Philippine Architecture During Japanese, Chinese, and Malay Periods PDF

PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE DURING JAPANESE, CHINESE AND MALAY PERIOD  THE AUSTRONESIANS - The second ethnic group to arrive in the Philippines....

PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE DURING JAPANESE, CHINESE AND MALAY PERIOD  THE AUSTRONESIANS - The second ethnic group to arrive in the Philippines. - They migrated from the Taiwan area and are credited with introducing farming techniques, and the use of tools like the plow. - Since agriculture was a great bloom in the Philippines, the Austronesians established more permanent settlements. Parts of Austronesian Lean-to Dwelling PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE DURING MALAY SETTLEMENT  PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE DURING MALAY SETTLEMENT Around 3000 BC, early Malay ancestors began migrating to the Philippine islands, forming prominent tribes. Around 2300 years ago, a second wave of Malay migrants arrived, bringing ironworking skills, advanced pottery techniques, and cultivation of rice fields (sawahs), leading to the establishment of thriving settlements from the 1st century until the Spanish arrival in the 16th century.  They introduced the concept of the stilt house. Giving oppurtunity to occupy near bodies of water. Historians believe that skilled Malay seafarers from Indonesia brought sophisticated agricultural and construction methods, contributing to the creation of northern Luzon's impressive rice terraces around 2000 years ago.  BALANGAY BOAT The "vehicle" of migration In 1976, the oldest balangay boat was discovered in the town of Butuan in Mindanao, dating back over 1,000 years. which is now called the “Butuan boat” higher building height introduction of terrace stilts ANCIENT TAGALA-MALAY ARCHITECTURE The Malays brought the concept of simple home building. Architectural Features: - Houses featured steep gables with carabao skull motifs. - Upper gable walls were adorned with brightly colored woven matting. - Homes were raised on stilts approximately six feet above the ground. ANCIENT TAGALA-MALAY ARCHITECTURE Interior Design: - Typically consisted of a single large open hall, with a low partition for the conjugal room. - Minimal window openings for security, allowing wall sections to be drawn down or projected. ANCIENT TAGALA-MALAY ARCHITECTURE Art and Decoration: - Rich decorative designs known as okir featured on structures. - "Maranaw art" included intricate carvings in bamboo, wood, and metal. - The "sarimanok" symbolized cultural heritage, often using vibrant primary and secondary colors. ANCIENT TAGALA-MALAY ARCHITECTURE Datu's House: - Larger than other houses, with a complex roof of four steep gables and a cross-shaped layout. - Decorated with crocodile finials and a ridge pole featuring a carabao skull. - Interior included a central dais for receiving guests, with additional rooms for various household functions. PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE DURING CHINESE SETTLEMENT  HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Chinese architecture has influenced Philippine architecture since the 3rd century, with intensified influence during the 16th century when Chinese communities, particularly the Sangleys (Chinese artisans), settled in places like Binondo, Manila.  HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Feng Shui: Chinese principles such as feng shui (balance, harmony, and auspicious placement) have shaped the orientation and layout of many Philippine buildings.  HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Symmetry & Ornamentation: Chinese design emphasizes symmetry, balance, and intricate ornamentation, which were integrated into Filipino architecture, particularly in colonial-era churches, homes, and public buildings. Chinese Influence in Philippine Architecture: Roof Design: The signature curved roofs seen in colonial structures, like churches and homes, reflect traditional Chinese design. Symbolism: Chinese motifs such as dragons, phoenixes, and flowers were incorporated for protection, prosperity, and good fortune. Chinese Craftsmanship: Chinese artisans contributed significantly to the construction of churches, homes, and fortifications in Intramuros, blending Spanish and Chinese elements into a unique architectural hybrid.  Certain facets of Chinese architecture that are consistent all throughout would be the post and beam wood construction, curved, overhanging eaves, lateral instead of vertical emphasis, ornamentation, and bold coloring.  EXAMPLES OF CHINESE INFLUENCE Cebu Taoist Temple A modern example of Chinese architectural influence in the Philippines, showcasing curved roofs, vibrant colors, and ornate details typical of Chinese pagodas.  EXAMPLES OF CHINESE INFLUENCE Pagodas Several pagoda-style structures in the Philippines reflect the fusion of Chinese design principles with Filipino building techniques.  SHOPHOUSES - are usually found in Chinatowns in almost every major city in the Philippines. - is a building type that is both a commercial as well as a residential place. These types of houses became a household name in the 1950s. There are three distinct designs of a shophouse. These are its site and plan, its verandas, its courtyard and upper floor.  SHOPHOUSES Site plan Usually the site is rectangular and has a narrow frontage and longer depth. Veranda Almost all shophouses have verandas in the front of the house. These verandas have colonnades. Courtyard and upper floor Traditional shophouses have one to three floors and buildings with parallel masonry party walls.  PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE DURING JAPANESE OCCUPATION  JAPANESE OCCUPATION IN THE PHILIPPINES Pre-World War II Philippines had the largest Japanese immigrants in Southeast Asia establishment of Bazaars with branches in Manila, Cebu, and Davao To name a few: Nippon Bazaar, Tokyo Bazaar, Kobe Bazaar, Taisho Bazaar, Sakura Bazaar, and the Osaka Bazaar. MINTAL - barangay in Davao City known as "Little Tokyo" - historically occupied by the Japanese and the Bagobos (an indigenous tribe in Davao during the pre-war period), living harmoniously. - where structures built, resembling the Japanese style of building and construction: efficient, functional and had the standards of good construction methods. OCAMPO PAGODA MANSION (QUIAPO, MANILA) - COMMISSIONED BY JOSE MARIANO OCAMPO ON THE EVE OF JAPANESE INVASION IN THE PHILIPPINES IN 1936 - 1941 - SERVED AS A SHELTER FOR NEIGHBORS DURING THE AIR BATTLES BETWEEN JAPANESE AND AMERICAN PLANES IN WORLD WAR II.  JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE PRE WAR - This pagoda, built by a Filipino who was fascinated by Japanese culture, showcases a unique interpretation of Japanese architectural forms and aesthetics. - Its design incorporates elements like the tiled roof structure and the use of curved lines, reflecting a fusion of Japanese and Filipino architectural traditions. The Ocampo Pagoda Mansion in Quiapo Manila JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE PRE WAR Architectural elements that were introduced by the japanese during their occupation in the Philippines: Local materials and techniques: - Adapted to the Philippine environment by utilizing local materials and building techniques. - Bamboo wood and other readily available resources were utilized JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE PRE WAR - Employed traditional Filipino construction methods. - This influence was particularly prominent in rural areas and vernacular architecture, where traditional building materials and techniques were widely used. Post-and-beam construction technique of Kamieng Bolinget, a third-generation carpenter influenced by the Japanese mission builders of the 1910s JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE PRE WAR Ornamentation: - Japanese floral and geometric motifs were integrated into Philippine architecture, seen in details like window grilles, roof eaves, and decorative panels, adding a unique Japanese touch. Fan-shaped calados of the Festejo- Fernandez House in Santa Lucia, Ilocos Sur are said to be the work of a Japanese carpenter DIPNAYSUPUAN JAPANESE TUNNEL (TUKON HILLS, BATANES) - FROM 1941 TO 1945, JAPANESE SOLDIERS ORDERED LOCAL IVATANS TO CARVE THE TUNNELS OUT OF VOLCANIC ROCKS AND PLASTER ITS WALLS WITH CEMENT. - SERVED AS A LOOKOUT POINT BY THE JAPANESE AGAINST ANY APPROACHING FILIPINO OR AMERICAN UNITS, AS WELL AS THEIR CAMP AND SHELTER.  JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE WAR Japanese – American war -The Japanese invaded the Philippines shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. - They occupied the Philippines, leading to the surrender of American and Filipino forces in 1942. OS , Manila  JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE WAR Simple and functional Design: - Military Structures like barracks and fortifications, were built for practicality and efficiency. - Simple and geometric forms, minimal ornamentation ,and a focus on functionality over aesthetics. - Straight forward construction techniques. JAPANESE FORTRESS. An armory in Barangay Bongbongan I in Sibalom, Antique  JAPANESE WAR ARCHITECTURE Minimalism and Geometric forms: - The Japanese military structures often exhibited a sense of minimalism ,with clean lines and lack of excessive ornamentation - They also tended to blend geometric forms,such as squares,rectangles,and triangles in their design. World War II Japanese Bunker, General Santos City, Mindanao, Philippines