GRADE 11_OCC_BARKADA KONTRA BAGSAK.pdf

ORAL COMMUNICATION verbal or nonverbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed. IN CONTEXT Decoding - The process of interpreting 1st Semester, 1st Quarter | Reviewer the encoded me...

ORAL COMMUNICATION verbal or nonverbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed. IN CONTEXT Decoding - The process of interpreting 1st Semester, 1st Quarter | Reviewer the encoded message of the speaker by Made by: Ezekiel Klein Ramos the receiver. Receiver - The recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the LESSON 1: NATURE AND ELEMENTS message. OF COMMUNICATION Feedback - The reactions, responses, Communication - (from the latin word or information provided by the receiver. “communicare” meaning to share or to have something in common. Context - The environment where Communication is the process of giving communication takes place. and receiving information between a human source and a human receiver Barrier - The factors that affect the flow using words, symbols, or actions. of communication. NATURE OF COMMUNICATION: FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION: - Communication is much more of Control - Communication functions to an art than a science. control behavior. Ex. Doctors’ Prescription “Take your medicine 3 - Communication has a sender times a day.” and receiver. Social Interaction - Communication - Communication is verbal or non- allows individuals to interact with others. verbal. Ex. Marriage Proposal “Will you marry me?” - Communication is inevitable, irreversible, and unrepeatable Motivation - Communication motivates or encourages people to live better. Speaker - The source of information or Ex.Encouragement “Don’t give up. You message. can do it!” Message - The information, ideas, or Information Dissemination thoughts conveyed by the speaker in Communication functions to convey words or in actions. information. Ex. Giving information: “Did you know Encoding - The process of converting that there’s a secret apartment at the the message into words, actions, other top of the Eiffel tower?” forms that the speaker understands. Channel - The medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal, Emotional Expression - there is feedback it is verbal or, Communication facilitates people’s nonverbal such as gestures, expression of their feelings and body language are also emotions. considered feedback. Ex. Sadness: “I lost my dog, It’s hurting Pros me so much!” - Simultaneous and instant feedback - Receiver and sender are the LESSON 2: COMMUNICATION MODELS same Cons Communication models are the - Encourage nonverbal metaphorical, simplified, and systematic communication representation of the communication processes which forms general - More noise perspectives on communication. 3 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION MODELS Linear Model - One-way communication - Sender sends the message Interactional Model - The receiver receives only - Two-way communication process - No feedback - Used for new media such as Pros internet - Good at audience persuasion - There is feedback - There is an intentional result - Interactive but not simultaneous Cons Pros - Communication is not continuous - Feedback even in mass - No feedback communication (including - Not interactive television, radio, social media, - Difficult to identify if and print media.) communication was effective - New communication channels Cons - Delayed feedback - The sender and the receiver might not know who the other person is. Transactional Model - Here the sender and the receiver are both communicators.They both play equally important roles in communication, the communication is simultaneous,  M - message C - channel R - receiver Helical Model of Communication This model presents the concept of time where continuous communication process is very important. LESSON 3: STRATEGIES TO AVOID COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN Aristotle’s Model of Communication This model is more focused on public Emily Rodgers - “Communication speaking than interpersonal Breakdown is a failure to exchange communication. information, resulting in a lack of communication." Shannon – Weaver’s Model of Communication - This model of Communication Barriers according to communication is also known as the Rodgers (2017) Telephone Model for this is based on the experience of using the telephone 1. Lost in translation back in the 1940’s wherein the message 2. The attention span was hindered by noise. It is the mother 3. Too much information of all communication models. 4. Under pressureS The Shannon – Weaver model of BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION: communication contains six important features: Language Barrier - It is not a guarantee that when two people speak - Sender - Encoder - Channel - the same language, they understand Decoder each other because if the receiver still - Receiver - Noise does not understand the words used in the message, the words used may act Schramm Model of Communication as a barrier. This model asserts that both the sender and the receiver should have the same Psychological Barrier - The field of experience. psychological condition of the receiver affects his/her message reception of the Eugene White Model of message. Communication - Says that communication is circular and Physiological Barrier - It may emanate continuous, without a beginning or end. from the receiver's physical condition. For example, a receiver with a defective Berlo’s Model of Communication hearing may not be able to grasp the Considers the emotional aspect of the entirety of the spoken words, especially message. S - source with noisy surroundings. Physical Barrier - It refers to the Five ways to resolve a geographic location between the communication breakdown communicators. It is basically referring according to Rodgers to the distance or proximity between the sender and receiver. Observe Options Attitudinal Barrier - Prejudices and Sharing is caring other related biases are examples of Practice makes perfect attitudinal barriers. These are behaviors One team, one dream or perceptions of any of the communicators that hinder them from 7 Cs OF EFFECTIVE interacting effectively. COMMUNICATION Using Generalizations and 1. Completeness - Complete Stereotypes - Speakers who make information is needed before unqualified generalizations undermine sending a message. their own clarity and credibility. 2. Conciseness - Message is short and concise. Jumping to an Immediate Conclusion 3. Consideration - Background of - Confusing details with inferences is a the receiver (mood, race, status, common factor. gender, and among others) 4. Concreteness - Message is Dysfunctional Feedbacks - Ignoring or factual. not responding to a suggestion or query 5. Courtesy - Respect one's quickly undermines effective culture, background, personal communication. Interrupting others attributes. while they are talking also creates a 6. Clearness - Message is simple, poor atmosphere for communication. clear and specific. Lacking Confidence - Being shy, 7. Correctness - Correctness in difficulty being assertive or low self- language use and grammar adds worth can block your ability to express credibility. your needs and opinions. LESSON 4: TYPES OF EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN: ORAL COMMUNICATION - Exchange Loss of Morale of verbal and nonverbal messages with Demotivation the employment of nonverbal cues such Embarrassment as tone of voice, bodily actions, eye Anger contact and others. (Sipacio & Balgos, Tension among the team 2016). Stress caused to individuals Loss of clients, business and sales (friends/relationships) Disorganization Gossip TYPES OF COMMUNICATION Aspects to Consider in Nonverbal Communication Formal - Information is transmitted with the use of predefined channels or Kinesics - facial expressions. and routes. gestures, standing and sitting, eye movement and head movement Informal - Sharing of information with friends or peers which has no Attitude and /or behavior foundation like formal communication. Manner of dressing Verbal Communication - Use of words to convey a message. This can be Tone of voice regarded as efficient and successful if the receiver can easily process the IMPORTANCE OF NONVERBAL message delivered by the sender. COMMUNICATION Aspects to Consider in Verbal 1. Enhance and emphasize the Communication message of your speech, thus making it more meaningful, truthful and relevant. Appropriateness - Pertains to the use of suitable language form applicable 2. It can communicate feelings, to the nature of the event or context of attitude, and perceptions without you situation. saying a word. Brevity - Speakers frequently opt to use 3. It can sustain the attention of simple and precise words in delivering listeners and keep them engaged in the their message. speech Clarity - The meaning of words, TYPES OF ORAL COMMUNICATION feelings, or ideas may be interpreted ACTIVITIES differently by a listener hence it is One - on - One Speaking essential to clearly state your message. (student-student or student-teacher) Very helpful when communicating Ethics - Words should be carefully casually and they can take turns, talking chosen. and listening. Occurs when an individual speaks to another individual. Vividness - Words that creatively describe things or feelings usually add Small-Group or Team- Based Oral color and spice to communication. Work - Requires a minimum of three or more people. Smaller- scale setting of Nonverbal Communication interaction discussion, deliberation and problem where behavior is used to convey and solving. Provides a strong response. represent meanings. All kinds of human responses that are not expressed in Full-Class Discussions (Teacher or words are classified as nonverbal Student Led) - Typically, less agonistic, communication. argument-based, and competitive than debate and deliberation but still TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL dialogical in character. COMMUNICATION In-Class Debates and Deliberations Dyad Communication – Debates typically involve participants communication that happens between who argue one side throughout, while two people. deliberation allows for movement by individuals within the process. Small Group– This applies to interactions involving at least three but Speeches and Presentations - not more than twelve people engaged in Classically, this type of oral face-to-face interactions to achieve the communication activity is the stand- up desired goal. podium speech delivered by an individual from an outline or script. It Public – This type refers to a also includes group presentations, communication that enables you to send persuasive or impromptu speaking. or deliver a message before a crowd. Oral Examinations - It ranges from one Mass Communication – This refers to oral question to written exam to an oral communication through television, radio, defense of a written answer or papers to newspapers, magazines, books, an entirely oral quiz examination. billboards, the internet, and other types of media. LESSON 5: SPEECH CONTEXT TYPES OF SPEECH Speech Context - Helps you TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO communicate appropriately, understand PURPOSE the meaning of any message conveyed, and respond accordingly. Informative or Expository Speech - Is mainly performed for the purpose of TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT: educating the audience on new or relevant pieces of information on a Intrapersonal – This refers to a type of particular topic. communication that is focused on one person, where the speaker acts both as Persuasive Speech - Is given solely for the sender and as the receiver of the the purpose of convincing the audience message. to agree with the speaker’s opinion on a particular topic. Interpersonal – This refers to the type of communication that takes place Entertainment Speech - Aims to share between and among people and creates laughter and enjoyment to the audience a personal relationship between and through witty and humorous lines. among them. TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO Casual Style – Is also known as DELIVERY informal style, it is usually used between friends, or even insiders who have Manuscript Speech - Is the word-for- things to share. word iteration of a written message using visual aids. Intimate Style – is used in talks between two very close individuals. The Memorized Speech - Is the rote use of codes, gestures, and signals recitation of a written message that the known only to these individuals is speaker has committed to memory. common. Extemporaneous Speech - Is the presentation of a carefully planned and LESSON 7: SPEECH ACT rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational manner using brief A Speech Act is an utterance showing notes. the speaker’s aim and the influence it Impromptu Speech - Is the has on an audience. presentation of a short message without advance preparation and is for people Speech Act. Theory - According to knowledgeable about the subject. John Langshaw Austin (1962), a philosopher of language and the LESSON 6: SPEECH STYLES developer of the Speech Act Theory, there are three types of acts in every Speech Style - A speech style refers to utterance, given the right circumstances the form of language that the speaker or context. utilized which is characterized by the level of formality. (Martin Joos (1976) TYPES OF SPEECH ACT TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE LOCUTIONARY ACT - The actual act of uttering or saying something. Happens Frozen Style – Is also known as fixed with the utterance of a sound, a word, or speech, it is the highest form of even a phrase as a natural unit of communicative style which is often used speech. in respectful situations or formal ceremonies ILLOCUTIONARY ACT - The social function of what is said. The act of Formal Style – Uses formal words and saying something with the intention of: expressions and usually a one-way Stating an opinion, confirming, or straightforward speech. denying something. Making a prediction, a promise; or Giving advice or Consultative Style – Is basically permission. unplanned speech since the speaker uses the participation and feedback of PERLOCUTIONARY ACT - Refers to the listener. The speaker will supply the consequent effect of what was said. background information while the Is based on the particular context in listener participates continuously. which the speech act was mentioned. AUSTIN SEARLE’S CLASSIFICATION LESSON 1: COMMUNICATIVE OF SPEECH ACT. STRATEGIES Assertive - Is a type of illocutionary act Tactics - learners use to overcome in which the speaker expresses belief difficulties & aims to troubleshoot about the truth of a proposition. Some communication breakdown. examples are stating, insisting, describing, suggesting, putting forward, 1. NOMINATION - presenting a swearing, boasting, concluding, and particular topic clearly, truthfully and asserting. saying only what is relevant. Directive - Is a type of illocutionary act 2. RESTRICTION - contains or restricts in which the speaker tries to make the the response of the other person addressee perform an action. Some involved in the situation examples are requesting, asking, - answerable by yes or no pleading, begging, daring, commanding, ordering, challenging, inviting, and 3. TURN-TAKING - the process by advising. which people in a conversation decide who is to speak next. Commissive - Is a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to do 4. TOPIC – CONTROL - used to something or make an action. Some control/prevent unnecessary examples are planning, vowing, betting, interruptions and topic shifts. promising, and offering. 5. TOPIC SHIFTING - Involves Expressive - Is a type of illocutionary moving from one topic to another. act in which the speaker expresses his/her feeling or emotional reactions. 6. REPAIR - refers to how the Some examples are apologizing, speaker address the problems in condoling, deploring, congratulating, speaking, listening & comprehending thanking, and welcoming. that they may encounter. Declaration – A type of illocutionary act 7. TERMINATION - using verbal which brings a change in the external and nonverbal signals to end the situation. Simply put, declarations bring interaction. into existence or cause the state of affairs which they refer to. Some examples of declarations are blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a sentence, and excommunicating. LESSON 2: SPEECH ACT. 1. LOCUTIONARY SPEECH - Occurs when a speaker performs an utterance 1st Semester, 2nd Quarter | Reviewer which has meaning in a traditional sense. 2. ILLOCUTIONARY SPEECH - Act of Age saying something with a specific Income intention. Occupation Religion 3. PERLOCUTIONARY SPEECH Education Happens when what the speaker says Local Organization has an effect on the listener. 2. Identifying purpose LESSON 3: SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE 3. Selecting a topic 1. INFORMATIVE - Provides 4. Narrowing down a topic interesting and useful information to your audience 5. Gather data 2. ENTERTAINMENT - Aims to 6. Powerpoint presentation engage, interest, amuse, or please listeners. 7. Select a speech pattern (problem- solution, cause-effect, narration, 3. PERSUASIVE - Aims to sequence) persuade/convince people to change the way they think or do something. 8. Prepare an outline 9. Create the (1) body, (2) intro, (3) LESSON 4: SPEECH ACCORDING TO Conclusion. DELIVERY 10. Post writing (checking for errors) 1. MANUSCRIPT - Reading from a type paged/teleprompter, accurate. 11. Rehearsal (pronunciation, timing) LESSON 5: PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH 2. MEMORIZED - Canned tone; DELIVERY increase eye contact. 1. ARTICULATION - Speaker’s skill 3. IMPROMPTU - less preparation, in pronouncing the words of the speech few minutes only. and clear diction effectively transmits 4. EXTEMPORANEOUS - Researched, the message. outlined, well-rehearsed, audience centered & connected with details. 2. MODULATION - Speaker’s ability to adjust or manipulate the resonance SPEECH WRITING and the timbre of one’s voice. STEPS: 3. STAGE PRESENCE - Speaker’s 1. Conducting a Profile Analysis ability to own the stage, filling it with Democratic Profile: one’s personality and projecting it to the Gender audience. Ethnicity 4. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS - TEXT STRUCTURES Reflects on the speaker’s thinking and emotional attitudes. 1. DESCRIPTION - To describe or to give details to your audience. 5. MOVEMENTS - Secures and maintains interest and attention 2. SEQUENCE - Sequential Instructions and chronological events. 6. GESTURES - Purposive movements of the body. 3. CAUSE & EFFECT - Involves comparison of multiple things to identify 7. RAPPORT WITH THE AUDIENCE - their similarities and differences. Process of creating an understanding harmonious bond between yourself and 4. PROBLEM & SOLUTION - Present a someone else. problem and provide possible solutions. 8. PUBLIC SPEAKING - Not just WORD CHOICE merely reading a speech or talking 1. Jargons or technical terms about a topic. DELIVERING AND WRITING SPEECH 2. Language inappropriate on occasion. 1. Know your audience. 2. Purpose of speech. 3. Grammatical correctness. 3. Select a topic that is suitable for your LESSON 6: STRATEGIES IN VARIOUS audience and purpose. SPEECH COMMUNICATION 4. Narrow down your topic. According to Beeve (1997), public speaking is both an art and a science. 5. Gather data. Factors affected by a shift in Speech 6. Select pattern on how you’re going to Context, Speech Style, Speech Act, and write your speech. Make an Communicative Strategy outline and start your body. Language Form - refers to the formality or informality of the language used and 7. Prepare your introduction and it involves the choice of words and how conclusion. Introduction: Trigger sentences or utterances are structured. Conclusion: Kicker Formal Language - is used when 8. Look at every side of the auditorium talking with professionals or persons in to prepare yourself and your authority in a formal, official or audience. ceremonial occasion, situation, gathering, or event. Informal Language - is used without much consideration of rules of convention or etiquette. Duration of Interaction - refers to the amount of time a conversation takes between and among communicators. Relationship with the Speaker - refers to the speech style used by the speaker suited to his/her relationship with the person with whom he/she is communicating. Roles and Responsibilities of the Speaker - This refers to the role and responsibility of the speaker which will depend on the purpose and context of communication. Message - involves the content of the message. The message may be facts, opinions, feelings, order, suggestions, and questions. Delivery - refers to the manner of delivery involving verbal and non-verbal cues made by the speaker.