Gunjan Paper PDF - History Past Paper

## The Ghazanavids & The Ghoris ### Mahmud’s & Ghaznavid’s achievements - Mahmud’s military tactics often included destroying non-Islamic sites. Some examples are the destruction of the Maratha and the Kesava Deo temple in 1017 CE, and the idol at the Somnath temple in 1025 CE - The Ghaznavids wer...

## The Ghazanavids & The Ghoris ### Mahmud’s & Ghaznavid’s achievements - Mahmud’s military tactics often included destroying non-Islamic sites. Some examples are the destruction of the Maratha and the Kesava Deo temple in 1017 CE, and the idol at the Somnath temple in 1025 CE - The Ghaznavids were not just warriors, they also traded and brought gunpowder, tea, paper, and fine pottery From China to the Subcontinent. They also brought cotton, sugar, spices, and perfumes from the subcontinent to China and Europe ### The Achievements Of GHORI’S - Muhammad of Ghor is remembered as a great general of Muslim and Indian history. - His expedition to India was to expand his influence in the region. - Muhammad of Ghoris attack on northern India in 1191 CE resulted in a defeat at the first Battle of 1191 CE. Some accounts suggest his army surrendered and he escaped. - The next year, Muhammad of Ghor returned and this time was victorious against the Rajputs at the second battle of Tarain 1192 CE. This battle was one of the most decisive in the history of South Asia. ## Rise & Fall of Slave, Khilji & Lodhi Dynasties ### The Rise of Slave - The Mamluk dynasty was a powerful military caste that originated in the Islamic Empire of the Abbasid Caliphs. - The group of official nobility of slaves set up by Iltutmush played a key role in the administration of the Delhi Sultanate, and grew to be powerful enough to hold significant political sway during that time. - Bahram's successor, Ala-ud-din Masud, only held the title of Sultan for four years and was almost powerless to the puppets of some of the Chihalgani. His drinking and bad lifestyle led to his removal. ### The Fall of Mamluk Dynasty - After Balban died, seventeen year old Muiz ud-Din Salquabad became Sultan, ruled 1287-1290 until his chief general Jalal ud-Din Firoz Khilji murdered him and his son and established the Khilji dynasty. ### The Khilji’s Dynasty (1290-1320) ### The Rise of Khilji Dynasty - Jalal ud din Khilji seized power and expanded the empire through military conquests, including in South India under Alla ud din Khilji. The dynasty marked the expansion of the Delhi Sultanate ### The Fall of Khilji Dynasty - After Alla ud-din's death, internal strikes and weak rulers like Qutubuddin Mubarakshah caused instability. Ghazi Malik (Ghiyass ud din Tughlaq) ended the Khilji empire. ### The Lodhi’s Dynasty (1451-1526) ### The Rise of Lodhi Empire - Bahlul Lodhi, the founder, strengthened the Sultanate and extended its control over northern India. His successors, Sikander Lodhi and Ibrahim Lodhi, also attempted to maintain the empire. ### The Fall of Lodhi’s Dynasty - Ibrahim Lodhi’s autocratic rule and conflicts with nobles weakened the dynasty. His defeat by Babur at the Battle of Panipat in 1526 ended the Lodhi Dynasty and led to the establishment of the Mughal Empire. ## The Role of Sufis in the Spread of Islam During the Delhi Sultanate in the Subcontinent. ### Sufism - Sufis are philosophers, preachers, and poets who follow a mystical approach to religion. - Sufis have a more open approach towards searching for and pleasing Allah. - Although their practices may not be compatible with traditional religion, their openness allowed people to gain more access to Islam and convert. ### Key Sufi Scholars - **Ali Bin Usman Hajveri (1009-c.1072/1076)** - He was a writer about the nature of Sufism, an expert in legal matters, and a widely respected thinker - **Moinuddin Chishti (1142-1236 CE)** - A Persian preacher and scholar from the Sistan who travelled to promote the influential Chishti order. - **Bahauddin (c.1170-1262)** - A Sunni scholar and poet who was a Sufi saint, born in Multan, Punjab - **Lal Shahbaz Qalandar (1177-1274)** - A multilingual scholar, poet, and saint who preached religious tolerance, gaining the name “Lal.” - **Baba Farid Shakar Ganj (c 1179-1266 CE)** - A Punjabi Sufi preacher who traveled to Delhi to study under the Sufi Master, Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki. - **Nizamuddin Aulia (1238-1325)** - A Sunni and Sufi Scholar of the Chisti Order. He believed that love was the key to reaching Allah.