History Of Architecture 4 PDF

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 Ar.Gerald Adane,uap,pia,rmp  PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE A dmix t u re of I ndige nous , ver na cu la r a nd fo re ign a r chit ec t ur e Malayan Muslim Chinese Spanis h...

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 Ar.Gerald Adane,uap,pia,rmp  PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE A dmix t u re of I ndige nous , ver na cu la r a nd fo re ign a r chit ec t ur e Malayan Muslim Chinese Spanis h American Eur opean  POP QUIZ What was considered as the “Early Philippine Shelter” EARLY PHILIPPINE SHELTERS  POP QUIZ Known as the “Cradle of Philippine Civilization” TABON CAVE, PALAWAN TABON CAVE, PALAWAN  POP QUIZ Why is the Tabon Cave considered the “Cradle of Philippine Civilization”. ⚬ The Tabon Caves contain valuable artifacts that depict the lives of the earliest humans to set foot in Palawan, which includes burial jars, wooden tools, and inscriptions on the cave walls. ⚬ The main cave, called Tabon, so named after a megapode bird that digs its nest into the ground. This was the site to first establish the presence of humans in the Philippines during the Pleistocene.  TABON MAN - The oldest human fossil evidence recovered from the Tabon Cave MANUNGGUL JAR S I G N I F I E S T H E B E L I E F O F E A R LY F I L I P I N O S I N L I F E A F T E R D E AT H. T H E U P P E R PA R T O F M A N U N G G U L J A R A S W E L L A S T H E C O V E R I S D E C O R AT E D W I T H CU RVILIN EAR SCROLL DESIGN S A ND PA I N T E D W I T H N AT U R A L I R O N O R H E M AT I T E. O N T O P O F T H E L I D I S A B O AT W I T H T W O HUMAN FIGURES REPRESENTING TWO SOULS ON A JOURNEY TO THE AFTERLIFE.  TAU’T BATU - People occupying the southern part of Palawan continues the primeval practice of living in caves. - The Tau’t Bato mostly live in caves, and the structure of their dwellings depends on condition of the cave  DATAG - It is a basic sleeping platform made from tree branches and dried leaves and is built inside the cave, raised slightly above the ground, with a fireplace in close proximity to provide warmth during the night.  IDJANG - A settlement of early Ivatans, our forefathers, before the arrival of foreigners in the Philippines. These are located in elevated hills difficult to climb.  NOMADISM AND EPHEMERAL A As nomadism entailed constant movement, materials that were portable and demountable were requisites in design and construction. B Ephemeral architecture (short-lived architecture) was one of the first artifacts created by humans. The primitive lifestyle was essentially nomadic, needing a form of temporary shelter that utilized readily available materials with limited investment in time and energy. NOMADISM AND EPHEMERAL LEAN-TO Early Filipinos constructed a wind- sun-and-rain screen anchored by a pole or stick at an angle on the ground. Used by Negritos, Aetas, Dumagats  NOMADISM AND EPHEMERAL LEAN-TO T he L EA N-TO o r PI NA NAH ANG of the Ag ta of Pa la nan i s a bota nic s hiel d agai nst wi nd, s un, and ra in, buil t wit h st rong but l ight branc hes and pa lm f ronds. DA IT -DA IT is t he s im ple winds creen us ed by Ma m anua of nort hea st ern M inda nao when hunt ing. HAWON G of t he P i natubo Area has no li vi ng pla tf orm and is us ual ly cons tr uct ed wi th a r idgepol e s uppor ted by forked s takes or li mbs. I t form s t wo sl oping s i de s wit h one or bot h e nds l eft open.  ARBOREAL SHELTER A Arboreal shelters reinforced the racial stereotypes of post-Darwinian evolutionary concepts as “climbing down from trees”, representing the transition of man from ape to sentient human being B TREE HOUSES are usually found in areas where violent intertribal conflicts and nocturnal raids are frequent. Tree houses are highly elevated to protect families living in isolated communities from the attack of animals and human enemies  TREE HOUSE - Perched on the forked branches of trees, 20, 40 or even 60 feet above ground - Used by Gadangs of Kalinga, Manobos, Mandayas, Moraos, Negritos, Bagobos PRE HISTORIC MEGA STRUCTURES RICE TERRACES A Throughout the Asia -Pacific Region, mountainous terrain, over the centuries, has been shaped into landscapes of terraced pond fields for the cultivation of rice and other crops. B The Rice Terraces of the Cordilleras is a masterpiece of pre-modern engineering and megalithic architecture. BANAUE RICE TERRACES BANAUE RICE TERRACES A T he a mount of s tones us ed by Ifuga o i n const ruc t ing t he sy stem of stone wa ll s, ca nal s, dam s and res er voirs of t he t errac es i s estimated to far exce ed in bu lk t hose use d in Pyramid s or in G reat Wall of China. B It ha s three ( 3) bas i c e lem ents : t he t errac e ba se, t he em bank me nt a nd t he s oil body C T he t errac es were ca rv ed i nt o t he m ount ai nsi de and s pan a bout 10, 360 squa re k m, and t hei r t ota l lengt h is about 2 0,1 00 k m , roughly ha lf t he Ear t h’s c irc umferenc e. DEFINING VERNACULAR A te rm now broadly a ppli ed t o denote ind ige nou s, fo lk, tr ib al, e thnic or t rad itional arch itect ure found a m ong t he di ffe re nt et hno -li nguis t ic com m uni t ies i n t he P hil ippi nes Majo rity of ver nacu lar b uilt fo rms are d we llin gs, wheth er per mane nt or makes hif t , cons tr uct ed by t heir owners or by com muni t ies , whi ch as sem ble t he buil ding resourc es , or by l oca l s pec ia li zed buil ders or c raf t sm en PRIMITIVE, INDIGENOUS, ANONYMOUS, FOLK AND ETHNIC ARCHITECTURE PRIMITIVE ARCHITECTURE em phas izes t he duali st ic di st inc t ion bet ween “ pri ma l”, and “cul t ivat ed”, “ba rbar is m” a nd “c iv il iza ti on” and “ nonwest ern” a nd “west ern” INDIGENOUS ARCHITECTURE a nonform al arc hit ect ure int roduc ed a nd buil t by im mi grant and coloni al ist popul at ion in order to pr iv il ege t hose buil ding form s const ruc te d by the indi ge nes. ANONYMOUS ARCHITECTURE ref lec t s the bia s towards buil dings des ig ne d by nam ed a nd ca nonic arc hit ec ts FOLK ARCHITECTURE is t i nged wit h i s sues of c l as s dif ferentat ion. ETHNIC ARCHITECTURE ref lec t s an exot ic iz at ion of the res idual et hno l ingui st ic ot her by t he dom ina nt cos m opolit an cul ture. PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 1. The builders, whether artisans or those planning to live in the buildings, are nonprofessional architects or engineers; 2. There is consonant adaptation, using natural materials, to the geographical environment 3. The actual process of construction involves intuitive thinking, done without the use of blueprints, and is open to later modifications 4. There is a balance between social/economic functionality and aesthetic features, and; 5. Architectural patterns and styles are subject to protracted evolution of traditional styles specific to an ethnic domain. Ethnic and Regional Ethnic Houses  ETHNIC AND REGIONAL ETHNIC HOUSES M OU NTA IN Coa stal an d In l an d BA H AY KU BO Dwel l i ngs H OU S ES  BAHAY KUBO The word “bah ay ” e volved from the word “ balai ”, a ver nac ular wo rd for ho use. T he word “ kubo ” as t he t ra ns lat ion of t he S pani sh word “ c ubo” whic h pert ai ns to t he c ube – t he hei ght of t he wal ls equa ls it s wi dth. On the cont ra ry : ⚬ ta ga log of “ kobo” - m ount ai n house ⚬ Ka pam pangan “ kubu ”- hut , c abin, lodge ⚬ Ka pam pangan “c ual a” as ta ga log of “dam pa ” hut or hovel – us ual ly owned by peas ant f am il ies.  FEATURES OF BAHAY KUBO O ften sq u are o r rec tan gu la r p la n Med ium to h igh -p itch ed roof Wid e overh an gin g win dows (awn ing t yp e) Lig ht wa lls ab ove st ilts Materia ls: g ra ss h ut , nip a , cogon, b am boo Bu ilt wit hou t n ails: lash in g of rattan or b a mb oo st rips we re u sed n ails (La sh ing o f ra tta n or b am boo st rip we re u sed  STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS Th e Ba h ay -Kub o sta nd s on st ilts 6’ to 14’ h igh a bove t he g roun d for rea son of prote ction again st d am pn ess a nd infe stat ion of vermin a nd sna kes. ⚬ Th e fi rst t o b e e r ec te d ar e t he fou r m ai n p o sts ⚬ Th e po st ar e i n se r te d i n to d e e p h o l es o n th e g r ou n d d u g at 3ft. d e ep ⚬ To p ro vi d e m o re stab i l it y to t h e p o sts, ro cks ar e i n se r te d ar ou n d t h e ar e a w he r e t he e nd o f th e p o st l i e s or m ad e t o r est o n a f l at sl ab ⚬ Wal l s ar e m ad e of n i p a l e ave s o r f l atten e d s pl i t b am b o o a nd ar e w ove n in h e rr i n g b on e patte r n fo r m i n g t he saw al i sl i d i ng  KILO : It is basically a beams or other elements that creates a rigid structure REOSTRA : A longitudinal, horizontal, structural member in a roof except a type of framing with what is called a crown plate PAWID : A plant or its leaves used on the roofs and walls of the house. HIERO LISO : One of the fundamental forms used in metalworking and it can be cut and bent into a variety of shapes SEPO : It can provide lateral support to the wall panel, primarily to resist wind loads HALIGE : A main vertical support in a structure similar to a column or pillar PABALAGBAG : Used to support floors and ceilings GILILAN : The main horizontal support of a structure which supports smaller beams HAMBA : The vertical portion of the door frame onto which a door is secured  PALUPO : The peak of the roof, but ridge also refers to the board or beam BUBONG NA PAWID : A leaf used to cover the roof DINGDING NA PAWID : A leaf used to cover the wall PASAMANO : A ledge or sill forming the bottom part of a window PILARETE : Used to frame walls SOLERA : Serve to provide stiffness to the subfloor sheating, allowing it to function as a horizontal diaphragm PALATPAT : A strong, lightweight and flexible; it has diverse, functional and traditional uses SAHIG : The lower surface of a room, on which one may walk  MOUNTAIN HOUSES Northern and Southern Strains Comp rised o f t he si x prov inces of Abra , Apayao, Be ngue t, If uga o, Kal i nga, a nd M ounta in Provi nce pl us Bag uio. Six et h no -lin gu ist ic grou ps: ⚬ Bontoc, Ib aloi , Ifu ga o, Isn eg (or Ap aya o), Ka lin ga , a nd th e Kan kan a -ey  WILLIAM HENRY SCOTT A renowned scholar on the culture and history of the Filipino people, William Henry Scott (1921-1993) is well known for his major works on precolonial Philippine society and the history of the Cordilleras. He classifies the Cordillera houses into the northern and southern strains. Northern: in the Isneg (Apayao) and Northern Kalinga house Southern: in the Ifugao, Bontoc and Benguet – Fale/Bale, Ibaloi, Kankanai, and Bontoc houses. KALINGA HOUSE  NORTHERN STYLE SOUTHERN STYLE A steep pyramidal or hip roof; A gable roof, sometimes with bowed rafters; A house cage, which among the Ifugao, A three-section, two-level, reed mat floor; and Kankanai, and Ibaloi is the living area, and among the Bontoc and Sagada, a granary Two sets of posts, one; floor-bearing and the other, roof-bearing. The house cage support consisting of four posts carrying two girders, in turn carrying three The space below the floor is not used. beams or joists.  NORTHERN STYLE SOUTHERN STYLE The Kalinga and Isneg houses have lateral platforms which are used as head-rests or In the Bontoc house, levels and clearly defined “pillows” and which provide space for storage. sections exemplify both a practical and ritual Platforms wide enough for sleeping create a organization of space play of levels in the Sagada house. INTERIOR DESIGN NORTHERN STYLE SOUTHERN STYLE NORTHERN STYLE  Isneg (Apayao Region) BINURON HOUSE Appears to have been influenced by boat design Roof : resembles inverted hull; gable type; half-section of bamboo laid on like shingles or thatch 15 post : 8 inner posts support the floor 6 posts support the roof 1 post (“atobtobo”) support the end of the ridge “tarakip” : an annex attached to one or both end of the ridge The Isneg house is about 8.00 m. long, 4.00 m. wide, and 5.50 m. high from ground level to the roof ridge The binuron house rests on a total of 15 posts, which are visible, the floor being about 1.20 m. above the ground. The slanting wooden walls on the sides are about 1.50 m. high from floor to eaves. The main section of the house has a gable roof and is about 6.50 m. long  (Upper Kalinga) BINAYON OR FINARYON HOUSE An octagonal (8 sides) house combines four (4) posts two (2) girders- three (3) joists support of the southern strain with the floor and roof construction of the northern strain. The space under the floor is not used. The octagonal form is not clearly pronounced in the wooden and bamboo walls. The octagonal house is about 6.00 m. long and 5.20 m. wide. The floor of the living quarters is 1.20 m. above the ground. The height from the ground to the roof ridge is about 4.50 m. The floor area is divided into one wide middle section (“dattagon”) and slightly narrow elevated side sections (“sipi”) “kinimpal” : roof system using several layers of bamboo  BATANES IVATAN HOUSE The dwellings are designed and built not only to withstand the battering of the most severe of storms, sea sprays, gust and rains, they are also built to overcome devastating earthquakes. With the knowledge of lime processing for buildings, the Ivatans are able to construct their more familiar house made of stone and mortar, known as the CAL Y CANTO SINADUMPARAN or MAYTUAB ⚬ One storey house with partially submerged basement used as storage depending on roof configuration.  BATANES IVATAN HOUSE RAKUH ⚬ Two storey house with very thick stone and lime masonry are topped with a gable or hip roof, an elaborately crafted truss system with combination of bamboo, reed, rattan and cogon thatch, called vuchid, sharply slopes down and is heavily fastened onto a ceiling. ⚬ Covered with roof net (panpe) as protection against violent winds and string rains. SOUTHERN STYLE  IFUGAO FALE / BALE HOUSE Three-level structure : stone pavement, house cage and roof Posts : shoulder height, support only the girders 3-level structure: floor/stone pavement, house cage , roof 3-level space within the house: the floor, the shelf, and the loft (granary) ⚬ walls: slaut outward ⚬ with ratguard (halipan): thin cylinders placed on the posts ⚬ roof: thatched, pyramidal, extends up to floor level ⚬ basket under second level ⚬ detachable stairs ⚬ slaughtered carabao and human heads displayed on front of their house ⚬ doors can be remain open ⚬ “hagabi” : bench under their house for socialization  BENGUET KANKANA-EY ⚬ BINANGIYAN, traditional house of Kankana-ey ⚬ The Kankana-ey house: ￭ a high, steep, hipped roof with the ridge parallel to the front. ￭ The roof drops, to about 1.50 m. above the ground, thereby concealing the house cage. ￭ The roof rests on the upper frame of the house cage, and the house cage in turn rests on a three joists-on-two girders-on-four posts structure. ￭ Under the house cage, broad planks laid slightly above ground level form a spacious platform that extends to the line of the eaves.  BONTOC FAYU HOUSE ￭ “Bontoc” is derived from the two morphemes “bun” (heap) and “tuk” (top), which, taken together, means “mountains.” ￭ The term “Bontoc” now refers to the people of the present Mountain Province, its capital, the people’s culture, and their principal language. ￭ FAYU HOUSE : basic form is like the ifugao house except that the quarters are on ground level and the house cage serves as the granary walls : up to waist level, leaving a continuous opening protected by the eaves “falig” : granary for richer people adjacent to their house has a lot of sections having specific names for its area is quite bigger