techniques of Diagnosing Heart Disease Electrocardiogram (ECG) Positron emission tomography scan (PET) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Ultrafast computed tomography (CT) Digital cardiac angiography (DCA) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-22 New Weapons Against Heart Disease Angioplasty versus Bypass Surgery Coronary bypass recently questioned in favour of less invasive treatments Angioplasty has fewer risks and may be more effective, although it may need to be repeated Drugs: beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, cholesterol-lowering medications, Aspirin Thrombolysis Injection that dissolves clots and restores some blood flow Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-23 Diabetes: Incidence and Mortality Serious, widespread, costly disease characterized by high levels of blood sugar Rates almost doubled between 1996/97 and 2005; estimated that 4.9% of Canadians have diabetes Type 1: autoimmune disease that destroys the cells that make insulin Type 2: insulin production is deficient or the body is unable to utilize all the available insulin − 90-95% of all diabetes cases − linked to obesity and physical inactivity Gestational: develops during pregnancy but may predispose to later type 2 diabetes Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-24 Diabetes: Incidence and Mortality Understanding Risk Factors Family Age Mothers of babies weighing more than 4 kg African, First Nations, and Inuit heritage Controlling Diabetes Insulin drugs Lifestyle changes: weight, diet, physical activity Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-25 Diabetes: Incidence and Mortality Complications Associated with Diabetes: CVD Eye disease and blindness Kidney disease Amputations Pregnancy complications Flu- and pneumonia-related deaths Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-26 Cancer Incidence and Mortality 171,100 new cases projected for 2009 in Canada 24% of women and 29% of men will die from cancer Mortality from cancer is declining for all males and females under age 70 Lung cancer causes the most cancer deaths Age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and lifestyle affect cancer rates Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-27 Cancer Incidence and Mortality What is Cancer? Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells − neoplasms − malignant and benign tumors − biopsy − metastasis Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-28 Cancer Incidence and Mortality What Causes Cancer? Majority of cancers are preventable through healthier lifestyles and environments Theories: − spontaneous errors during cell reproduction − external agents enter cells and initiate cancerous growth (environmental factors – carcinogens) − oncogenes: suspected cancer-causing genes present on chromosomes Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-29 Cancer Incidence and Mortality Risks for Cancer Lifestyle −anyone can develop cancer but most people are age 55 or over − cancer risk – assessing risk factors − lifetime risk − relative risk Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-30 Cancer Incidence and Mortality Risks for Cancer Smoking − leading cause of preventable death in the world −in Canada, tobacco is responsible for nearly 1 in 5 deaths annually −lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in men and women −smoking is related to many different types of cancer Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-31 Cancer Incidence and Mortality Risks for Cancer Obesity −cancer is more common among people who are obese −cancer risk increases as obesity increases −there is a significant relationship between high body mass index and death rates for certain cancers Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-32 Cancer Incidence and Mortality Risks for Cancer Biologic Factors −genetic predisposition −sex influences types of cancers – e.g. breast cancer Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-33 Cancer Incidence and Mortality Risks for Cancer Occupational and Environment Factors − workplaces account for a small percentage of all cancers − carcinogens include: asbestos, nickel, chromate, benzene, arsenic, & vinyl chloride − certain dyes, radioactive substances and ionizing radiation (e.g. X-rays) Social and Psychological Factors − negative emotional states may contribute to cancer − stress, poor sleep, poor diet, depression Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-34 Cancer Incidence and Mortality Risks for Cancer Chemicals in Food − sodium nitrate – nitrosamines − pesticide and herbicide residues Infectious Diseases − 17% of new cancers worldwide will be attributable to infections − may influence through chronic inflammation, suppression of immune system, or chronic stimulation Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-35 Cancer Incidence and Mortality Risks for Cancer HBV, HCV, and Liver Cancer − viruses such as hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HBC) may stimulate cancer cells in the liver HPV and Cervical Cancer − human papilloma virus (HPV) found in almost 100% of cases − vaccine available for HPV Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-36 Cancer Incidence and Mortality Risks for Cancer Medical Factors −prescription drug used in the 1940’s to 1960’s Diethylstilbestrol (DES) −estrogen replacement therapy −chemotherapy may increase risk of certain cancers Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-37 Cancer Incidence and Mortality Figure 11.4: Suspected Causes of Cancer Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-38 Types of Cancer Classifications of Cancer Carcinomas – epithelial tissues (e.g., breast, lung, intestines, skin, mouth) Sarcomas – mesodermal (middle) layer tissues (e.g., bones, muscles, connective tissue) Lymphomas – lymphatic system Leukemia – blood-forming parts Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-39 Types of Cancer Lung Cancer Symptoms include: persistent cough, chest pain, recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis Only 15% live 5 years beyond diagnosis Prevention − smoking, exposure to smoke, industrial substances, radiation increase risk − researchers theorize: 90% of all lung cancers could be avoided by not smoking − quitting smoking – health improvements almost immediate Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-40 Types of Cancer Breast Cancer Almost 1 in 9 women will develop; risk increases with age Warning signs are persistent breast changes, such as a lump, thickening, swelling, or dimpling Prevention − physical activity − regular self examination & mammography Treatment − mastectomies, lumpectomy, radiation, chemotherapy Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-41  Figure 11.5: Selected Surgical Procedures for Diagnosed Breast Cancer Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-42 Types of Cancer Colorectal Cancers Warning signs: bleeding from rectum, blood in stool, changes in bowel habits Higher risk: people over 40 with family history or inflammatory bowel problems Prostate Cancer Most common cancer in males today; risk increases with age Warning signs: weak or interrupted urine flow and other urine-related difficulties Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-43 Types of Cancer Skin Cancer Most people do not die of common skin cancer but malignant melanoma is a major killer of young women Linked to sunlight exposure Symptoms − unusual skin conditions − ABCDE warning signs of melanoma Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-44 Types of Cancer Testicular Cancer Ages 17-34 at greatest risk Cause is unknown but undescended testicles appear to be greatest risk First sign is often a painless enlargement of testis or thickening of testicular tissue Self examination is important Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-45 Types of Cancer Figure 11.6: Testicular Self-Exam Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-46 Types of Cancer Ovarian Cancer Enlargement of abdomen common sign Prevention − annual pelvic exams (Pap tests); diets lower in saturated fat Uterine Cancer Pap test helps detect cervical cancer Risk factors include: multiple sex partners, smoking, and sexually transmitted infections Warning sign: abnormal bleeding Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-47 Types of Cancer Leukemia Cancer of blood-forming tissues Symptoms: fatigue, paleness, weight loss, easy bruising, repeated infections, nosebleeds Dramatic improvement in survival for lymphocytic leukemia since the 1970’s Oral Cancer Most often on lips, lining of cheeks, gums, and floor of the mouth Tobacco use is most common risk factor Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-48 Facing Cancer Detecting Cancer Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Computerized Axial Tomography scanning (CAT scan) Self-exam and check-ups Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-49 Facing Cancer Figure 11.7: Cancer’s Seven Warning Signs Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-50 Facing Cancer New Hope in Cancer Treatments Surgery to remove tumor Radiotherapy (radiation) Chemotherapy (use of drugs) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-51