National Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy 2020

Global R&D investments amounted to $1.2 trillion in 2009, but India's investment remains below 2.5% of this figure and less than 1% of its GDP.

The goal is to achieve a dramatic increase in India's R&D investment, aiming for the private sector to match the public sector's contribution. Currently, the ratio is about 1:3.

A new national foundation will be established as a collaboration between the government and private entities to allocate substantial resources to innovative and ambitious projects.

The STIP 2020 aims to position India among the top three scientific powers within the next decade, showcasing the nation's ambition and commitment to scientific excellence.

The policy acknowledges the importance of research in science and technology and aims to address societal challenges through scientific solutions. It emphasizes the need for collaboration among R&D institutions, academia, and industry.

The STIP 2020 emphasizes the conversion of research output into tangible societal and commercial applications, replicating successful models and fostering new partnerships.

The policy advocates for the establishment of a robust national innovation system, creating an environment that fosters and promotes innovation across various domains.

The STIP 2020 emphasizes the need to shift mindsets and reward individuals and organizations that create wealth through scientific knowledge, moving beyond traditional metrics.

The first Indian satellite designed for scientific research and observation. It was launched in 1987.

A series of Indian satellites designed for scientific research and observation.

The first Indian lunar probe, launched in 2008, which discovered water molecules on the moon.

India's first interplanetary mission, launched in 2013, making India the first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit.

A series of Indian satellites designed for high-resolution mapping for cartography and military applications.

India's first dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory for astronomical observations. Launched in 2015.

A part of the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) used for providing accurate position information.

An advanced communication satellite launched in 2016 to support telecommunication, broadcasting, and broadband services.

A campaign to teach 80 million people (ages 15-35) basic reading and writing skills. This initiative aimed to educate 10 million people each year by providing resources and teachers, successfully boosting literacy rates.

A plan to boost oilseed production in India by increasing yields by 18 million tons. This goal involved streamlining the marketing system and encouraging farmers to plant more oilseeds.

A development program to enhance telecommunications, particularly in rural areas. This mission focused on improving the quality, accessibility, and reliability of communication services nationwide.

A program to increase dairy production from 44 to 61 million metric tons per year. This mission focused on improving dairy farming practices, technologies, and cooperative networks, resulting in India becoming the world's leading milk producer.

A set of targeted programs aimed at boosting various sectors in India, like literacy, oilseed production, and telecommunications. These missions promote national development, create opportunities, and improve people's lives.

A joint NASA, European Space Agency (ESA), and Italian Space Agency (ASI) mission that explored Saturn and its system from 1997 to 2017. Cassini orbited Saturn, while Huygens landed on its moon Titan in 2005.

Part of NASA's "Great Observatories", it allows scientists to observe celestial objects in X-ray light, providing insights into exotic environments like black holes and supernova remnants. Named after the Nobel Laureate Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.

Small, standardized satellites with dimensions of 10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm and a weight of less than 1.33 kg per unit (U).

Part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program. This rover landed on Mars in 2012 to assess the planet's habitability. It found evidence of ancient lakes and essential ingredients for life.

A planetary defense test conducted in 2022 to demonstrate the use of Kinetic Impactor Technology to alter the trajectory of an asteroid. The DART spacecraft successfully collided with the asteroid Dimorphos, changing its orbit.

A NASA mission that orbited Jupiter from 1989 to 2003, studying its moons and discovering evidence of a subsurface ocean on Europa, making it a potential candidate for harboring life.

NASA's first space-based optical telescope, named after the astronomer Edwin P. Hubble. It has significantly contributed to our understanding of the universe, discovering Pluto's moons, mapping dark matter, and determining the age of the universe.

The largest airborne survey of Earth's polar ice, providing a 3D perspective on the massive ice sheets in the Arctic and Antarctica. It helps scientists track changes in the polar ice.

A program initiated by Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam to make India self-sufficient in missile technology. It aimed to develop five missile systems for defense.

The IGMDP aimed to develop five types of missiles: Prithvi, Agni, Trishul, Akash, and Nag. Each missile served a different purpose and range.

The IGMDP was divided into phases, starting with infrastructure development and training, progressing through development and testing of each missile.

Prithvi is a short-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile. It was the first missile developed under the IGMDP.

The Agni missile is a ballistic missile with different ranges. It is classified as a medium, intermediate or long-range missile.

Trishul is a short-range low-level surface-to-air missile designed to defend against aircraft.

Akash is a medium-range surface-to-air missile. It's used for defending against aircraft and drones.

Nag is a third-generation anti-tank missile. It's designed to destroy tanks and armored vehicles.

A two-stage, solid-propellant missile with a range exceeding 3,500 km, capable of launching from a mobile platform. Notable for incorporating indigenously developed technologies, such as a ring laser gyro and composite rocket motor.

India's first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) with a range over 5,000 km. This three-stage, solid-fueled weapon is capable of carrying a 1.5-ton nuclear warhead, making India one of the few nations with ICBM capability.

A short-range surface-to-air missile designed to counter low-level air threats. Its primary focus is quick reaction and all-weather capability. It incorporates countermeasures against known aircraft jammers.

A medium-range, surface-to-air missile boasting multi-target engagement capabilities. It is equipped with multiple warheads, a high-energy solid propellant system, and ram-rocket propulsion for increased power.

A third-generation, fire-and-forget anti-tank missile with a range of 4-8 km. Developed indigenously, it utilizes advanced sensor fusion technology for precise target guidance and attack.

A supersonic cruise missile developed in joint venture with Russia. Known for its high speed (Mach 2.5-2.8), multi-platform compatibility, and fire-and-forget capabilities, making it a versatile weapon for various missions.

A subsonic cruise missile designed as a supplement to the BrahMos. It can be launched from land, sea, and air platforms, offering a versatile alternative with longer endurance and range.

India's first indigenously developed ballistic missile, part of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. This surface-to-surface missile possesses a range of 150-300 km, high lethality, and field-interchangeable warheads.