UCSP Desk Research on Social Stratification PDF

Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region VIII - EASTERN VISAYAS SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BAYBAY CITY BAYBAY CITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL BAYBAY CITY, LEYTE UCSP Desk Rese...

Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region VIII - EASTERN VISAYAS SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BAYBAY CITY BAYBAY CITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL BAYBAY CITY, LEYTE UCSP Desk Research Concept, Characteristics and Forms of Stratification Systems Date of Issuance : October 1, 2024 Date Due : October 9, 2024 Learning Facilitator : Eleazer D. Loreto Jr. Name of Student : Sheena A. Solatar Charlene F. Salas Chariz Angel Anne D. Tadlan Mary Den P. Balbarino Samuela Jagunos Mary Jean Bation Johannah Lene T. Molina John David P. Amarado Andry P. Alberca Narrie P. Basa Jomari M. Pernites Section : MAXWELL SOCIAL STRATIFICATION Human difference exist among members of the society on the basis of age, sex or gender; intelligence and physical characteristics, such as body- build and appearance, race or ethnic group, birth or family name, SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IS A FORMAL education and power and prestige. OR INFORMAL SYSTEM IN SOCIETY These differences resulted in social WHICH RANKS SOME OVER OTHERS ON THE BASIS OF CLASS, RACE, inequalities and opportunities in the GENDER, RELIGION, AND OTHER acquisition and allocation of material CHARACTERISTICS. and abstract rewards in the society. The ranking of people is the essence of stratification: the Such inequalities have been carried on division of society into larger categories or strata of people who have unequal amounts of scarce but desirable from generation to generation and resources of rewards. (Light, 1985) Panopio (1989) shall persist in the society unless defines social stratification as the hierarchical human interventions are made to arrangement and establishment of social categories that may evolve into social groups together with statuses and eliminate or somehow reduce them to their corresponding roles. The elements have varying effect a more or less equal distribution ranks of superiority and inferiority. of wealth, power or prestige. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IS DISTINGUISHED FROM SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION Stratification implies the separation and categorization of people in society based on their rank. At the same time, differentiation is the categorization of social groups and people based on their biological, cultural, and physiological characteristics. Under stratification, we can have general differentiation terms such as aristocrats and commoners, while under differentiation, the differentiating factors become so personal such as black, white, Indian, Muslim, and Christian.  UCSP INDICATORS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATIONS Education, occupation and income are the most frequently used indicators of social stratification. Their comparative measurement – both between countries and between times – is vexed with methodological problems. Sociologists use the term social stratification to describe the system of social standing. Social stratification refers to a society's categorization of its people into rankings based on factors like wealth, income, education, family background, and power. For example, a person who comes from a wealthy background, has a college education, and holds some level of influence is placed in a higher rank than someone with a blue-collar occupation. SOURCES OF INCOME ARIOLA (2012) PROVIDES A INHERITED WEALTH PROFESSIONAL FEES COMPREHENSIVE This refers to wealth acquired at Income earned by professionals FRAMEWORK birth, often through family for their services. inheritance, without personal FOR effort. UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL STRATIFICATION, HIGHLIGHTING SALARIES Fixed income received for SIX KEY EARNED WEALTH regular employment. DIMENSIONS This is wealth accumulated through personal effort, including income THAT INFLUENCE from work, investments, entrepreneurial ventures. or AN INDIVIDUAL'S SOCIAL STANDING WAGES Income earned for hourly work. PROFITS Income generated from business ventures. PRIVATE RELIEF Financial assistance received from private sources.. OCCUPATION PROFESSIONALS Individuals with specialized knowledge and training, often requiring higher education. SKILLED WORKERS Individuals with specialized skills and training in a particular trade. NON-PROFESSIONALS Individuals employed in various roles, including clerical, service, and manual labor. SEMI-SKILLED WORKERS Individuals with some specialized skills but requiring less training than skilled workers. PROPRIETORS OF SMALL BUSINESSES Individuals who own and operate their own businesses. UNSKILLED WORKERS Individuals with minimal specialized skills, often performing manual labor. EDUCATION MASTERAL OR DOCTORAL DEGREE HOLDER Individuals with advanced degrees, often associated with higher prestige and earning potential. HIGH-SCHOOL GRADUATE Individuals with a high school diploma, representing a basic level of education. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL DROP-OUT Individuals who did not complete elementary education, often associated with limited opportunities. COLLEGE GRADUATE Individuals with a bachelor's degree, indicating a higher level of education. Page 6 TYPES OF HOUSE DWELLINGS PERMANENT HOUSE (CONCRETE AND EXCELLENT IN APPEARANCE) Indicates a higher level of economic stability and social status. SEMI-PERMANENT HOUSE (SEMI-CONCRETE AND VERY GOOD IN APPEARANCE AND CONSTRUCTION) Represents a moderate level of economic stability. TEMPORARY HOUSE (WOOD AND FAIR IN APPEARANCE AND CONSTRUCTION) Suggests a lower level of economic stability and social status. POORLY CONSTRUCTED HOUSE (HOUSES FOUND IN SQUATTER AREAS, OR THOSE CONSIDERED BELOW-THE-BRIDGE HOUSES) Indicates a very low level of economic stability and social status. Page 6 LOCATION OF RESIDENCE FORBES PARK, WHITE PLAINS Prestigious and affluent neighborhoods, often associated with high social status. SQUATTER AREA Areas with informal settlements, often associated with poverty and lower social status. MOUNTAINOUS-RUGGED AREA Areas with challenging terrain, often associated with lower economic development and social status. SUBDIVISION AND NON-SUBDIVISION AREA Indicates varying levels of economic development and social status. Page 6 KINSHP OR FAMILY AYALA'S, SORIANO'S, ZOBEL'S, VILLAR'S Prominent families in the Philippines, often associated with wealth and high social status. CHILDREN OF SULTANS AND DATUS Individuals from traditional ruling families, often associated with wealth and prestige. FAMILIES FROM SQUATTER AREAS Individuals from low-income communities, often associated with poverty and lower social status. Types of Social Stratification OPENED SYSTEM The social class structure is an open system, meaning that individuals can move up or down the class ladder based on their achievements and opportunities. This system encourages people to strive for success and improvement. People within a social class tend to share similar lifestyles, attitudes, behaviors, and socioeconomic positions. However, social mobility allows for interaction and movement between different classes. Individuals can change their class through UPPER CLASS This class is factors such as characterized by wealth, intermarriage, education, privilege, and significant career advancements, or influence. economic opportunities. The belief in equal opportunity suggests that everyone has a fair Middle Class chance to succeed, This class is divided into two tiers. regardless of their background. However, individual effort and circumstances play a significant role in determining whether Lower Class someone can This class is defined by poverty, homelessness, and unemployment. improve their social standing.  CLOSED SYSTEM There’s a little or no possibility of moving from one social class to another. Social position is mainly shaped by birth rather than one's achievements which means that individuals tend to stay in the class where they were born. They don’t allow connection between levels. CATEGORIES: DALITS (UNTOUCHABLE) Street Sweepers, Latrine Cleaners CASTE SHUDRAS Commoners, Peasants, Servants SYSTEM VAISHYAS Artisants, Merchants, Tradesmen, Farmers System of inherited inequality where ascribed characteristics determine KSHATRITAS an individual's social position and Warriors, Administrators, Rulers opportunities. The opportunities that individuals can get heavily depends on the BHRAMIS Caste system has family they were born into. Each individual Priests, Academics existed in some form is expected to get a job and be married in India for at least within their caste. Interaction among the 3,000 years; it caste is very little because it’s controlled by consisted of four well known a specific set of regulations especially for categories: Brahmins, people who are in the lower level, as Kshatritas, Vaishyas, maintaining these divisions is believed to Shudras preserve social order.  ESTATE SYSTEM Divides people into distinct and hereditary categories, often tied to land ownership and specific duties or privileges. It’s typically divided into three estates: clergy, nobility and peasants. This system represents a concentration of land control by a small elite, with peasants working the land for the benefit of the landowners. Individuals generally remain in their assigned estate throughout their lives; however, in rare cases, social mobility can occur, allowing some people to change their status. Like the caste system, position in an estate system is determined at birth. The 1st estate estates represented a wide The Clergy division of labor and have People who definite functions. The nobility worked in the Church were appointed to defend all, the clergy to pray for all and the peasants to provide food for all. 2nd estate The Nobility This system was The king and queen, nobles of the sword: princess of royal blood, dukes, common in marquises, counts, viscounts, barons, knights, Europe and Asia and nobles of the robe. during the Middle Ages and into the 1800s. 3rd estate Everyone Else Includes lawyers, doctors, businessmen, merchants, soldiers, craftsmen, shopkeepers, peasants ETHNIC SYSTEM Ethnic groups are lively Ethnic groups can have communities connected by traditional leaders or engage in shared cultural identities, wider political systems, including language, religion, reflecting their unique values traditions, and values that set and priorities. Their economic them apart from one another. activities often include Members often share common communal practices, like ancestry and stories from their shared land or traditional past, which create a strong crafts, which help reinforce sense of belonging and unity. "Ethnicity should their cultural identity. Religion Within these groups, there are enrich us; it should is important for maintaining clear social structures and make us as a unique continuity, with shared beliefs roles based on family ties, and rituals that celebrate their people in our diversity guiding how people relate to heritage and strengthen and not be used to each other and fulfill their connections among members. responsibilities. divide us " Additionally, they work to keep their uniqueness even as they adapt to a changing world. While differences can sometimes cause conflicts, they can also lead to cooperation, helping groups get along with each other. Symbols like flags, music, and ceremonies express shared values and histories, enriching the group’s identity. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND SOCIAL MOBILITY S Social mobility refers to the ability of individuals to move within the social hierarchy, shifting from one social position to another. This shift represents a change in social status. All societies offer some opportunity for social mobility, however they vary in the extent to which individuals can shift between different social classes or status levels. Hence, people continue to experience upward or downward movement in their social standing depending on various social factors. This movement is known as "social mobility". For example, a factory worker may become a successful entrepreneur, a waitress may become a well-known chef, and a janitor may become a company director. Meanwhile, a wealthy business owner may experience a financial collapse, a high-profile investor may run out of funds and so on..  KINDS OF MOBILITY SOCIAL MOBILITY Movement of individuals, families, or groups through a system of social hierarchy or stratification. If such mobility involves a change in position, especially in occupation, but no change in social class, it is called “horizontal mobility.” An example would be a person who moves from a managerial position in one company to a similar position in another. If, however, the move involves a change in social class, it is called “vertical mobility” and involves either “upward mobility” or “downward mobility.” An industrial worker who becomes a wealthy businessman moves upward in the class system; a landed aristocrat who loses everything in a revolution moves downward in the system. Geographic Mobility The measure of how populations and goods move over time. Geographic mobility, population mobility, or more simply mobility is also a statistic that measures migration within a population. Commonly used in demography and human geography, it may also be used to describe the movement of animals between populations. These moves can be as large scale as international migrations or as small as regional commuting arrangements. Geographic mobility has a large impact on many sociological factors in a community and is a current topic of academic research. It varies between different regions depending on both formal policies and established social norms, and has different effects and responses in different societies. Role Mobility The movement of employees within an organization to new career and development opportunities. Also known as talent mobility or career mobility, it involves moving an employee to another internal role, either vertically or laterally. The move might be permanent, as with a promotion, or temporary, as with a gig or sprint project. Role mobility enables recruitment teams to find the best person for the role right within the business. But it also improves employee growth, enabling employees to advance their career, develop new skills, and try new experiences. By encouraging employees to move internally, businesses support increased employee engagement and decreased employee turnover. While external hiring will always be necessary to some extent, a focus on internal recruitment creates a happier, healthier organization. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE & ANALYSIS of SOCIAL STRATIFICATION Social stratification can be examined from different sociological perspectives—structural- functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. The functionalist perspective states that systems exist in society for good reasons. Theoretical Perspective Major Assumptions/Analysis Stratification is necessary to induce people with special intelligence, knowledge, and skills to enter the most Structural - Functionalism important occupations. For this reason, stratification is necessary and inevitable. Stratification results from lack of opportunity and from Conflict discrimination and prejudice against the poor, women, and people of color. It is neither necessary nor inevitable. Stratification affects people’s beliefs, lifestyles, Symbolic - Interactionism daily interaction, and conceptions of themselves. In sociology, the functionalist perspective examines how society’s parts operate. It is a macro analytical view that focuses on the way that all aspects of society are integral to the continued health and viability of the whole. In functionalist theory, social institutions consist of the many aspects of a society and are designed to accomplish different functions. According to functionalism, an institution only exists because it serves a vital role in the functioning of society. If it no longer serves a role, an institution will die away (Crossman, 2024). Structural Functionalism recognizes that all societies maintain some form of social stratification, and therefore, social stratification must have important functional consequences. According to Davis & Moore (1945), different aspects of society exist because they serve a needed purpose. They argued that the greater the functional importance of a social role, the greater must be the reward. The theory posits that social stratification represents the inherently unequal value of different work. Certain tasks in society are more valuable than others. Qualified people who fill those positions must be rewarded more than others. Theoretical Perspective & Analysis of Social Stratification Conflict theory focuses on the creation and reproduction of inequality. Conflict theorists are deeply critical of social stratification, asserting that it benefits only some people, not all of society. C Conflict theory’s explanation of stratification draws on Karl Marx’s view of class societies and incorporates the critique of the functionalist view mentioned above. Marx’s Symbolic Interactionism is a version of conflict theory focused on the theoretical framework in sociology conflict between two primary classes within that describes how societies are capitalist society: the ruling capitalist class (or bourgeoisie), who own the means of created and maintained through the production, and the working class (or repeated actions of individuals (Carter proletariat), whose alienated labor the and Fuller, 2015). bourgeoisie exploit to produce a profit. Symbolic-interactionism is a theory that uses everyday interactions of individuals to explain society as a whole. Symbolic Conflict is endemic to social relations, interactionism examines stratification from a micro-level according to Marxism, because of the belief perspective. This analysis strives to explain how people’s social standing affects their everyday interactions. Consistent with its that society is based upon class relations and micro orientation, symbolic interactionism tries to understand that those from different class groups have stratification by looking at people’s interaction and opposing interests (Nickerson, 2023). Many understandings in their daily lives. Unlike the functionalist and conflict views, it does not try to explain why we have to different explanations grounded in conflict stratification in the first place. Rather, it examines the differences theory exist, but they all assume that that stratification makes for people’s lifestyles and their stratification stems from a fundamental interaction with other people. In most communities, people conflict between the needs and interests of interact primarily with others who share the same social standing. It is precisely because of social stratification that people tend to the powerful, or “haves,” in society and those live, work, and associate with others like themselves, people who of the weak, or “have-nots” (Kerbo, 2009). share their same income level, educational background, or racial The former take advantage of their position background, and even tastes in food, music, and clothing. The built-in system of social stratification groups people together. This at the top of society to stay at the top, even is one of the reasons why it was rare for a royal prince like if it means oppressing those at the bottom. At England’s Prince William to marry a commoner. Symbolic a minimum, they can heavily influence the interactionists also note that people’s appearance reflects their perceived social standing. Housing, clothing, and transportation law, the media, and other institutions in a way indicate social status, as do hairstyles, taste in accessories, and that maintains society’s class structure. personal style. REFERENCES Welcome to the Dr. Nestor Rodriguez’s Introduction to Sociology webpage. (n.d.). https://www.uh.edu/~nestor/lecturenotes/unit3lecture4.html#:~:text=In%20 a%20closed%20system%20of,based%20on%20a%20group%20characteristi c. Simply Psychology. (2024, February 13). Social Stratification: Definition, Types & Examples. https://www.simplypsychology.org/social-stratification- definition-types-examples.html Libretexts. (2021, February 20). 8.1C: Caste Systems. Social Sci LibreTexts. https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociology/Introduction_to_Socio logy/Sociology_(Boundless)/08%3A_Global_Stratification_and_Inequality/8.0 1%3A_Systems_of_Stratification/8.1C%3A_Caste_Systems 7.1 Systems of Stratification – Exploring our social world: The Story of us. (n.d.). https://pb.openlcc.net/socl120oer/chapter/7-1-systems-of- stratification/#:~:text=Estate%20System%20of%20Stratification%20– %20a,as%20education%2C%20income%20and%20health.  REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION REGION VIII – EASTERN VISAYAS SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BAYBAY CITY BAYBAY CITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL BAYBAY CITY, LEYTE Desk Research C SP U Ways to Address Local, National, and Global Inequalities Date of Issuance: October 1, 2024 Date Due: October 24, 2024 Learning Facilitator: Eleazer D. Loreto Jr. Name of Student: Samantha Monique V. Villacarta Section: 12-STEM Maxwell  e s k R e s e arch D UCSP WAYS TO ADDRESS LOCAL, NATIONAL, AND GLOBAL INEQUALITIES Specific Objectives A Social social inequalities inequalities according to Karl Marx refer to the a) Identify social existence and distribution of uneven opportunities, inequalities at the resources, rights, and privileges among individuals or local, national, groups. The usual factors of this diversity are people’s and global levels. class, gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, education and income. Social inequalities manifest in various aspects b) Propose of life including access to education, public goods and solutions to services, healthcare, employment, adequate housing, social address these power, judicial system, transportation, credit, and financial inequalities at services such as banking. Social inequality can lead to social each level: stratification, where certain groups or individuals are Local systematically favored. For instance, some individuals may National have better access to quality education and are being Global prioritized simply due to their wealth, while others face disadvantages resulting from systematic discrimination or poverty. Discover Social inequality refers to the unequal distribution of power, privilege, and resources among individuals and groups in a society. It is a condition of unequal access to rights and benefits of society. Social inequality is a result of unfair inter-social treatments such as biases and prejudices towards individuals. Social Inequality can be broken down into two types: direct and indirect.  Direct Social Inequality Indirect Social Inequality Is a purposeful act of unfairness that occurs when unfair treatment of a group can be observed both in the (or groups) is not the explicit purpose of a community and in the government policy or action, but still results in social capacities. It can be actions such as inequality. taking away resources, preventing opportunities, and taking away some Ex: Legislation that eliminates or limits early rights towards a group (or groups). and mail-in voting or requires photo ID are presented as measures to prevent voter Ex: Segregation based upon race and fraud. However, these laws can prejudice towards minorities disproportionately affect people who are unable to vote in person or only on Election Day, such as students, the elderly, and those who cannot afford to take time off work or accessing transportation to reach polling stations. Access to Social, Global, and Symbolic Inequalities In sociology, ‘capital’ is a term used to refer to a person or group’s accumulated status within a stratified society. High amounts of capital indicate a person’s elevated social status and power in society, while low accumulated capital can indicate a person’s inability to achieve social mobility. Capital in sociology has two essential features: It can be accumulated. Any form of capital can be converted to any other form.  Social Capital Social capital refers to a positive product of human interaction. The positive outcome may be tangible or intangible and may Key include favors, useful Components information, innovative ideas, and future opportunities. Social a) Networks capital is not held by an b) Norms c) sanctions individual but appears in the potential between social network connection between individuals. It allows a group of people to function together as a whole effectively and achieve a common purpose or goal. It benefits society as a whole through social relationships and shared identity, norms, values, and trust. TYPES OF SOCIAL CAPITAL BONDING BRIDGING LINKING Bonding is the social Bridging is the social capital Linking is the social capital capital generated during generated during interactions generated during interactions interactions between between different groups of between an individual or a people who are within people that helps to create community on the one hand the same groups and new contacts. and the government or social circles. elected officials on the other. Political capital refers to the power and influence of communities and groups Political Capital that are organized around strong relationships and associations. A community’s capacity to influence the allocation and availability of resources is called political capital. It can also be defined as the sum total of relationships, leverage, and resources, that can be mobilized to influence politics. Political capital may be invested in politicians or their constituents, may take the form of reputation, goodwill, or influence.  Key Components Key components involved in political capital are influence, power, and mobilization. Influence refers to the ability to sway decisions and opinions within political contexts. Power encompasses the authority and resources to enact change or implement policies. Mobilization involves the capacity to organize individuals or groups to take action in support of specific causes or political objectives. Examples ADVOCACY GROUPS An environmental organization that lobbies for policy changes at the local or national level, leveraging connections to influence legislators. POLITICAL CAMPAIGN A candidate who builds strong ties with community leaders to mobilize voters and gain support, demonstrating their influence in the political landscape. Symbolic Capital Symbolic capital is the value inherent in symbols or symbolic actions, most often taking the form of prestige or honor. For instance, popular athletes, decorated soldiers, or national heroes possess symbolic capital that enables them to command respect in their societies. Sociologist Pierre Bourdieu defined symbolic capital as the status, esteem, and recognition that a person or group gains within a culture. One important source of influence in society is symbolic wealth. It can be amassed by performing honorable and respectful social duties, such as participating in wars, and it can be utilized to one's benefit. "Symbolic violence" occurs when someone who possesses a lot of symbolic capital uses it against someone who doesn't.  Examples AWARDS AND HONORS An artist receiving a prestigious award, which enhances their reputation and status within the art community. EDUCATIONAL CREDENTIALS A graduate from a well-respected university who gains recognition and opportunities based on their degree, signifying prestige and legitimacy in their field. Gender Inequality Gender inequality is the social phenomenon where individuals are not treated equally based on gender. It arises from social interactions along with biological differences such as chromosomes, brain structure, differences, and hormones. This inequality leads to unequal access to rights, resources, and opportunities for individuals of different genders, including men, women, and those with other gender identities. Gender-based discrimination violates fundamental human rights, resulting in imbalances in power and perpetuating disparities in how individuals experience social, economic, and political life.  The origin The roots of gender inequality lie in deeply embedded social norms and power structures that sustain unequal treatment. Gender inequality compounds the difficulties experienced by marginalized individuals, underscoring its significance as a pressing concern. Addressing gender inequality is essential for promoting social justice and achieving true equality for all, regardless of their gender identity. The three primary gender inequalities are evident in 1. Workplace: 2. Education 3. Health: Gender inequality is evident in the System: In terms of health, women tend to live workplace, particularly in the form of the Gender inequality is longer than men, yet gender pay gap. observed in university they often experience According to the subjects, gendered more health issues. National Statistics curricula, and shifts in Access to healthcare Office, the gender pay attitudes within the also varies across gap has increased to education system. genders. 7.9% as of April 2021, compared to 7.0% in 2020. Examples of Gender Inequality  01 In certain regions, 02 The LGBT 03 women receive community has Transgender and lower pay historically faced gender-diverse compared to men discrimination due people face more based on to not conforming discrimination. perceived to traditional differences in gender norms. sexuality and biology. 04 05 Globally, boys are often encouraged to pursue Gender inequality may education and prepare for prevent girls in some careers, while girls bear the areas from accessing brunt of household education, thereby responsibilities, hindering limiting their personal their access to education and professional and increasing the prospects. likelihood of early marriage and pregnancy. Ethnic Minorities The Maasai people of East Africa follow semi- nomadic pastoralism, live off livestock, and maintain deep cultural ties to their land. The Maasai Tribe  The Ifugao people, famously known for their rich cultural heritage and the 8th world wonder: the Banaue Rice Terraces. The Ifugao Tribe Groups that differ culturally, Ethnic minorities often experience discrimination linguistically, or religiously from the in terms of limited access to education, dominant population in a region. These employment, and healthcare, which significantly groups, which usually live in rural or lessens their opportunities to succeed. For remote areas, tend to preserve their instance, a study in the Philippines revealed cultural practices distinct from urban and significant disparities in access to basic services technologically driven lifestyles. Due to among various ethnic groups and regions. Many their different lifestyles, ethnic minorities communities, especially in rural areas, encounter are often unfairly labeled as "backward" challenges in accessing safe water, proper or "uncivilized." Thus, many people sanitation facilities, and electricity. Moreover, the mistakenly believe that they lack constant pressure to assimilate into dominant knowledge or are unable to engage in cultures leads to Cultural Erosion, which entails modern society, based solely on their the gradual decline or disappearance of a traditional ways of living. culture's practices, beliefs, and identity.  Other Minorities Smaller or marginalized communities within a larger population. It can include individuals who face social, economic, or political challenges due to systemic barriers. People with disabilities, members of minority religions, elderly populations, members of the LGBTQ+ community, and ethnic groups that do not belong to the dominant racial or cultural majority are a few examples of these groups. For example, persons with disabilities, also known as Persons with Disabilities Minority groups are composed of (PWDs), may have chronic illnesses related to less-dominant classifications in their physical, mental, intellectual, or sensory society that experience systems. These disabilities can make it more disproportionately lower difficult for them to fully participate in social opportunities than activities, work, and education, among other their dominant counterparts. aspects of life, when paired with cultural barriers. It aligns with the UNCRPD (United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities) definition. Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) LGBTQ+ Communities - LGBTQ+ individuals - People with disabilities often face discrimination in many areas of experience inequalities due to life, including legal rights, healthcare, societal prejudice, education, and employment. This can result discrimination, and a lack of in unequal treatment, limiting their access accessibility in many aspects of to essential services and opportunities life, including school, others take for granted. In some cases, this employment, and healthcare. discrimination leads to harassment, Many venues and services do exclusion, and even violence, creating an not cater to their needs, making unsafe environment for LGBTQ+ people in it difficult for them to fully many parts of the world. The ongoing engage in society. This can lead struggle for equal rights and protection to fewer career options and a highlights the significant challenges the lesser probability of obtaining a community still faces despite growing good education, resulting in awareness and acceptance in certain poverty. Furthermore, laws regions. intended to defend their rights are not always fully enforced, so these hurdles remain, making it more difficult for them to overcome inequity. Example: - People with disabilities frequently encounter unequal access to education, as many schools lack the necessary resources and inclusive programs to support their needs, limiting their opportunities for learning and development. Elderly Population - Older adults often face inequality due to ageism, limited access to adequate healthcare, economic insecurity, and social isolation. Age discrimination can marginalize them, while inadequate healthcare systems make it difficult to receive necessary medical attention, especially in countries with weak social safety nets. Economic insecurity, due to insufficient pensions or savings, often exacerbates their vulnerability. Furthermore, social isolation, resulting from the loss of loved ones and shrinking social circles, can negatively impact both their mental and physical health, deepening the challenges they face as they age.  Global inequalities Global inequality highlights the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and power among individuals, often favoring wealthier nations and constraining opportunities for those in poorer or less powerful regions. This phenomenon reflects the complex interactions and power imbalances present in international relations. These inequalities are evident in the access to economic, technological, and social development. Global inequality explores the power dynamics between state and non-state actors within the global community, as entities shape the distribution of resources, power, and influence across nations. Two types of actors involved in international relations: Non-State Actor: Non-state actors are any organizations or groups that have significant economic, political, or social influence but are not officially affiliated with or representing any government. Despite lacking official government endorsement or support, these entities can wield considerable influence over international affairs. State Actor: State actors are institutions that represent a government. They have the formal backing of a sovereign state to carry out their desired actions and implement the function of the government.  Comparison of State and Non-state Actors Characteristics State Actors Non-State Actors Civilian/Military/Dicta Typically no Type/Form of Government torship government Not defined/no specific Mechanisms of Interaction Ambassadors/Diplom organizational with other countries ats hierarchy Implemented in Crisis War/Conflict Terrorism/insurgency China, North Korea, Islamic, Examples India fundamentalists groups Addressing Global Inequalities Property ownership and inclusiveness of the lower An inclusive partnership across class. nations focusing on technological advancements and innovations. Redesign tax schemes to guarantee lower taxes for the Monitoring and stopping labor poor. abuse through higher wages, fewer work hours, bonuses, health benefits, and non- contractualization. Monitoring and preventing labor abuse through measures such as higher wages, reduced work hours, bonuses, health benefits, and non-contractualization.  International inequalities International inequality refers to the The implications of international significant disparities in wealth, resources, inequality are widespread as it leads and opportunities between countries. It to global instability, challenged impacts the economic, social, and political development towards sustainability, dimensions as high-income nations often and increased human rights violations. enjoy greater access to quality education, As wealth and power concentrate in a healthcare, and political stability compared few nations, poorer countries face to low-income countries which struggle hurdles in improving living standards with poverty, limited resources, and and accessing opportunities, inadequate governance. This inequality is highlighting the urgent need for highlighted by historical factors like cooperative efforts to address these colonialism, wealth centered- economic disparities and promote equitable systems, and disadvantages in geographical development. landmarks. ANALYZING Social Inequalities Social inequalities refer to the uneven distribution of resources and opportunities among different groups in society, often based on factors like income, race, gender, and education. These inequalities can be seen in various aspects of life, such as access to quality healthcare, education, jobs, and even basic rights. For example, wealthier individuals may have better access to top-tier education and healthcare, while people from lower-income families might struggle to receive the same opportunities. By examining these patterns, we can understand how society is structured and why some groups face more disadvantages than others.  Studying social inequalities helps us identify the root causes of these differences and think critically about how they can be reduced or eliminated. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for building a fairer society where everyone has equal access to opportunities, regardless of their background. As students, learning about these issues empowers us to become informed citizens who can advocate for social change and work towards solutions that promote equality for all. Examples of Social Inequalities 1. Income Inequality: In many countries, there is a significant gap between the rich and the poor. People with higher incomes have more access to resources like healthcare, education, and housing, while those with lower incomes may struggle to meet basic needs. 2. Gender Inequality: In some societies, women may have fewer opportunities than men in areas like education, employment, and political representation. For example, women may be paid less than men for doing the same job, or face barriers in advancing their careers. 3. Racial Inequality: People of certain racial or ethnic backgrounds may experience discrimination that limits their access to education, jobs, and healthcare. For instance, minority groups might face prejudice in hiring practices or face unequal treatment in the criminal justice system. 4. Educational Inequality: Access to quality education can differ greatly based on a person's background. Students from wealthy families often have access to better schools and more resources, while those from lower-income families may attend underfunded schools with fewer opportunities for success.  References Ayalon, L., & Tesch-Römer, C. (2018). The Harassment and violence against LGBTIQ Aging and Ageism Research Agenda: A Focus people on the rise. (2024, June 20). European on Older Adults. Journal of Aging Studies, Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. 46, 3-10. Retrieved from https://fra.europa.eu/en/news/2024/harassme https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ›...Ageism nt-and-violence-against-lgbtiq-people-rise and Psychological Well-Being Among Older Adults Joshua K. Dubrow. (2016, May 16). What Is Political Inequality and How Unequal Are We? Berreman, G. (2015, March 12). Social Political Inequality; Political Inequality. Inequality - an overview | ScienceDirect https://politicalinequality.org/2016/05/16/wha Topics. Www.sciencedirect.com. t-is-political-inequality-and-how-unequal-are- https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/soci we/ al-sciences/social-inequality KFF. (2023, October 5). LGBT adults’ Carmine. (2024, October 12). The Ifugao experiences with discrimination and health people of the Cordillera. care Igorotage.https://www.igorotage.com/blog/i disparities.https://www.kff.org/other/issue- fugao-people brief/lgbt-adults-experiences-with- discrimination-and-health-care-disparities/ Cultural Erosion - (AP Human Geography) - Vocab, definition, Explanations | Fiveable. Lamm, K., Borron, A., & Atkins, K. (2022, January (n.d.).https://library.fiveable.me/key- 14). Political Capital: Power and Influence in terms/ap-hug/cultural-erosion Community Development and Introducing the CD+SI Toolkit. Extension.uga.edu. Ethnic Inequality: Meaning, examples & https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.h facts | StudySmarter. (n.d.). StudySmarter tml?number=B1547-3&title=political-capital- UK.https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explan power-and-influence-in-community- ations/social-studies/stratification-and- development-and-introducing-the-cd-si-toolkit differentiation/ethnic- inequality/#:~:text=Ethnic%20inequality%2 Limited, A. (n.d.). Gender inequality hi-res stock 0refers%20to%20differential,form%20of%2 photography and images - Alamy. 0fewer%20life%20chances. Alamy.https://www.alamy.com/stock- photo/gender-inequality.html?sortBy=relevant Gender Inequality: Examples & Statistics | StudySmarter. (n.d.-b). StudySmarter Little, W., & Little, W. (2014, November 6). UK.https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explan Chapter 10. Global Inequality. ations/social-studies/stratification-and- Pressbooks.https://opentextbc.ca/introduction differentiation/gender-inequality/ tosociology/chapter/chapter10-global- inequality/ Goldthorpe, J. H. (2009). Analysing Social Inequality: A Critique of Two Recent MrSociology. (2024, January 27). Pierre Contributions from Economics and Bourdieu’s Symbolic Capital in Sociology. Easy Epidemiology. European Sociological Sociology. https://easysociology.com/general- Review, 26(6), 731– sociology/pierre-bourdieus-symbolic-capital- 744.https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcp046 in-sociology/  References Office for National Statistics. (2021). Gender What is gender inequality? (n.d.). Plan Equality Monitor: Tracking Progress on International. https://plan- Gender international.org/learn/what-is-gender- Equality.https://assets.publishing.service.go inequality/ v.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/814080/GEO_GEEE_St What is global inequality? (2022, November 23). rategy_Gender_Equality_Monitor_tagged.pd Oxfam.https://www.oxfamamerica.org/explore/ f stories/what-is-global- inequality/#:~:text=Global%20inequality%20is Pachamama Alliance. (2022). Social %20the%20unequal%20distribution%20of%20 Inequality. Pachamama.org. resources%2C%20opportunities%2C%20and% https://pachamama.org/social- 20power,individuals%20on justice/social-inequality Wikipedia. (2019, January 30). Gender Reyes, C. M., Mina, C. D., & Asis, R. D. (2017). inequality. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Inequality of opportunities among ethnic Foundation.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gend groups in the Philippines. In Working Paper er_inequality Series. https://doi.org/10.35188/unu- wider/2017/380-6 World Health Organization. (2024b). Gender and Health. World Health Save the Children. (2021). Gender Organization.https://www.who.int/health- Discrimination Causes Inequality Between topics/gender#tab=tab_1 Girls and Boys Around the World. Save the Children. World Health Organization: WHO. (2023, March https://www.savethechildren.org/us/charity 7). Disability. https://www.who.int/news- -stories/how-gender-discrimination- room/fact-sheets/detail/disability-and-health impacts-oys-and-girls StudySmarter. (n.d.). Pierre Bourdieu: Theory, Definitions, & Impact| StudySmarter. StudySmarter UK. https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanatio ns/social-studies/famous- sociologists/pierre-bourdieu/ Walby, S. (2000). Analyzing Social Inequality in the Twenty-First Century: Globalization and Modernity Restructure Inequality. Contemporary Sociology, 29(6), 813–818. https://doi.org/10.2307/2654089 Walters, J. (2022, August 12). Gender inequality still reigns – but employers are making some headway in Asia. https://www.hcamag.com/asia/specialisatio n/employee-engagement/gender- inequality-still-reigns-but-employers-are- making-some-headway-in-asia/416719  UCSP DESK RESEARCH Human Adaptation on New Challenges in the Physical, Social and Cultural Environment. Date of issuance: October 1, 2024 Date Due: November 7, 2024 Learning Facilitator: Eleazer D. Loreto Jr Name of Student: French Freddie A. Pastoril Section: 12-Maxwell  Adaptation Overview & Types The human body readily responds to changing environmental stresses in a variety of biological and cultural ways. We can acclimatize to a wide range of temperature and humidity. When traveling to high altitudes, our bodies adjust so that our cells still receive sufficient oxygen. This ability to rapidly adapt to varying environmental conditions has made it possible for us to survive in most regions of the world. The field of human adaptability is a subdiscipline within the broader field of biological anthropology. Human adaptability focuses on the flexibility with which humans, both as individuals and as populations, cope with environmental challenges, through both biological and behavioral/cultural means. Humans are often exposed to a multitude of challenges simultaneously, thus necessitating moving beyond a view of single challenges to a more comprehensive approach to the various stressors confronting individuals or populations. Humans have biological plasticity, or an ability to adapt biologically to our environment. An adaptation is any variation that can increase one’s biological fitness in a specific environment; more simply it is the successful interaction of a population with its environment. A change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment is called adaptation. This also refers to the action or process of adapting or being adapted or the process of changing to suit different conditions. Adaptations enhance the fitnessand survival of everyone.Adaptation is not always easy and not something simple. An individual or organism must be physically fit and viable at all stages of its development evolution to be able to survive.  ADAPTATION AND TRAITS OF HUMANS(STRUCTURAL,BEHAVIORAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL) Adaptation is the process by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment, enhancing its survival and fitness. It involves changes to meet new conditions and requires the organism to be viable at every stage of development. STRUCTURAL BEHAVIORAL Structural adaptations are physical features of an organism such as Behavioral, Inherited or learned shape, body covering, armament; and behaviors, such as hibernation in even the internal organization bears to conserve energy. (e.g. a penguin has blubbered to protect itself from freezing temperatures). PHYSIOLOGICAL Physiological, Special functions like venom production or general functions such as growth and temperature regulation.  Environment changes (genetic change,developmental adjustments, acclimatization, use of technology) GENETIC CHANGE Genetic Change Genetic changes refer to alterations in DNA sequences that can occur over generations due to environmental pressures, leading to evolution. Example: The evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a contemporary example. As antibiotics are used, bacteria with genetic mutations that confer resistance survive and reproduce, leading to a population increasingly resistant to treatment (Davies & Davies, 2010). Developmental Adjustments Developmental Adjustments Developmental adjustments are changes that occur in an organism’s development in response to environmental conditions, typically within the lifespan of an individual. Example: Research shows that children raised in environments with high levels of pollution may develop respiratory issues, which can influence lung development and overall health outcomes (Zhang et al., 2019). Acclimatization & Use of Technology Acclimatization Acclimatization involves physiological adjustments that organisms make in response to environmental changes, usually occurring over days to weeks. Example: Athletes training at high altitudes often experience increased red blood cell production to enhance oxygen transport, a process known as hematological acclimatization (Wagner, 2010). The use of technology encompasses how humans modify their environment or themselves through innovations to improve adaptation and survival. Example: Advances in genetic engineering, such as CRISPR technology, allow scientists to edit genes to create crops that can withstand drought, illustrating how technology can enhance resilience to environmental stressors (Doudna & Charpentier, 2014).  Adaptation to Global Warming and Climate Change A) Using efficient energy generation technology. B)Using more efficient energy end user technology. C) Replacing fossil fuels with none or low carbon emitting energy generating technology such as renewable energy sources or nuclear energy. D) Adopting a more sustainable natural resource management. E) Harvesting or extraction technologies and practice. Adaptation is a broader one than mitigation because adaptation requires a good understanding of the natural environment and the ongoing effects of climate change within and needs a thorough earth and environment observation. Nonetheless, adaptation efforts also require a national and international focus. Governments must not only create policies to facilitate adaptation but also consider large-scale initiatives. These may include reinforcing or relocating infrastructure in coastal regions affected by rising sea levels, building structures capable of withstanding extreme weather, enhancing early warning systems and access to disaster information, developing climate-specific insurance mechanisms, and establishing protections for wildlife and natural ecosystems. Transnational Migration and Overseas Filpino Workers People on earth are also facing adaptation challenges borne by the need for mobility. Life has been moving so fast and people as well as changing residences as rapidly. The process of geographic mobility or the change of residence of a person from one community to another with the intention of settling temporarily or permanently is migration. Migration refers to the relocation of individuals from their regular place of residence, either across national borders or within a country, to a different home. Migration can also be done by individuals, family units or in larger groups. There are three types of mobility or migration namely 1.International Migration- is the permanent transfer of residence from one country to another. It is the change of residence over national boundaries. An international migrant is someone who moves to a different country. CLASSIFICATION: Legal Immigrants - those who moved with the legal permission of the receiver nation. Illegal Immigrants - those who moved without legal permission. The majority of illegal immigrants are attracted to areas with economic potential and intend to look for work there. However, because they enter illegally, arrive without proper papers, or stay longer than permitted, they are considered offenders or criminals. Refugees- those crossed an international boundary to escape persecution. Refugees believed they had no alternative but to go and seek shelter abroad due to the extreme hazards to their lives and safety, which their own government was unable or unwilling to defend. 2.Internal Migration- is a change in residence within a country and refers to a change of residence within national boundaries, such as between states, provinces, cities, or municipalities. An internal migrant is someone who moves to a different administrative territory. 3.Circulation Migration- is a temporary movement of a person. The change in residence is temporary due to work or study, but the migrant will definitely return in his home community. Migration has increasingly become a typical demographic response for Filipinos facing various socio-economic challenges. Given the intense economic crisis affecting the nation in recent years, the Philippines has emerged as a significant source of international migrants and stands among the largest countries exporting labor to multiple nations worldwide. Filipino workers, regardless of gender, depart from their homeland to secure a viable income, which is hard to achieve or insufficient in their own country.  Impact of migration on families There are many sides to the debate over international migration. While much of it focuses on the economic costs and benefits of migration in both recipient and sending countries, much less is known about the human side of the migration story. Most of what we know is based on anecdotal stories, such as a disproportionate focus on a visible crime committed by one immigrant, or heart-wrenching tales of what happens to illegal migrants who fail to reach their intended destinations. WHILE THESE STORIES ARE IMPORTANT, THEY ARE NOT BASED ON SUFFICIENTLY LARGE-SCALE AND REPRESENTATIVE DATA THAT CAN INFORM THE POLICY DEBATE. OUR NEW RESEARCH USES WORLDWIDE DATA TO FOCUS ON A LITTLE KNOWN STORY: WHAT HAPPENS TO THE FAMILIES OF MIGRANTS WHO ARE LEFT BEHIND. WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS ON THE FAMILY OF MIGRANTS? WORK MIGRATION IS INCREASING GLOBALLY. CHILDREN OF MIGRANT WORKERS HAVE GROWN UP NOT KNOWING BOTH OF THEIR PARENTS AND HAVE EXPERIENCED LONG TERM ABSENCE OF PARENTS WHICH IS THE REASON WHY THERE IS VERY LITTLE AFFECTION BETWEEN THEM. Many family relationships are broken as one parent emigrates which causes a larger proportion of children growing up with divorced or separated parents. Some families experiencing these effects on families of migrants want to avoid getting into this situation; some Filipinos do not have much choice because of very limited job opportunities in the country. 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