Gochian's Annotations of the Notas del Examen de Historia PDF

Year 1 Sem 1 - HISTO 11 Before Legazpi's arrival, a Chinese community existed in the Philippines Module 3 (1830s) Chinese imm...

Year 1 Sem 1 - HISTO 11 Before Legazpi's arrival, a Chinese community existed in the Philippines Module 3 (1830s) Chinese immigration was encouraged due to internal Rizal the Nationalist turmoil in China (dynastic changes). The Chinese became associated with retail trade Love-hate relationship with the Spaniards. ○ LOVE: products, trade 19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES: A ○ HATE: religion (executions of the Chinese) -> Christian 3.1 CENTURY OF CHANGE Chinese to change status ○ Special place to live in: Binondo Parian = trading area for Chinese merchants; became the name of Manila's Chinatown The Philippine Economy of the 19th Century ○ At night, the gate would be locked so the Chinese couldn't Economy means livelihood and that shapes culture. enter the city. ○ For Spaniards, Christianity became the measurement. If you 19TH CENTURY (century of change) are baptized, you can go out of the Parian and live in *The 18th century (1701 - 1800), 19th century (1801 - 1900) Binondo. 1840’s: 90% of export revenue came from 6 Philippine crops (cash crops) (4) Introduction of Cash Economy ○ Sugar - Bacolod in Negros Occidental El Banco Español Filipino de Isabel II (BPI) marked the Cheap and easy source of energy; popular cash crop. beginnings of formal banking systems ○ Tobacco - Cagayan Valley Cash economy replaced barter systems ○ Abaca - Bicol ○ Indigo (5) Increase in Internal Domestic Commerce ○ Coffee Rise in disposable income boosted domestic commerce for ○ Cotton locally produced goods PRODUCTS LAND was abundant, and it became more important than labor. ○ Cloth = sold by rich women Pre-colonial = labor (determined debt) ○ Banig = woven mats w/ diverse uses 19th century = land (factor of production) ○ Iloilo Weaving Industry = major player in textile production; Owned by the principalia (local native elites). province had thousands of looms within nearly every household involved weaving Main trade buyer was England and America rather than Spain. Philippines was a de facto British Colony Cinemayera (19th Century) Britain, America, Netherlands (Spain was 5th) ○ refers to "sawdust" or "wood shavings" that were used as a When the Spaniards entered, Filipinos already knew English form of packaging material, particularly for transporting fragile goods like glass or ceramics. ○ It was common during this time, especially in industries or Cultivation and Export of Cash Crops trades where items needed protection during shipping. NOT a unitary colonial economy oriented towards the colonizing power ○ Colonial economy is not entirely unified or solely focused on New Elite for a New Economy benefiting the colonizer Different local economies with differing terms of trade, trade ○ Instead of a fully centralized system serving only the partners, systems of production colonizer's needs, the economy has sectors or regions that The Philippines was the first in SEA to develop indigenous operate semi-independently, with varied goals or even commercial elites employing modern production methods and locally-oriented production that does not entirely depend on wage labor or serve the colonizer's objectives. ○ Local elites used economical labor strategies Series of separate societies that entered the world economy Familia Quiason de San Fernando ○ At different times ○ Under different terms of trade ○ With different systems of production Social Change in the 19th Century Philippines ○ Oriented towards different trading partners *stemmed from economy Other Economic Changes Mobility, Education, Intellectual Currents (1) Population Movements (1) Transportation and Mobility Year Population People believed that Filipinos just stayed at their place of birth, but that is NOT true. 1783 837K ○ The Philippines already had the beginnings of a good mass transportation 1799 1.576M Escolta used to be the center ○ Angeles Train Station = transported goods from Central 1850 3.815M Luzon to Manila, bypassing traffic routes Overcrowding in areas like Manila, Cebu, and Pampanga -> ○ Ferrocarril de Manila a Dagupan (Manila-Dagupan Railway) = expansion into virgin lands built by the British, it was a boom in economy ○ Resulted in spread and entrenchment of lowland Filipino When America took over, they took away the railway culture into new areas Houses were located near waterways, serving as hubs for local Could be temporary (seasonal) or permanent (settlement) trade ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT (2) Growth of Tenancy ○ Hammocks (Duyan) = used traditionally to go up Landowners also became entrepreneurs, traders, and brought mountainous areas (ex. Antipolo) in new technology ○ Castco = tricycle of the time Shift to cash crops reduced land for subsistence farming -> British expertise often partnered with Filipino stakeholders in farmers buy rice than grow it transportation projects ○ CASH ENTERS THE EQUATION Pacto de Retroventa = Land contract used by Chinese traders OTHERS: Cebu Railroad, Iloilo Railway, Batangas Railway, Iligan in which land served as collateral for debt but could later be Railway sold back ○ Tenant indebtedness and dependence on landlord grew (2) Intellectual Currents: Education ○ Many locals struggled with land titles (did not recognize) Richer Filipinos prioritize education for their children Intramuros served as the educational hub, hosting schools such (3) Rise of Chinese Trader as:  ○ Colegio de San Juan de Letran (boys) Right of bishops to visit and review parishes, but parishes ○ Beaterio del Compania de Jesus (girls) under regulars refused this. Education focused on religion and harsh disciplinary measures ○ RESULT: Possible lack of checks and balances -> abuse (beatings) the money collected for power ○ (1768) Jesuits were expelled from the Philippines as Sources part of a broader suppression of the Society of Jesus McCoy, Alfred W. And De Jesus, Ed. C, editors. Philippine during the late 18th century. Social History: Global Trade and Local Transformations. QC: ○ (1859) Allowed to return during the 19th century -> they ADMU Press, 2001 wanted their churches back. Problem THE CHANGING CHURCH: ○ Filipinos were excluded from the regular clergy and joined the 3.2 SECULARIZATION secular clergy ○ Regular priests did not follow church hierarchy. ○ Bishops and archbishops had the right and the duty to visit the parishes under their jurisdiction to ensure that it was The Secularization Issue being run well and adherence to the tenets of the Church. Rise of an Intelligentsia, Filipino Priests, and the Nationalist Regular priests refused episcopal (bishop) authority and claimed to be answerable only to their orders’ superiors. Movement Regular priests can spend money however they want to. ○ In the meantime, the number of available secular priests in Most available higher education for the Philippines was through the Philippines had grown: mostly made up of native born priesthood (mestizos, indios, Spanish) priests. ○ Rich Filipinos took this course as means of power, not necessarily because they love Catholicism (ex. Pedro Pelaez, FIRST INDIO PRIEST: Francisco Baluyot ordained in 1698 from an Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora, Carlos Maria old and prominent Kapampangan family involved in the 1660 de la Torre, Rafael Izquierdo) revolts, one Baluyot was hanged (leader) Most Filipinos enter in the late 18th century; Filipino seminarians (Pampanga, 1880s) One of the major social changes would be that of the emergence of the native-born secular priests as agents and leaders of their Filipino secular priests were usually from principalia families communities. Wealthy families would endow Capellania; smart kids were sent to the priesthood ○ Principalia/Filipino secular priest took advantage of higher SECULAR REGULAR education (becomes more aware of their rights) ○ Native secular priests became more entrenched and Members of church hierarchy, Members of friar/religious powerful i.e. Parish priests, bishops, orders (Jesuit, Dominican, archbishops, etc. Augustinian, etc.) Capellania = practice of a pious grant to the church (tilled land whose income was applied to the support of a priest) Archbishops are the most Jesuit controlled Antipolo ○ Donor determined choice of chaplain - usually kin common secular clergy we ○ Act of piety but also a medium for capitalizing family encounter members in the priesthood Seculars controlled Filipinos Regulars controlled Spaniards Campaign for the Rights of Filipino Priests Fr. Mariano Gomez = Parish priest of Bacoor since 1824 Fr. Pedro Pelaez = member of Cathedral Chapter and Ilustrado = refers to the enlightened/learned class in the 19th professor at UST century ○ Lobbied and funded for revocation of anti-Filipino decrees and return of parishes’ seculars Background of the Secularization Movement ○ Was supported by the Archbishop of Manila, Gregorio ○ The Secularization Movement of the mid to late 19th century Meliton Martinez was a movement for the equal rights of native-born priests to be parish priests. 1698 First Filipino was ordained to priesthood ○ Rooted in two policies of the Spanish colonial system in the Philippines. 1768 Expulsion of Jesuits Church Law 1770 Archbishop Basilio Sancho de Santa Justa y Rufina ○ In canon law, only the secular priests hold parishes. Regular imposed Visitation on all parishes priests were to prioritize the missions of their orders, i.e. education, charitable works, evangelization, conversion, and 1789 French Revolution the like, and could only hold parishes if there were no secular (1808–1814) Napoleon's occupation of priests. Spain led to Spanish monasteries ○ In the Philippines, regular clergy had the parishes, which is devastated probably why Filipinos were allowed to join secular clergy. Led to less spanish priests -> work went to Filipino secular priests Roots of the Conflict 1808 Napoleonic Wars -> more devastation 1. Patronato Real The King of Spain was the Royal Patron of all the missions 1810 Grito de Dolores led by a native-born Mexican priest and appointed the Church officials in colonial territories. marked the start of the Mexican War of ○ The Spanish Crown paid for the expenses and upkeep of Independence the evangelizing missions to the Philippines. led by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (Spanish In return, the Church gave the Spanish crown the right to sees the threat of native-born priests) name bishops, archbishops and other Church personnel in the mission areas. 1820 Mexican Revolution TLDR: King of Spain is the Royal Patron of all missions and Mexican War of Independence ended in appointed the church officials 1821 with Mexico’s independence from Spain ○ The Council of Trent required all parishes to be under secular clergy. ○ In the Philippines, Spanish king appointed the Regular 1859 Return of the Jesuits They resumed missionary work and Clergy to the parishes and church positions established educational institutions like the 2. Visitation  Ateneo Municipal de Manila GOMBURZA Execution (February 17, 1872) Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora NOTES Death by garrote Augustinians left parishes and so the Philippines lacked IN ORDER OF EVENTS priests. ○ GG Izquierdo’s coach transported GOMBURZA from Fort The Philippines promoted Filipino secular priests Santiago to Luneta (Bagumbayan) Supposedly using a garbage cart, but it broke down ○ Crowd cheered, women cried, some begged to stop the Opinions of Spanish Clergy on Filipino Seculars execution Viewed as rebellious upon returning from universities (San ○ (1) Mariano Gomez = delivered a speech, asserting Juan and Letran) innocence ○ Bishop Juan Aragones (1872) ○ (2) Jacinto Zamora = executed w/o last words ○ Patricio de la Escosura (1882) = The Filipino seculars are a Was not highly involved but became an accidental hero danger to the colony Arrested due to his fatal vice and misinterpretation ○ Lucio Bustamante (1885)= Believed Filipino seculars (gambling) should remain indio-calabao (farmers) ○ (3) Jose Burgos = Initially very defiant but accepted fate after a Jesuit told him “Even Jesus was innocent” Rise of the Filipino Priest as Writer: Mid-19th Century Executioner knelt down in front of Burgos and asked for Majority were native secular priests his forgiveness for executing him. First time Filipinos wrote & published books under their own ○ After the execution, Spaniards shouted "Viva España," but names the crowd turned their backs in protest. El Catolico Filipino (1862) by Fr. Pedro Pelaez Rizal was not present at Bagumbayan. It was his elder ○ First religious newspaper brother Paciano who witnessed the death of his mentor, El Eco FIlipino by Fr. Mariano Sevilla Padre Burgos. ○ Liberal & reformist newspaper First Movement - Higher Education for the Priests What do you think was the effect of the Cavite Mutiny and the Gomburza execution on the rise of nationalism and the Revolution? Padre Jose Burgos (1837 - 1872) Born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur; considered a prodigy RIZAL’S LETTER TO MARIANO PONCE (April 18, 1889) ○ Received scholarships from 4-5 archbishops of Vigan Advocate for educational reforms in exams “Without 1872 there would not now be a Plaridel, a Jaena, a ○ Result: Filipinos scored higher than Spaniards, but Sanciangco, nor would the brave and generous Filipino colonies exist in Europe. Without 1872 Rizal would now be a Jesuit and Spaniards were prioritized instead of writing the Noli Me Tangere, would have written the ○ Taught students to outperform the Spaniards contrary. At the sight of those injustices and cruelties, though By 26, earned two doctorate degrees (Canon and Civil Law) still a child, my imagination awoke, and I swore to dedicate from UST myself to avenge one day so many victims. With this idea I have ○ Taught law in UST and Letran, admired by the youth gone on studying, and this can be read in all my works and writings. God will grant me one day to fulfill my promise.” Joined the Manila Cathedral hierarchy under Pedro Pelaez; never served as a parish priest. PROLOGUE OF EL FILIBUSTERISMO (1863) Manila earthquake destroyed the Manila Cathedral and killed Pelaez -> regular priests saw Pelaez’s death as “God’s “To the memory of the priests, Don Mariano Gomez (85 years wrath” old), Don José Burgos (30 years old), and Don Jacinto Zamora (35 years old). Executed in Bagumbayan Field on the 28th of February, 1872.” Burgos defended Pedro Pelaez (1864) Burgos Manifesto “The Church, by refusing to degrade you, has placed in doubt ○ Described Pelaez as a “good citizen and loved clergy” the crime that has been imputed to you; the Government, by ○ Criticized the views and actions of regular priests surrounding your trials with mystery and shadows, causes the belief that there was some error, committed in fatal moments; (1864) Advocated to native-born Filipino clergy and all the Philippines, by worshiping your memory and calling ○ Responded to accusations from regular priests you martyrs, in no [vi]sense recognizes your culpability…” ○ Asserted that filipinos were not lacking in incentive or education Paciano Rizal Cavite Mutiny (1872) ○ Scholar of Jose Burgos; from Calamba, Laguna Brief rebellion by 200 Filipino troops and workers at Fort San ○ After the Cavite Mutiny, his father forbade mentions of Felipe, Cavite Burgos and had to stop studying to become a farmer instead Lasted 1 day (January 20, 1872); leaders were 2 peninsular lieutenants who were executed except for a few witnesses Mantle of nationalist reform were passed from secular priests to Terror of 1872 = used by Spanish authorities to justify mass ilustrados. arrests of Filipino priests, lawyers, known liberals (300+) Shrine of GOMBURZA Governor General Carlos Maria de la Torre UP Chapel and Paco Cemetery Pro-Philippine independence/Pro-Filipino and approved liberalism Sources Supported sovereignty of the Philippines and lifted ○ Schumacher, John N. “Philippine Higher Education and the restrictions on Filipino clergy Origins of Nationalism.” Philippine Studies 23, no. 1/2 (1975): Released political prisoners and endorsed criticism of the 53–65. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42635034. church Praised Burgos publicly, calling him a “good Filipino” which THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT earned Burgos hidden enemies Considered one of the more progressive and sympathetic Spanish GGs 3.3 AND NEW SOCIAL CATEGORIES Was replaced by Governor General Rafael Izquierdo due to pressure from conservative factions in Spain ○ Opposed Carlos Maria de la Torre, promoted “Long live New Social Categories: Ilustrados, the Middle church and state” Class and the Propaganda Movement *Burgos angered the GGs because he was popular and Rise of economic middle class and emergence of ilustrado accomplished. He was also popular among women because he (educated native-born Filipino with liberal views on education, was a boxer and 3/4 Spanish. religion, and society) Jose Rizal Not EIC because was wanted in the Philippines and fled to Born in 1861 into an ilustrado/principalia family of mixed Barcelona, Spain descent (Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, and Tagalog) Dasalan at Tocsohan: Satirical critique of friars, subverting From Biñan, Laguna then moved to Calamba, Laguna 10 commandments FAMILY “Aba Ginoong Barya” (satire in Dasalan at Tocsohan) ○ Francisco Rizal Mercado = farmer with side businesses criticized friars’ greed; co-written by Del Pilar, Pedro ○ Teodora Alonso = Highly educated in math, taught her Serrano Laktaw, and Rafael Enriquez children for the first few years La Soberanía Monacal en Filipinas: Discussed friars’ (1872) Accused of murder and had to walk from Los Banos wealth and dominance to Intramuros; released after 2 years. ○ Graciano Lopez Jaena = first editor; left due to lack of ○ 7th of 11 siblings (2 boys, 9 girls); Saturnina was the eldest payment and later wrote for an anti-Filipino paper EDUCATION Succeeded by Del Pilar ○ At 8, transferred to school in Binan but was beaten and asked Paciano to pick him up or he’ll leave home forever Friars’ Dominant Position ○ At 11, attended Ateneo Municipal de Manila after failing the POLITICAL ACET (priest said he was too sickly, but Paciano convinced ○ Influence electoral control them) ○ Control over municipal operations, required visto bueno Attended 3 weeks late and initially struggled due to (approval) for official actions language barrier (Spanish and Latin) EDUCATION Advanced from the back to the front row within one term ○ Controlled public education (Spanish) (arranged by grade) Could deport individuals who oppose them Excelled in art, literature, Greek, and Latin; mentored by Justified as necessary to preserve the integridad de la patria Francisco “Paniki” de Paula Sanchez, SJ ⟶ Sacred Heart of Jesus Friars’ Wealth ⟶ Mother’s Revenge Owned large estates w/ high, arbitrary rental rates, harming ⟶ Clase de Dibujo agriculture ○ Went to UST Medicine after Ateneo Profited from excessive fees for fiestas, novenas, and religious ○ Studied ophthalmology under Dr. Louis de Wecker in Paris items (e.g., scapulars) EVENTS AND INFLUENCE ○ Collected fees beyond official rates ○ Went home and witnessed the events following Cavite Mutiny Manipulated cedula tax collection by controlling payer lists and (1872); arrest of 300+ nationalists receiving percentage of predicted revenue GOMBURZA Execution Paciano’s connection to Burgos Republic Act No. 1425 (1956) Spanish crackdown on higher education Mandates inclusion of Rizal’s life, works, and writing in public Rizal’s mother arrested for murder (2 yrs) and private schools, colleges, and universities (Noli and Fili) PERSONAL LIFE Sponsored by Claro Recto and Jose Laurel ○ Segunda Katigbak = first love, ended due to distance and circumstance Content of La Solidaridad: Political and Economic Reform Rizal visited every Sunday and would exchange Content ranged from political pieces that advocated reforms origami/letters with her and liberalism in the PH (e.g, representation in the Spanish After going home to Calamba over the summer, Katigbak Cortes, freedom of speech and religion, and teaching of returned to Batangas and transferred to another school. Spanish) to more radical demands (e.g, expulsion of friars) ○ Leonor Rivera = long-term relationship; parents opposed Gregorio Sancianco exposed unjust taxes, laws, and economic Rizal’s reformist activities policies imposed by govn’t After UST Med, Rizal went to Europe and ghosted Rivera NOTABLE WORKS Over the next 9 years, Rivera wrote letters to Rizal but ○ Letter to the Women of Malolos (February 22, 1889) by Jose received no response Rizal: Praised elite women from Malolos for advocating for ⟶ Letters were hidden by her mother and revealed on the education in Spanish, presenting them as role models day of the wedding (w/ British engineer) ○ Marcelo Del Pilar (Plaridel): Continued attacks on friars’ ⟶ Burned all the letters corruption Wedding pushed through under 3 conditions ○ Antonio Luna (Taga-Ilog) ⟶ (1) Mother will be beside her during vows Satirical pieces about Madrid, mocking Spain’s ignorance ⟶ (2) Always wear black of its colonies ⟶ (3) Never play the piano again. Critiqued Spanish perceptions of Filipinos as lazy, flipping CAREER the narrative to portray colonizers “backward savages” ○ Used the pen name P. Jacinto for “A 19th Century Boyhood” ○ Advocated for reform and nationalism as part of the Propaganda Movement National Identity ○ Left for Europe, following Paciano’s guidance Isabelo de los Reyes = writer a from Vigan, Ilocos Sur ○ Documented Philippine folklore from Ilocos, Malabon, and Zambales, commissioned by Spanish journalist Jose Felipe Spanish Period: Women retained their maiden name del Pan American Period: Women adopted their husband’s last name ○ Published El Folklore Filipino, a significant resource for Philippine studies Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera = linguist who wrote about Tagalog The Propaganda Movement language, pre-Hispanic orthography, and Sanskrit influence on To combat all reaction, improve regression, let democracy prevail the language (ilustrados, patriots, exiles, artists) ○ Part of the reformist Pardo de Tavera family (uncle, Joaquin Paterno brothers Pardo de Tavera), long targeted by friars and colonial Rizal began his nationalist movement authorities La Solidaridad (1889-1892) Module 4 Turning point in reformist movement Medium of collective aspirations (because most religious Rizal the Writer newspapers were shut down) Part of multi-pronged and prolonged program of political action providing a safe space for reformists Most used pseudonyms; Rizal signed his works, others followed suit. 4.1 NOLI ME TANGERE ○ Mariano Ponce = Financial supporter, non-writer ○ Marcelo H. Del Pilar = Moving force of the newspaper; most Noli as a Charter of Nationalism versatile propaganda writer  Advocated sound nationalism, based on an accurate and LIFE at Dapitan (1892-1896) unsparing analysis of the situation; balancing critiques of both ○ Rizal was not physically exiled, but politically and colonizers and Filipinos intellectually. ○ Attacked church-state entanglement, not Catholicism itself ○ Upon arrival, he formed a close friendship with military ○ Condemned unjust governance of friars’ abuses commander Ricardo Carnicero, who became his roommate ○ Highlighted Filipinos flaws, setting him apart from other for 2-4 years until Carnicero left after winning the lottery ilustrados ○ Rizal moved in with the Jesuits Asked to retract what he said about the church, he didn’t Anti-Friar Sentiment in Noli Me Tangere WORK in DAPITAN Excluded Jesuits, focusing on friars ○ Rizal cultivated abaca, helping local farmers improve their Blamed friars for political and economic interference (social sales cancer) ○ Casa Cuadrada = His sisters lived here, but parents were too Criticized for friars for: old to move in. ○ Representing government in parishes ○ Casa Redonda = octagonal house ○ Opposing freedom of speech, association, and religion (MORNING) School with no tuition fees, focusing on ○ Condescending of indios science, Spanish, and German. (NOON) Clinic, treating locals for free and charging Works of Jose Rizal Europeans then using the earnings for Dapitan’s lighting (1) Mi Último Adiós = final poem written before execution system (2) Noli Me Tangere ○ Rizal improved Dapitan’s water system by building a reservoir ○ Title from a Biblical term referencing Jesus’ resurrection on and introduced net fishing to local fishermen, who previously Easter (“do not touch me”) used fishing lines ○ Aimed to expose the wounds of Philippine society under ○ Rizal discovered new species of frogs, lizards, and shells, and colonial rule conducted research on seismic activity, wave motion, and ○ Written with indirect calls for independence storm surges ○ Rizal used mediophysiological metaphors as a doctor *Rizal wrote and received letters to and from Manila, showing that Society = nervous system, requiring constant flow of Dapitan is not isolated. information for unity Intellectuals = brain Josephine Bracken Colonialism = foreign body Daughter of an Irish cook and a Chinese laundress; raised in an ○ PURPOSE: Guide to understand societal issues under Spanish orphanage in Hong Kong rule; national awareness and reform Arrived in Dapitan with a British man (NOT her father) to seek Rizal’s medical expertise -> diagnosed as incurable After Noli Me Tangere Developed a relationship with Rizal to which his sisters were Rizal noticed a lack of Filipino perspectives in history -> “Rizal’s suspicious of Bracken and hired investigators to monitor her Annotations of the Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas by Morga” ○ Goes to Manila every few months ○ Challenge Spanish portrayal of Philippine past, depicted 1st stop = Archbishop’s Palace negatively and credited Spain for all progress 2nd stop = Escolta (shopping hub) ○ Annotations emphasized importance of correcting the ○ Suspicion heightened because she arrived with the historical narrative archbishop’s mistress The past should inform the future Rizal wanted to marry her, but Jesuits refused to officiate unless ○ Establish nation as a sovereign subject he retracted his criticisms of Spain and the church ○ Laid the foundation for Filipino historiography After Rizal died, Bracken joined the revolution, taught English to ilustrados (Sergio Osmena), and married a Cebuano. LOST IN TRANSLATION: Rizal’s tone and multilinguality of Filipinos La Liga Filipina Charter Grassroots organization similar to modern NGOs (ex. 4.2 EL FILIBUSTERISMO Angat-Buhay) Served as Rizal’s plan of action to an ineffective and oppressive government Rizal saw history as the heart of nationalism Nellie Boustead Franco-FIlipino woman linked to a rivalry between Antonio Luna Fili as Charter of Future and Jose Rizal -> Luna challenged Rizal to a duel Written in London, Paris, Brussels, and completed in Biarritz Rizal, despite being an excellent sharpshooter, chose the saber (1891); published in Ghent on September 18, 1891 as the weapon after taking fencing under Luna Published in El Nuevo Regimen After confrontation, both men yielded Boustead to each other, Focused on concept of “filibuster” (opposition; obstruction of revealing Rizal did not even like Boustead.d progress in legislative assembly) Partially funded by Valentin Ventura; dedicated the novel to GOMBURZA Reduced to 30 chapters due to publication costs (original Juliana Gorricho de Pardo de Tavera manuscript was burned by Rivera) Richest woman in the Philippines during her time Married to an illiterate husband; built wealth through sugar and 4 Strategies for Emancipation rice ventures (1) Reform = address and correct injustices within current system Had one daughter: María de la Paz Pardo de Tavera (2) Assimilation = advocate for the Philippines to become a ○ Unmarried at 27; shy and tall province of Spain, granting them rights ○ Lived in Paris with her family Wanted PH to become a part of Spain, province of Spain, so Owned a recipe book with personal notes that Filipinos could have rights (3) Revolution = overthrow existing authority Juan Luna (4) Evolution = driven by self-achievement and mass education Painter from Ilocos who lived in Paris *All strategies are necessary and can occur simultaneously, First courted and later married María de la Paz Pardo de Tavera without a specific sequence at 27 ○ Their relationship was tumultuous, with allegations of abuse After the Novels: Jose Rizal in Dapitan ○ Juliana Gorricho advised Paz to leave Luna Spent 2 years in Hong Kong to practice as an eye doctor; his ○ Luna shot Paz, Juliana, and their baby in Paris; the baby family was with him and operated of his mom w/ cataract survived After spending 2 years in Hong Kong, Rizal returned in 1892 but ○ The child was raised by the Pardo de Tavera family and grew was arrested and accused of treason. He was exiled to Dapitan, up to be a nouveau architect Zamboanga del Norte (Jesuit-run province) Module 5 Rizal the Revolutionary Masonry = secular civil organization promoting ethical values independent of religious affiliation Women in Society ANDRES BONIFACIO AND THE 5.1 KATIPUNAN Women played important roles beyond domestic sphere, actively participating in economic and social spheres In Rizal’s family, ○ Sisters = worked as wholesalers and managed agricultural Before Rizal Went to Dapitan ventures and machinery Rizal returned to Manila (1892) and established La Liga Filipina, ○ Mother = known for her intelligence and business acumen an associated aimed at promoting reform, mass education, and ○ Paciano (brother) = actively managed family affairs, but the self-help initiatives inclusion of "businesswomen" likely emphasizes the ○ Formally launched in July 1892 to widespread acclaim lesser-documented roles of his sisters and mother in Shortly after, Rizal was arrested for subversion and the contributing to the family’s enterprises organization disbanded Members of LLF responded in two ways: Overall, Rizal’s family, particularly women, defied traditional ○ Cuerpo de Compromisarios = opted to continue the strategy gender roles of the 19th century by embracing economic of the Propaganda Movement; peaceful reform management and entrepreneurship ○ Katipunan (Kataas-taasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan Women could challenge social norms and contribute to national ng mga Anak ng Bayan or KKK) = armed resistance and progress more radical measures to advance Rizal’s ideals; included local nationalist reformists and revolutionaries Represented a new, more militant sector of Philippine society. 5.2 THE KATIPUNAN AND SOCIETY Combined liberal reformist ideas with the realities of colonial repression. Became heirs to a long history of resistance in the colony, The Ideology of the Katipunan informed by lived experiences and exposure to global and Rooted in the aims of Rizal’s La Liga Filipina, freemasonry, and economic currents. indigenous culture Masonic seals and organizational structure inspired Katipunan; Misconceptions of Andres Bonifacio Catholic Church opposed masonry Was killed by Aguinaldo Organizational chart of the Katipunan resembled pyramid Painted as a superhero scheme “Founder of Katipunan” ○ No. 1 = Supremo “Father of Philippine Revolution” ○ No. 5 = managed the recruitment list Was poor but still supported his siblings ○ Recruitment was anonymous; two members recruited new From Tondo, Manila individuals independently (secrecy) ○ There were 2 Tondos. ○ Tondo 1: suburb, like Binondo ○ Tondo 2: pier, you need to survive Andres Bonifacio BACKGROUND ○ From Tondo, a wealthy town in the late 19th century, symbolized by its large parish church ○ Belonged to the local elite (principalia) Father was the teniente mayor Mother was a Spanish mestiza and supervisor in a cigar factory (tobacco were among the first manufactured goods in the Philippines) Katipunan Press = Published Kalayaan, the group’s publication ○ Bonifacio was the eldest of 5, prepared for formal education New recruits received educational resources upon recruitment at Letran at 15 Katipunan Membership and Initiation ○ When his parents passed away, he was forced to abandon ○ Recruits studied reading materials -> recruiters vouched for school and provide for his siblings them to undergo testing Practiced consignment (bought goods in bulk, sold them, received payment as they sold) *Women were present in the Katipunan Worked as an actor in sarswelas and painted advertisements ○ Silid ng Pagninilay (Chamber of Reflection) = moral and ○ At 18, joined Fleming and Company as a clerk personal challenges of joining the Katipunan ○ Later worked for Fressel and Company, a German trading ○ Written Questions firm, as a bodeguero (in-charge of inventory) Ano ang kalagayan nitong ating lupa noong wala pa ang MARRIAGE mga Kastila? ○ Married to Gregoria de Jesus Paano ngayon ang pagpapasunuran ng mga Tagalog sa Came from a wealthy family with land in Caloocan and kapwa Tagalog? Cavite Answers can come from Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, Noli At 15, managed payroll, land arrangements, and accounting Me Tangere (for current situation) and El Filibusterismo (for Her family opposed her relationship with Bonifacio due to PH in the future) religious differences De Jesus were devout Catholics; Bonifacio was a Mason *Bonifacio and Jacinto made Rizal’s writings more accessible and (reformist organization critical of the church) digestible for the masses, which is how Rizal’s ideologies spread Gregoria was imprisoned by her family to stop the relationship ○ Oral Exam = if written answers were insufficient, recruits Wrote to the guardia civil for rescue and later married faced verbal interrogations Bonifacio under Katipunan rites at 18 ○ Initiation Rites She supported their family after marriage Conducted in a room with A pen, paper, balaraw (knife), skull, and candle on the *Bonifacio was 33 and previously married to a woman (Monica) table with four children Emblems of the Katipunan and a portrait of Rizal Bonifacio joined KKK, but was NOT the founder  The knife is used to sign one’s name in blood (optional for (12/26/1896) The military court found Rizal guilty of sedition, women because they already shed blood through rebellion, and illegal association -> sentence to death menstruation). (12/30/1896) At 6 AM, Rizal walked from Fort Santiago to If you pass, the tagausig is now your bro and you are now a Bagumbayan for the execution. The execution was witnessed member of Katipunan by Hilarion Martinez (20 y/o drummer in the Leales Voluntarios de Manila) Levels of the Katipunan ○ On the way, he passed by Ateneo and groups of women (1) Katipunan (Entry Level) approached him, asking for pieces of his clothing or hair Members wore a basic face mask resembling those in ○ Upon arrival, Rizal greeted everyone with composure and processions requested the commander not to aim for his head (sign of Password: Anak ng Bayan dignity) (2) Kawal ○ The firing squad was made up of Filipino soldiers (1st row), Password: GomBurZa and Spanish soldiers (2nd row) stood by to enforce (3) Kapatid compliance. The authorities ensured that Filipino soldiers Password: Rizal would carry out the execution As Rizal faced the squad, he stood calmly, raised his hand and KKK was a “secret society” but was only secret from the removed his hat -> prayed silently before being fired Spaniards Rizal fell forward, facing the sky. A small dog ran circles around his body (bad omen) Most Filipinos who fought in the revolution (1890s) were NOT A medical officer confirmed his death with a pulse check, and a Katipuneros final close-range shot was administered Some groups were influenced by millenarian (cult-like) ideas Soldiers were instructed to file past the body to view it for the last time. Promotion through ranks depended on contributions such as *Account from Alberto Mendoza recruiting members and displaying leadership. Strict penalties for betrayal, including imprisonment, Philippine Revolution (1896) harassment, and death The Katipunan had a large and growing membership and planned an uprising; some hesitated Rizal’s sisters were Katipuneras Sigaw ng Pugad Lawin ○ Held a meeting at Pugad Lawin -> tore their cedulas Urban Katipuneros Rural Katipuneros (password-equivalent?) Tearing it is an act of subjecting oneself from the Spanish All were educated All held high positions in colonial rule government and rich Uprising concluded with the feast day of San Bartolome (end of August) -> Filipinos could travel openly with bladed weapons on Emilio Jacinto Mariano Alvarez his festival Student at Letran, son of a Capitan Municipal of merchant Noveleta, Cavite Initially struggled as a writer Battle of Pinaglabanan / Battle of San Juan del Monte but became Katipunan’s Chose Intramuros as the target since it was the capital and most prominent author center of Spanish power in the Philippines Stop at San Juan to get arms and ammunition before going to Pio Valenzuela Vito Belarmino Intramuros 4th-year medical student Gobernadorcillo of Silang, Upon arrival, the arsenal was heavily guarded, thwarting the and member of local elite Cavite plan from Bulacan There was also confusion with prearranged signals among revolutionaries (Intramuros was celebrating a fiesta) Roman Basa Candido Tirona Bonifacio’s forces were defeated Worked as a clerk at Cabeza de Barangay of Rural Katipuneros decided to move to Montalban, Rizal instead Spanish naval HQ Kawit Cavite of Intramuros Deodato Arellano Urban leader Revolution = foundational event of national history, a pivot for narratives The Katipuneros GG Ramon Blanco declared Martial Law over 8 provinces Occupied intermediate positions in society (between Spanish (12/1896) GG Emilio Polaveja replaced Blanco to handle the and Filipinos) escalating conflict Had direct contact with institutions, policies, and Later, GG Fernando Primo de Vera representatives of Spanish colonial rule Luis Taviel de Andrade = Rizal’s defense counsel during his trial “Lived and worked in the interface between colonial power and ○ Initially skeptical of Rizal, Taviel later became a staunch the population.” defender Manifiesto a Algunos Filipinos (12/15/1896) 5.3 RIZAL AND REVOLUTION Rizal formally stated his opposition to the revolution, though Nicolas de la Peña (Judge Advocate General) said he indirectly supported it ○ Revolution is not bad, but the timing was premature First 100 days of the 1896 Revolution = The uprising spread Before his execution, Rizal gave his sister a lamp, inside was Mi rapidly through the areas of Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Pampanga, Ultimo Adios Tarlac, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, and Batangas LEADERS Context of the Katipunan ○ Emilio Aguinaldo in Cavite The Katipunan emerged in Manila, a rapidly urbanizing, ○ Mariano Llanera in Nueva Ecija cosmopolitan city influenced by liberal ideas (Richardson, ○ Jose Alejandrino in Pampanga 2013). As the rebellion intensified and spread, Spanish authorities Forward-looking, and not tradition-bound sought efforts to suppress it ○ Shifted to silencing Rizal (most dangerous and subversive By 1896-1897, the Katipunan had evolved: figure) No longer close-knit, clandestine brotherhood it originally was Heterogeneous and complex, with leadership and goals varying Execution of Jose Rizal by region (8/1896) Rizal was arrested by Spanish authorities, who Some areas operated under a de facto government (Cavite) believed he was one of the leaders of the uprising  The Spanish ejército expedicionario (1896) reinforced forces in Inauguration of new government; had a banquet afterwards Cuba (worst troops in terms of human rights violations (menu was written in French) General Emilio Aguinaldo ○ Prominent local political elite from Cavite ○ Rose through the ranks due to battle successes Antonio Luna ○ Recruited into the Katipunan (1897) ! Possible Test Questions ○ Initially a loyal Spanish citizen, betrayed by informing Spanish authorities of the plan 1. Find relationship between changes & economy. 2. The most common and popular images of Andres Tejeros Convention (3/22/1897) Bonifacio are of him as an illiterate, barefoot farmer with Marked a turning point in the Katipunan as two rival factions a bolo; such as the one below from Vinzons Hall in UP emerged on how to proceed with the revolution: Diliman. Why do you think this image of Bonifacio ○ Magdiwang = Relatives of Gregoria de Jesus and Bonifacio, became prevalent, at least until recently? Does it matter followers of Rizal or change the story if Bonifacio was from the middle Advocated continuing Katipunan as a secret society class, rather than a farmer or laborer? Why or why not? ○ Magdalo = Led by Aguinaldos, Tironas, and allies in Kawit a. TLDR: What do we value that we paint Pushed for establishing a revolutionary government to gain Bonifacio as a farmer, laborer, peasant, angry, international recognition etc.? ○ Bonifacio sided with Magdalo 3. If you’re going to revolt against the Spanish, where Emilio Aguinaldo was elected President, despite being absent would you start first? Why? How? Andres Bonifacio was elected Secretary of the Interior, until a. Balintawak, Pugad Lawin, etc. Daniel Tirona objected due to lack of law degree and suggested 4. Agree or disagree. Revolutions occur when people are he become Secretary of War instead oppressed OR revolutions occur when the economy is at ○ Bonifacio was offended and invalidated the convention its best ○ Aguinaldo attempted to run after Bonifacio, but failed 5. What are the main ideas put forth through the readings Bonifacio was arrested, tried, and sentenced to death by a for KKK initiation? military tribunal dominated by members of Magdiwang At the end of 1897, Spanish forces gained ground and the revolutionary government retreated from Cavite to Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan Biak-na-Bato Republic Established in 1897 as a functioning revolutionary government Constitution of Biak-na-Bato (11/1/1897) ○ Based on the Cuban constitution ○ Drafted by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer ○ Created a presidential system with positions (president, vice president, and supreme council) Truce of Biak-na-Bato (11-12/1897) ○ Negotiated by General Emilio Aguinaldo and Spanish GG Fernando Primo de Vera, with mediation by Pedro Paterno ○ Was not meant to be upheld by either side ○ Recognizes PH as independent, as a sovereign nation, by signing the truce ○ TERMS (1) Aguinaldos and all leaders were exiled to Hong Kong (2) Filipinos to surrender all arm (3) Spain to pay 900,000 damages to non-combatant (4) Spain to pay an indemnity of 800,000 → 400k upon departure of Aguinaldo → 200k when 700 arms are surrendered → 200k … Demands of Biak-na-Bato Republic 1. Expulsion of friars and return of friar lands to Filipinos 2. Representation in the Spanish Cortes 3. Freedom of the press and religion 4. Abolition of the government’s power to banish Filipinos 5. Equality for all before the law Hong Kong Junta “Juntas” is a military term = council/assembly After the pact of Biak na Bato, organization formed as a revolutionary government in exile by Filipino revolutionaries Spanish-American War Started because the USS Maine exploded in Cuba which was assumed to be bombed by Spain who occupied Cuba at the time ○ “Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain.” Battle of Manila Bay (May 1, 1898) ○ Headed by George Dewey against Patricio Montojo y Pasarón ALLEGEDLY, Dewey took a break for breakfast and after defeated Spain because it was so easy ○ Offshoot of Spanish-American War in Cuba Declaration of Independence Happened in Kawit, Cavite at the balcony of Aguinaldo’s house Wanted to be presented as a nation to the USA Malolos Congress drafted the first constitution