HISTO 11 Final LT Notes PDF

Year 1 Sem 1 - HISTO 11 Less land to grow other types of food = land was being used for 6 main crops Module 3 Bu...

Year 1 Sem 1 - HISTO 11 Less land to grow other types of food = land was being used for 6 main crops Module 3 Buy rice instead of growing it Rizal the Nationalist Principalia Pacto de Retroventa: land as collateral, later to be sold back ○ A contract used by the Chinese 19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES: A 3.1 CENTURY OF CHANGE ○ Fostered tenant indebtedness and dependence on landlord ○ Debt through getting land ○ Title (document locals did not recognize) 3. Rise of Chinese Trader The Philippine Economy of the 19th Century When Legazpi arrived, there was already a Chinese Economy = livelihood community Economy shapes culture 1830’s: encouraged Chinese immigration 19th Century → century of change ○ There was a change in Dynasty (internal turmoil in *The 18th century refers to the years 1701 to 1800, and the 19th China), making them leave century refers to the years 1801 to 1900.* ○ Led them to the PH ○ Industrial revolution The Chinese became associated with retail trade ○ Age of enlightenment -> emerged the idea of nation Love hate relationship with the Spaniards. ○ Rise of Chinese traders in the Philippines ○ There were executions of the Chinese ○ International trade was affected ○ Love: their products, trade Big change→ 1840’s: 90% of Export Revenue came from 6 ○ Hate: religion Philippine Crops (Cash Crops) CACTIS Christian Chinese ○ Cotton ○ Key to changing status ○ Abaca - Bicol Special place to live in: Binondo ○ Coffee The Chinese were very porous ○ Tobacco - Cagayan Valley Parian was established as a trading area for Chinese ○ Indigo merchants; it became the name of Manila's Chinatown ○ Sugar - Bacolod in Negros Occidental ○ At night, the gate would be locked so the Chinese Places of growth = contains resources couldn't enter the city. Land was abundant, and it became more important than labor. ○ For Spaniards, Christianity became the measurement ○ Labor → pre-colonial (determined debt) ○ If you are baptized, you can go out of the Parian and live ○ Land (factor of production) → 19th in Binondo. Land was owned by the principalia (local native elites). 4. Introduction of Cash Economy Sugar was a cheap and easy source of energy, which is why it Modern systems were introduced was a popular cash crop. El Banco Español Filipino de Isabel II (Today: BPI) Main trade partner/buyer: England and America rather than 5. Increase in Internal Domestic Commerce with Spain. Cinemayera (19th Century) ○ PH was a de facto British Colony ○ refers to "sawdust" or "wood shavings" that were used ○ Britain, America, Netherlands (Spain was 5th) as a form of packaging material for transporting fragile When the Spaniards entered, Filipinos already learned English goods like glass or ceramics. ○ It was common during this time, especially in industries Cultivation and Export of Cash Crops or trades where items needed protection during ○ Not a unitary colonial economy oriented towards the shipping. colonizing power Disposable income increase Colonial economy is not entirely unified or solely focused Good for the economy on benefiting the colonizer. Cloth - what the rich women sold Instead of a fully centralized system serving only the Banig - woven mats, has multi-use colonizer's needs, the economy has sectors or regions that Iloilo Home Weaving Industry operate semi-independently, with varied goals or even ○ “...but it is surprising what admirable articles the women locally-oriented production that does not entirely depend turn out on these rude looms. I have heard the number of on or serve the colonizer's objectives. looms in this province estimated at 50,000, but I think ○ Series of separate societies that entered the world economy this is rather over the mark. All the female population At different times appears to be employed in weaving, and in almost every Under different terms of trade house there are three or four looms, in some as many as With different systems of production a dozen.” – British Consul, Nicholas Loney, 1856 Oriented towards different trading partners New Elite for a New Economy ○ Different local economies with differing terms of trade, Other Economic Changes trade partners, systems of production 1. Population Movements ○ Emerging regional elites played a critical entrepreneurial role in the growth of Philippine exports Year Population ○ Philippines was first in SEA to develop indigenous commercial elites employing modern production 1783 837K methods and rural wage labor market ○ “Local elites used appropriate and economical labor 1799 1.576M strategies.” ○ Familia Quiason de San Fernando 1850 3.815M Social Change in the 19th Century Philippines Expansion into virgin lands because saturation point had Stemmed from the Economy been reached in areas like Manila, Cebu, Pampanga Mobility, Education, Intellectual Currents Could be temporary (seasonal) or permanent (settlement) New mix of factors of production Growth of the Philippine frontier = Spread and Cordillera entrenchment of lowland Filipino culture (Spread by Hammock Philippine population movements) Problems of flooding 2. Growth of Tenancy 1. Transportation and Mobility New mix of factors of production If there is mobility, it is good for the Philippines Landowners also became entrepreneurs, traders, and People believed that Filipinos just stayed at their place of brought in new technology birth, but that is not true. Cash enters equation Angeles Train Station ○ Brought goods from Central Luzon to Manila  ○ No traffic path ○ The term "Ilustrado" in the Philippine context refers to the Castco "enlightened" or "learned" class during the 19th century. ○ Tricycle of the time Houses were backed at waterways and trading happened Background of the Secularization Movement there ○ The Secularization Movement of the mid to late 19th century Duyan was a movement for the equal rights of native-born priests to ○ Traditionally used to go up mountains (ex. Antipolo) be parish priests. Train: Ferrocarril de Manila a Dagupan ○ It has its roots in two policies of the Spanish colonial system ○ The British built this. in the Philippines. ○ Port: Binondo to Dagupan ○ A boom for the economy Church Law ○ America took over and killed the railway ○ Canon law states that only the Secular priests may hold Cebu Railroad parishes. Regular priests were to prioritize the missions of Iloilo Railway their orders, i.e. education, charitable works, evangelization, Batangas Railway conversion, and the like, and could only hold parishes if there Iligan Railway (near Marawi) were no secular priests. Escolta used to be the center ○ Only the secular clergy was allowed to have the parishes. The Philippines already had the beginnings of a good mass However, here in the Philippines, regular clergy had the transportation parishes, which is probably why Filipinos were allowed to Partners for these projects were normally British and PH join secular clergy. 2. Intellectual Currents: Education Being Richer -> Sending Children to School Roots of the Conflict Center of Education: Intramuros 1. Patronato Real (Royal Patronage) Ex: Colegio de San Juan de Letran, Beaterio del Compania The King of Spain was the Royal Patron of all the missions de Jesus (Spanish school girls in Manila, run by priests) and appointed the Church officials in colonial territories. Schedule in the This was because the Spanish Crown paid for the ○ Focus on religion expenses and upkeep of the evangelizing missions to the ○ There were beatings in the school Philippines. In return, the Church gave the Spanish crown the right to Sources name bishops, archbishops and other Church personnel in ○ McCoy, Alfred W. And De Jesus, Ed. C, editors. Philippine the mission areas. What problems do you think would arise Social History: Global Trade and Local Transformations. QC: from this arrangement? ADMU Press, 2001. TLDR: King of Spain is the Royal Patron of all missions and ○ Postcards/visuals from various sources on the internet appointed the church officials ○ But, the Council of Trent required all parishes to be under secular clergy THE CHANGING CHURCH: 3.2 SECULARIZATION ○ In the Philippines, Spanish King appointed the Regular Clergy to the parishes and church positions 2. Visitation Right of bishops to visit and review parishes ○ But, parishes under regulars refused this. The Secularization Issue ○ Result: possible lack of checks and balances, can Rise of an Intelligentsia, Filipino Priests, and the Nationalist abuse the money collected for power Movement ○ The Jesuits were expelled from the Philippines in 1768 as part of a broader suppression of the Society of Jesus Most available higher education for the Philippines was during the late 18th century. priesthood = power ○ However, they were allowed to return later in 1859, ○ Many rich Filipinos take this course during the 19th century. This meant they wanted their ○ Filipinos did this for power Churches back. ○ Not necessarily because Filipinos love Catholicism The rise of the Intelligentsia, Filipino priests, and the Nationalist Problem Movement ○ Filipinos are not accepted in the regular clergy, they go to the Pedro Pelaez secular clergy. Mariano Gomez ○ Regulars didn’t follow church hierarchy. Jose Burgos ○ Bishops and Archbishops had the right and the duty to visit Jacinto Zamora the parishes under their jurisdiction to ensure that it was Carlos Maria de la Torre being run well and according to the tenets of the Church. Rafael Izquierdo ○ But the Regular priests, who held the parishes, refused to One of the major social changes would be that of the accept the authority of the bishops and claimed to be emergence of the native-born secular priests as agents and answerable only to their orders’ superiors. leaders of their communities. ○ In the meantime, the number of available secular priests in the Philippines had grown: mostly made up of native born 2 Kinds of Clergy (mestizos, indios, Spanish) priests. 1. Secular ○ The Regulars can even spend money however they want to. Members of church hierarchy, i.e. Parish priests, bishops, ○ In the PH, parishes were given to the Regulars cuz parish = archbishops, etc. money Archbishops are the most common secular clergy we encounter! Notes Seculars controlled Filipinos ○ 1768: Jesuits were kicked out of the churches and the Canon law states that only the Secular priests may hold country. parishes. ○ 85 years later, the Jesuits came back and they wanted to 2. Regular reclaim their parishes, which were given to other religious Members of friar/religious orders (Jesuit, Dominican, orders when they were kicked out. Augustinian, etc.) ○ Augustinians left parishes and so the Philippines lacked Jesuit controlled Antipolo priests. Regulars controlled Spaniards ○ The Philippines promoted Filipino secular priests. to prioritize the missions of their orders (edu, charity, etc) ○ Archbishop Basilio Sancho de Santa Justa imposed visitation could only hold parishes if there were no secular priests on all parishes Carried out the evangelizations ○ Native-born Mexican Priest, started the Mexican Revolution: Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Illustrado = Enlightened  ○ First indio priest: Francisco Baluyot ordained in 1698 from an First Movement - Higher Education for the Priests old and prominent Kapampangan family involved in the 1660 revolts, one Baluyot was hanged (one of the leaders). Padre Jose Burgos (1837 - 1872) Only until late 1800s were Filipino allowed into churches ○ From Vigan, Ilocos Sur ○ Filipino seminarians - Pampanga, 1880s ○ Like a young prodigy ○ Filipino secular priests were usually from principalia families ○ Was a post boy for a reformist paper Wealthy families would endow Capellania ○ Priests had to take an exam to become priest (focus was Capellania: a pious grant to the church (tilled land whose improve education) income was applied to the support of a priest) ○ Results would be Filipino: 95 vs. Spanish: 60 Donor determined choice of chaplain - usually kin But! Priority would be given to Spanish, injustice to Filipinos Act of piety but also a medium for capitalizing family Which is why Burgos taught his students to be smarter members in the priesthood Need to best Spaniards ○ Smart kids were sent to the priesthood ○ 4-5 Archbishops of Vigan gave him a scholarship ○ Principalia/Filipino secular priests took advantage of higher ○ Finished his doctorate degree in UST education (becomes more aware of their rights) ○ By 26, he had 2 doctorate degrees: Canon Law & Civil Law ○ Native secular priests became more entrenched and powerful ○ He joined the hierarchy in Manila Cathedral ○ Campaign for the Rights of Filipino Priests Under tutelage of Pedro Pelaez Fr. Mariano Gomez - Parish priest of Bacoor since 1824 ○ Never a parish priest Fr. Pedro Pelaez - member of Cathedral Chapter and ○ Taught law in UST and Letran professor at UST ○ Youth admired him Lobbied and funded for revocation of anti-Filipino ○ 1863: There is an earthquake in Manila which destroys the decrees and return of parishes’ seculars Manila Cathedral in Intramuros, which kills Pedro Pelaez. Was supported by the Archbishop of Manila, Gregorio ○ Regular priests slandered Pelaez (God’s wrath) Meliton Martinez Burgos defended Pedro Pelaez. 1698 First Filipino was ordained to priesthood ○ Burgos Manifiesto, 1864 “Good citizen and loved clergy where he belonged” 1768 Expulsion of Jesuits Shows that the position of regular priests are wrong. ○ Defense of native born Filipinos, 1864 Reply to the responses of the regular priests 1770 Archbishop Basilio Sancho de Santa Justa y Rufina Asserted that Filipinos did not simply lack incentive or imposed Visitation on all parishes education Cavite Mutiny, 1872 1789 French Revolution (1808–1814) Napoleon's occupation of Spain ○ Mutiny means “from the inside” led to Spanish monasteries devastated ○ brief uprising of 200 Filipino troops and workers at the Cavite Led to less spanish priests -> work went to arsenal, which became the excuse for Spanish to arrest Filipino secular priests Filipino nationalists and priests ○ Fort San Felipe 1808 Napoleonic Wars -> more devastation ○ Leaders: 2 peninsular lieutenants ○ Jan 20 (1 day) 1810 Grito de Dolores led by a native-born Mexican priest ○ All leaders of mutiny were killed, except for a few to be kept marked the start of the Mexican War of as witnesses Independence ○ Filipino priests, lawyers, known liberals, etc. were arrested. led by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (Spanish sees Terror of 1872 the threat of native-born priests) ○ Governor General Carlos Maria de la Torre (liberal) ○ Governor General Rafael Izquierdo replaced him in 1871 1820 Mexican Revolution Both GGs now had reasons to arrest Filipino nationalists Mexican War of Independence ended in 1821 with Mexico’s independence from Spain and priests. ○ Over 300 were arrested (liberals, priests, lawyers) 1859 Return of the Jesuits ○ Burgos earned the ire of the Governor Generals because he They resumed missionary work and was popular and accomplished. He was also popular among established educational institutions like the women because he was an athlete (boxing). He was 3/4 Ateneo Municipal de Manila Spanish. ○ SOURCE: report of the French Consul Opinions of Spanish Clergy on Filipino Seculars Carlos Maria de la Torre ○ Students from university in San Jose & Letran come back as ○ Pro-Philippine independence/Pro-Filipino rebels/ “if they were educated, they’d be more rebels” ○ Approved liberalism in the Philippines during his term ○ Viewed as inferior, lazy, not suited to the job, sensual ○ Supported sovereignty of the Philippines ○ Bishop Juan Aragones, 1872 ○ Often considered one of the more progressive and ○ Patricio de la Escosura, 1882 sympathetic Spanish governor-generals The Filipino seculars are a danger to the colony ○ Released political prisoners and even endorsed their criticism ○ Lucio Bustamante, 1885 of the church and the friars Indio-calabao (they should just be farmers) ○ Lifting restrictions on the Filipino clergy ○ Liked Burgos and presented him with pride in front of priests Opinions on the Secular Clergy during a party, which earned Burgos enemies behind his back ○ Lucio Bustamante “Burgos is a good Filipino” Said that Tagalogs and Indios should just stay as farmers ○ Was replaced by Rafael Izquierdo Due to pressure from conservative factions in Spain Rise of the Filipino Priest as Writer: Mid-19th Century Opposite of Carlos Maria de la Torre. “Long live church and ○ Most were native secular priests state” ○ First time Filipinos wrote & published books in their name ○ Urbana at Feliza Jacinto Zamora ○ Vicente Garcia ○ Was not highly involved ○ Accidental hero Media ○ Arrested due to his fatal vice (Panguingue) and because of a ○ El Catolico Filipino note he wrote that was misinterpreted 1862, 1st religious newspaper “Malaking putukan ngayong gabi” = Bring lots of money Pedro Pelaez wrote for this Published by Fr. Mariano Sevilla GOMBURZA Execution (Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, ○ El Eco FIlipino → liberal & reformist newspaper and Jacinto Zamora)  ○ Death penalty - garrote ○ Forced to just be a farmer and not a student anymore ○ February 17, 1872 because of the Cavite mutiny ○ Executions were public events ○ The coach of Izquierdo transported GomBurZa to the Mantle of nationalist reform were passed from secular priests to execution venue, from Fort Santiago to Luneta (Bagumbayan) ilustrados. ○ GomBurZa priests were supposed to be subjects of Shrine of GomBurZa humiliation, but the garbage cart broke down (they were ○ UP Chapel supposed to be transported through this). ○ Paco Cemetery ○ People were cheering GomBurZa, women were crying, some Propaganda Movement were begging (to not go through with the execution), etc. ○ First person to be executed was Mariano gomez. Sources He gave a speech - “I didn’t do wrong because I was ○ Schumacher, John N. “Philippine Higher Education and the fighting for my people… If you think you should kill me, kill Origins of Nationalism.” Philippine Studies 23, no. 1/2 (1975): me.” 53–65. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42635034. ○ Second person to be executed was Zamora. Accidental, no last words Last person killed in garrote is usually the most guilty, which THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT 3.3 ○ in this case, was Burgos. Burgos did not want to be executed. Since he did boxing, AND NEW SOCIAL CATEGORIES he was able to fight the guards off, punching 3 priests off the stage. Burgos was close to the Jesuits, and the Jesuits whispered New Social Categories: Ilustrados, the Middle Class and the to Burgos that even Jesus was innocent (based on Jesuits’ Propaganda Movement claims). Eventually, Burgos accepted his fate. Executioner knelt down in front of Burgos and asked for his 19th century saw the rise of the economic middle class and the forgiveness for executing him. emergence of the Ilustrado: an educated native born Filipino who ○ Everyone left after the GomBurZa execution, which was was seen to have liberal views on government education, religion unusual because executions were always celebrated and society. After execution, the Spaniards shot the guns up and said “Viva España” / ”Long Live Spain” Jose Rizal People were silent and turned their backs on the Spaniards Illustrado/Principalia and left” Born in 1861 into a well-to-do family of mixed Chinese, ○ Historical records indicate that Rizal was not present at Japanese, Spanish, and Tagalog descent. Bagumbayan during this event; rather, he was in Calamba, 7th child, 2nd son Laguna. It was his elder brother Paciano who witnessed the From Biñan, Laguna then moved to the frontier (Calamba) death of his mentor, Padre Burgos. Lived in Calamba, Laguna Father: Francisco Rizal Mercado ○ Agriculture, sold meal, etc. What do you think was the effect of the Cavite Mutiny and the ○ Had a lot of side businesses Gomburza execution on the rise of nationalism and the Mother: Teodora Alonso Revolution? ○ Had a college degree equivalent in Math ○ Taught her children in the first few years This may seem vague and unconnected to us, but it certainly ○ 1872 - arrested and falsely accused had a different meaning for the Filipinos of the time, as seen ○ Made to walk from Los Banos to Intramuros from the following excerpts from primary documents. Part of principalia large family (11 children: 9 girls, 2 boys) JOSE RIZAL’S LETTER TO MARIANO PONCE, 18 APRIL 1889: Saturnina (eldest sister, ~15-20 year age gap) “Without 1872 there would not now be a Plaridel, a Jaena, a P. Jacinto (pen name for A 19th Century Boyhood) Sanciangco, nor would the brave and generous Filipino colonies ○ Philippines was not isolated exist in Europe. Without 1872 Rizal would now be a Jesuit and 8 years old - he transferred school to Biñan, Laguna but hated it instead of writing the Noli Me Tangere, would have written the ○ Was beaten, wrote to Paciano to pick him up contrary. At the sight of those injustices and cruelties, though ○ Parents wanted Rizal to stay in school still a child, my imagination awoke, and I swore to dedicate Failed his first entrance exam because he looks too sickly myself to avenge one day so many victims. With this idea I have gone on studying, and this can be read in all my works and Events of 1872 (When Rizal went home) writings. God will grant me one day to fulfill my promise.” ○ Paciano was a protégé of Burgos ○ Gomburza execution The Prologue of El Filibusterismo: ○ Arrest of 300 nationalists and reformers ○ Spanish oppressed higher education “To the memory of the priests, Don Mariano Gomez (85 years ○ Mother of Rizal was arrested (falsely accused for murder) and old), Don José Burgos (30 years old), and Don Jacinto Zamora walked from Calamba to Intramuros (35 years old). Executed in Bagumbayan Field on the 28th of Released after 2 years February, 1872.” Ateneo Municipal de Manila (Intramuros) “The Church, by refusing to degrade you, has placed in doubt ○ 11 years old the crime that has been imputed to you; the Government, by ○ Failed the ACET surrounding your trials with mystery and shadows, causes the ○ During the interview, priest said he was too sickly belief that there was some error, committed in fatal moments; Paciano convinced them to accept Rizal and all the Philippines, by worshiping your memory and calling ○ Attended 3 weeks late you martyrs, in no [vi]sense recognizes your culpability…” ○ They were arranged by grade A-first row F-last row 1872: El Terror ○ Rizal was first put at the back, could not speak Spanish or ○ Filipinos were banned from pursuing higher education Latin, which were the languages of instruction ○ People with affiliations to secular priests (like Burgos) were ○ Rizal worked from the back to the front row in 1 term. hunted down and subjected to execution. ○ Rizal liked art. Sacred Heart of Jesus Paciano Rizal Mother’s Revenge ○ Scholar of Burgos Clase de Dibujo ○ From Calamba, Laguna ○ Destroyed during WW2 (only San Agustin Church + Letran ○ Was told by his Father to not mention Burgos survived)  ○ Francisco “Paniki” de Paula Sanchez, S.J. - Rizal’s GOAT To combat all reaction, improve all regression, to applaud & accept admu teacher in literature, greek, and latin all liberal ideas, to defend all progress, in a word: one more ○ Segunda Katigbak - Rizal’s origami OG pookie from the propagandist of all the ideals of democracy, aspiring to make sisters’ school democracy prevail in all peoples of both the peninsula and the Rizal would visit her school every sunday overseas provinces. Would exchange letters Rizal goes home to Calamba, Laguna over the summer Ilustrados, Patriots, Exiles, Artists Segunda Katigbak went home to Batangas Paterno brothers Comes back, then finds out Katigback transferred to a Rizal began his nationalist movement school near Batangas, ending their “romance” La Solidaridad (solidarity) - newspaper ○ Leonor Rivera - next pookie, from the sister’s school scoliosis? Rizal’s distant cousin (BRO????) Parents were against Rizal, especially the mother, because La Solidaridad (1889-1892) his family was already identified with the reformist ○ Turning point in reformist movement movement. ○ Medium for expression of collective aspirations (because Together till graduate (Ateneo -> UST Med) most religious newspapers were shut down) After graduating Med, Rizal couldn’t say goodbye to Leonor ○ Envisioned as part of multipronged and prolonged program of # ghosted because he had to go to Europe and use his political action talents for the country (Paciano’s orders) ○ Became a safe space of the reformists people Over the next 9 years, Rivera wrote letters to Rizal every ○ Most people wrote using pseudonyms week but received no response from Rizal. Rizal wrote his name in his works as a form of bravery. Her mother hid all letters Rizal gave to her, revealed on the Others followed. day of wedding to a different person (British Engineer), 2 ○ Mariano Ponce - funder, did not write boxes (1 had the letters of Rizal and the other was her ○ Marcelo H. Del Pilar letters) Not editor-in-chief because he was wanted in the The wedding pushed through under 3 conditions (1) her Philippines; fled to Barcelona, Spain mom to be beside her in the vows, (2) always wear black, Wrote Dasalan at Tocsohan (3) NEVER play the piano again. ⟶ In the form of the 10 commandments but against the Burned the letters and scattered ashes priests Dies in childbirth 10 months later ⟶ “Ang Manga Utos ng Fraile” ○ Rizal studied ophthalmology under Dr. Louis de Wecker in ⟶ Subverts the 10 commandments Paris Moving force of the Newspaper Most versatile writer among the propaganda writers Spanish period: women did not change last names La Soberanía Monacal en Filipinas Americans: did ⟶ The Friars’ Dominant Positions in the Philippines ⟶ The Wealth of the Friars Content of La Solidaridad: Political and Economic Died in Spain because of poverty Reform ○ Graciano Lopez-Jaena ○ content of the bimonthly ranged from political pieces that First editor of the newspaper advocated reforms in the Philippines Betrayed whole movement because there was no payment ○ Ranged from liberal aspirations such as representation in the (Del Pilar took over after he left) Spanish Cortes, freedom of speech and religion, and the As a result, wrote for an anti-Filipino Spanish newspaper teaching of Spanish, to more radical demands such as the ○ “Aba Guinoong Baria,” is a satire found in a collection called expulsion of friars Dasalan at Tocsohan, which was said to have been written by ○ Greogorio Sancianco wrote on the Philippine economy and Del Pilar and co-written by Pedro Serrano Laktaw and Rafael the absurdity of some of the taxes, laws and economic Enriquez. The short poem, along with others like it in the regulations imposed by the government. collection, illustrates the avariciousness of friars in the ○ One of the more popular articles was Jose Rizal’s February Philippines. 22, 1889 “Letter to the Women of Malolos”. A group of women of elite background from Malolos, Bulacan had Aba Ginoong Barya Oh, Lord of Coins, successfully lobbied for a school that would teach them in You fill the collection box, Spanish. Rizal praised their audacity for education and raised The Friars are with you, them up as models for Filipino women. And you are blessed, more than anyone, ○ Marcelo del Pilar (Plaridel) continued his attacks on the Blessed is your wealth, O generous one. friars’ corruption and worldliness. Santa Barya, Our Mother, ○ Antonio Luna (Taga-Ilog) wrote a series of articles recording Please pray for us, his thoughts on the Spanish capital, Madrid. He wrote a mock So that we may not be oppressed, scandalous, satirical “blog” about bullfighting, cafes, and And so that we may not die. Spain’s ignorance of its colonies. She has mercy on us. Direct response to the Spanish writers who had traveled to the Philippines and had portrayed the place as backward, Ang Aba Po Santa Baria its people as lazy and inferior. Hail to you, Santa Barya, Queen, “Luna attacked this depiction by flipping the You are the livelihood and sweetness, colonizer-colonized script. This time, it was the colonizer The fruits of our labor, who was the backward savage.” (E. La Vina, unpublished). You are the fruit of our struggle, The breath we sigh, National Identity In our weeping here in this sorrowful land, ○ Isabelo de Los Reyes, a writer from Vigan, Ilocos Sur wrote Oh, we search and ask for help for our children, articles on the folklore of Ilocos, Malabon and Zambales, at Look upon us, the behest of Philippine-based Spanish journalist Jose Felipe Your cross we ask for, del Pan. To this day, the ensuing compilation of essays, Before your departure, entitled “El Folklore Filipino”, is a useful and relevant tool for Let us hear your golden voice. Philippine scholars. Pray for us, ○ Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, a linguist, wrote articles on the And may the threats of the Friars cease. Amen. Tagalog language and pre-Hispanic orthography, as well as investigating Sanskrit’s influence on the language. He, Friars Dominant Position together with other family members such as his uncle the ○ Election control for municipal officials liberal reformist, Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, had been targeted ○ Control of municipal operations (MO) in authority, of visto by the friars and the government in the Philippines for years. bueno (approval) of priest required for action ○ Public Edu control (Spanish Learning) The Propaganda Movement ○ Power to deport those who oppose ○ Necessity for preservation of integridad de la patria  Everything was bad in the Philippines Wealth The Spanish contributed everything ○ Large rented estates with arbitrary rates, subsequent 2. From the preface of annotations detriment to agricultural process The past is for the future ○ Substantial sums spent by people on frequent fiestas and 3. Creation of a Filipino social science novenas (series of prayers or devotions over nine days) Nation is a sovereign subject was the motive behind Rizal’s ○ Fees collected in excess of officially fixed rates Annotations ○ Traffic in scapulars, resorts and other pious (deeply religious) Traced the basic outline of a filipino historiography objects (addressed preface to Filipinos and talked of our country) ○ Method of giving percentage of predicted revenue from Recovery and rectification of a lost past cedula tax, than actual revenue, list of the payers being under parish control Creation of a Filipino Social Science ○ Motive behind Rizal’s annotations = the need to define the Republic Act No. 1425: 1956 nation as a sovereign subject ○ An Act to Include in the Curricula of All Public and Private ○ Traced the basic outline of a Filipino historiography Schools, Colleges and Universities Courses on the Life, ○ Addressed preface to Filipinos and talked of “our country” Works and Writings of Jose Rizal, Particularly His Novels Noli ○ Recovery and rectification of a lost past, assumption of Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo authority and orientation towards the future Claro Recto and Jose Laurel What is lost in translation? Module 4 ○ Snarky tone of Rizal ○ Multilinguality of Filipinos Rizal the Writer 4.1 NOLI ME TANGERE 4.2 EL FILIBUSTERISMO Rizal saw history as the heart of nationalism Noli as a Charter of Nationalism Noli Me Tangere = charter of nationalism El Filibusterismo = charter of the future Charter means “guide” Noli was considered unusual back then because it is an example of “sound nationalism”. El Filibusterismo ○ Sound Nationalism - based on an accurate and unsparing 2nd novel analysis of the situation Written in London, Paris, Brussels, and finally completed in Rizal was very objective Biarritz in 1891 Rizal attacked people in the church and the industries. Published in Ghent on Sept 18, 1891 ○ Rizal was not against the church El Nuevo Régimen ○ Did not attack Catholicism Filibuster (opposition; obstruction of progress in legislative ○ Attacked the system that entangled church and state. assembly) ○ Criticized the unjust and inefficient system of the government Partially funded by Valentin Ventura Rizal attacked the vices of the Filipinos Dedicated the novel to Gomburza ○ Filipinos were part of the problem in his works, which was Only 30 chapters what made Rizal different from other ilustrados ○ Cut down due to publication cost ○ Burned when Leonor Rivera got married Anti-Friar Sentiment in Noli Me Tangere ○ Jesuits are not Friars 1800s - colony of Spain but Filipinos wished for it to be a province. Does not include Jesuits in his critiques Filipinos would be citizens of Spain, not subjects. ○ Stemmed from the belief that the political and economic Major critique - Spanish refused to teach Spanish to Filipinos interference of the friars was the root of the country’s ills “Social Cancer” 4 Strategies for Emancipation religious loyalty = loyalty to spain 1. Reform Friar as the representative of government in many parishes Change what is wrong Opposition to freedom of speech, association, and religion 2. Assimilation Frequent condescension in treatment of indios Wanted PH to become a part of Spain, province of Spain, so that Filipinos could have rights Works of Jose Rizal If you are a Spanish citizen, you have rights 1. Last Poem - Mi Ultimo Adios Being a colony of Spain makes one a subject of Spain, not a citizen 2.Noli Me Tangere 3. Revolution ○ Biblical term of the resurrection of Jesus on Easter (“Do not Overthrow Authority touch me”) 4. Evolution Helps Noli Me Tangere get published Inspired by self achievement and catalyzed by mass ○ Rizal is a doctor who often used mediophysiological terms for education society All strategies are necessary Nation as a “nervous system” Strategies can happen simultaneously (no sequence required) Nourished by a constant flow of impressions from the outside world Centered system so that the body acts as one After the Novels: Jose Rizal in Dapitan Intellectuals = “brains of the nation” 1892 - Manila from HK ○ Aim of Noli Me Tangere: Lay open the wounds of Philippine 1892-1896 - Exiled to Dapitan society. Wanted to go back to the Philippines but his parents told him not ○ Colonialism: existence of a foreign body. to proceed. ○ Rizal wanted independence and wrote about it in a Spent 2 years in Hong Kong roundabout/indirect way. ○ He practiced as an eye doctor ○ His family was with him After Noli Me Tangere ○ He operated his mom because of her cataract ○ Rizal realized that there was no history of the Philippines from ○ After 2 years, he returned to the Philippines a Filipino point of view. Jailed, accused of treason - Morga ○ This led to “Rizal’s Annotations of the Sucesos de Las Islas When Rizal came back to the Philippines, he was sentenced to Filipinas” by Morga exile in Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte (more like a political and 1. Spanish views of the Philippine past intellectual exile than a physical exile)  Sent to Zamboanga because it is a Jesuit run province Like Angat-Buhay, similar to NGOs (not inefficient + oppressive) When Rizal Arrived, there was a military commander named Doing what the government should Ricardo Carnicero Rizal’s plan of action and alternative to an inefficient and ○ They became roommates + bffs for 2-4 years since there was oppressive government no jail in Dapitan. ○ Carnicero left for Manila after winning a lottery ticket Nellie Boustead Rizal then asked to live with the Jesuits Franco-FIlipino ○ Was asked to retract what he said about the church Antonio Luna vs J. Rizal saber beef Plan of Rizal’s land in Dapitan ○ Luna challenges Rizal to a duel over Boustead ○ Planted Abaca ○ Rizal took fencing lessons under Luna ○ Sold through a middle man ○ The challenged chooses the weapon (in this case, Rizal) ○ To help farmers have better sales ○ Rizal chose the saber even though he was a sharp shooter Casa Cuadrada and could have chosen the gun ○ the main house where Rizal lived in Zamboanga. ○ After fighting, they yielded Boustead to each other ○ His sisters went and lived there. ○ Parents were too old to move there. Casa Redonda Juliana Gorricho ○ The octagonal house where rizal conducted school in Dapitan Pardo de Tavera ○ Rizal put up this school (morning) Had an illiterate husband ○ Had more emphasis in science Sugar, rice ○ Taught kids Spanish, German, etc. Richest woman of the Philippines (at the time) ○ Conducted in a modern way Had an only daughter: María de la Paz Pardo de Tavera ○ No tuition fees (Rizal believed education should be ○ Extremely shy and very tall accessible) ○ Unmarried at 27 years old Rizal also had a clinic in the afternoon ○ Lived in Paris with her family ○ Some Europeans would come to Dapitan to be treated by Had a recipe book with notes in them Rizal ○ Was called “The German Doctor” Juan Luna ○ Was usually done for free (only for Filipinos) but he charged Was the first to court María de la Paz Pardo de Tavera and these patients (the Europeans) and used the money to light married her at 27 up Dapitan (establish lighting system) Had allegations of abuse, suggesting that his marriage with Paz Improved with the water system in Dapitan was not a very happy marriage ○ Would previously get a timba up the mountains for water ○ Juliana Gorricho told Paz to leave Luna, so they kicked him ○ Rizal then built a reservoir so water can be closer to the town out of the house ○ Still in use today Kills wife (Maria), mother-in-law (Juliana), baby covered in Asked Laguna fishermen to teach those in Dapitan how to use a blood in Paris net ○ Served very little time in prison ○ Fishermen in Dapitan would all use fishing lines, and he His child lived and was raised by the Pardo de Taveras, and suggested that they use a net to catch more fish grew up to be an art nouveau architect. ○ Rizal wrote to his mother to send a few fishermen, they brought their families with them Module 5 ○ Taught how to fish efficiently with a net Rizal was doing… Rizal the Revolutionary ○ Civic work ○ Educating people ANDRES BONIFACIO AND THE ○ Practicing as a doctor Rizal as a scientist emerges in Dapitan ○ This shows us what can be done 5.1 KATIPUNAN 1. New species of frog, lizards, and shell discovered by and named after Rizal. 2. Rizal’s drawings of fishes caught in Dapitan Before Rizal Went to Dapitan 3. Studied seismic activity Rizal landed at Manila 4. Studied motion of the waves La Liga Filipina 5. Studied storm surges ○ Rizal was found guilty because of this Note: Rizal wrote and received letters to and from Manila, ○ An association of Filipinos dedicated to reform, mass showing that Dapitan is not isolated. education, and self help ○ Formally established with much acclaim in July 1892 Josephine Bracken ○ Was shut down after a few days of establishing when Rizal Arrives in Dapitan was arrested for subversion Short + Mestiza (Rizal’s type :( ) ○ Members of La Liga were in a quandary. Daughter of an Irish cook/dishwasher (dad) and a Chinese Cuerpo de Compromisarios - members who returned to laundrymaker (mom) the old strategy of the Propaganda Movement. Did not Was put in an orphanage in Hong Kong want violence. The British man who accompanied her to Dapitan is not her Some members believed they could push the ideas of Rizal dad… further through a new association, the Katipunan Had a situationship with Rizal (Kataas-taasang Kagalang-galang Katipunan ng mga Sisters of Rizal were doubtful of Josephine Bracken (especially Anak ng Bayan or KKK). Andres Bonifacio was a part of Maria), so they hired private investigators to follow Bracken this. around KKK ○ Goes back to Manila every few months - 1st stop: ○ a new sector of society consisting of the local, Archbishop’s Palace, 2nd: spends money at Escolta Philippine-based nationalist, reformists, and revolutionaries (Greenbelt of 1800s) ○ heirs to the long legacy of resistance to power in the colony: ○ Doubtful because she arrived with the mistress of the informed by liberal and reformist ideas, as well as the lived archbishop of Manila experience as colonials in a country that was politically Rizal diagnosed Josephine’s dad as incurable repressed, but economically vibrant and global. Rizal wanted to marry her, and the Jesuits did not want to marry them unless he retracts everything he said about the Spaniards Misconceptions of Andres Bonifacio After Rizal died, Bracken joined the revolution, taught English to Was killed by Aguinaldo ilustrados, and married a Cebuano. Painted as a superhero “Founder of Katipunan” La Liga Filipina Charter “Father of Philippine Revolution” Was poor but still supported his siblings  From Tondo, Manila Paciano (brother): Rizal’s brother also actively managed family ○ There were 2 Tondos. affairs, but the inclusion of "businesswomen" likely emphasizes ○ Tondo 1: suburb, like Binondo the lesser-documented roles of his sisters and mother in ○ Tondo 2: pier, you need to survive contributing to the family’s enterprises Andres Bonifacio Overall Implication: This points to how Rizal's family, particularly One way to assess history is through the size of cathedrals the women, defied the traditional roles of women in the 19th ○ Large cathedrals = more events in history century by stepping into roles of economic management and Parish church of Tondo in late 19th century was large entrepreneurship. They set an example of how women can Tondo in late 19th century was a wealthy town, which extends contribute to national progress and the family economy, to Bonifacio challenging the limits placed on their gender. ○ Nipa huts ○ Women of Tondo ○ Bonifacio was a part of local elite His father was a Teniente Mayor (vice mayor), and his mother 5.2 THE KATIPUNAN AND SOCIETY was a Spanish mestiza and supervisor in a cigar company/factory ○ First manufactured goods of PH were tobacco and cigars. The Ideology of the Katipunan First paid wage for women because of women’s strike for Rooted in the aims of Rizal’s La Liga Filipina, freemasonry, and better wages and removal of male supervisors indigenous culture Eldest among 5 children Masonic seal Had the same upbringing as Rizal’s family and other principalia Freemasonry seemed like a good opposition group but not tied Prepared to go to a “big school” (Letran) at 15 to any religion, and it was one of the influences of KKK ○ His parents died so he can’t go anymore Local masonic lodges Practiced consignment Catholic church looked at masonry as evil ○ He bought pamaypay (fans) in bulk and brought them to Organizational chart of the Katipunan looked like a pyramid Tondo scheme ○ Leave goods, and he was paid as these goods were being sold Also worked as an actor (sarsuela/sarswela) Painted karatulas (posters) and advertisements Was able to let siblings study His mother’s sister took care of his siblings while he worked At 18, he worked as a clerk in one of the British companies at the time (Fleming and Company) Was a very erudite person based on coworkers ○ Every break, he would read a book ○ Asked guidance from wife of the supervisor Was pirated to Fressell and Company, a German trading firm as a bodeguero (person in charge of the inventory of a company) Personal Life of Andres Bonifacio He joined KKK, he was not the founder ○ No. 5 gets the list of people who are recruited Was married to Gregoria de Jesus ○ No. 1 is Supremo ○ She came from one of the wealthy families in the PH 2 Katipuneros to recruit new people anonymously ○ Had land in Caloocan and Cavite ○ Ex. Megan and Alia recruits Alex separately, so Alex gets ○ More of a typical Filipino woman recruited ○ Wrote a book about her life When recruited, first thing given are reading materials ○ At 15, she would go to Caloocan every Sunday and handle the ○ This meant Katipuneros were not illiterate, had a test after payroll of the farmers recruitment She also made the arrangements for their land in Cavite Katipunan Press: Kalayaan ○ Maybe a good accountant? Katipunan Initiation and Membership ○ Her parents were against their relationship because her ○ The test after new recruits finish the readings family were devoted Catholics and Bonifacio was a mason ○ Both of the recruiters or at least 2 (if many recruited) say that They did not want Gregoria to marry a reformist the new recruit is ready for the test They brought her to a relative’s home in Caloocan and ○ Tagausig - interrogator imprisoned her there “Ikaw ay sino?” She wrote to Guardia Civil about her situation and asked to “Kayo ba’y lalaki o babae?” (meant there were women) be rescued ○ There were women in the Katipunan She was rescued and married Bonifacio in Katipunan (she Sometimes dressed as men to escape late at night was 18, he was 33 NAUURRR pedo; MET AT 15, 30) ○ Silid ng Pagninilay (Chamber of Reflection) ○ Bonifacio was married with 4 kids to another woman named Strong moral aspect of the Katipunan “Monica” which was why they were married in Katipunan rites Says that being in the Katipunan is hard and makes the and not the church recruit aware of that ○ Gregoria ended up supporting the family when they got ○ Next Part: Written questions for KKK initiation married Ex. Ano ang kalagayan nitong ating lupa noong wala pa ang Masonry (Freemasonry) mga Kastila? ○ Civil organization with values but not limited to 1 religion Ex. Paano ngayon ang pagpapasunuran ng mga Tagalog sa ○ Many heroes were members kapwa Tagalog? ○ Provided what the church could not Answers can come from Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, Noli ○ Secular, ethical Me Tangere (for current situation) and El Filibusterismo (for ○ Same ideals as the church PH in the future) Bonifacio and Jacinto made Rizal’s writings more accessible Women in Society and digestible for the masses, which is how Rizal’s ideologies Does not erase for country spread Played roles not just in domestic spheres, but also in economic If answers to written questions are not enough, new recruits will and social spheres undergo an oral exam Rizal’s sisters: wholesalers and business women managing Katipunan Initiation Rites agricultural ventures + machines ○ In a room, where: Mother: Known for her intelligence and business acumen Pen, paper, knife (balaraw/balarao), skull, and candle are placed on the table  Emblems of Katipunan and a portrait of Jose Rizal were in means. Their attention turned to the most seditious man in the the background country (Jose Rizal). ○ The knife is used to sign one’s name in blood (optional for women because they already shed blood through Execution of Jose Rizal menstruation). Rizal was arrested in August 1896. Spanish authorities were If you pass, the tagausig is now your bro and you are now a convinced that he was one of the leaders of the uprising. member of Katipunan. Dec. 26, 1896: the military court found Rizal guilty of sedition, rebellion and illegal association and sentenced him to be Levels of the Katipunan executed. 1. Katipunan (when you enter) Dec. 30, 1896: Jose Rizal woke up early in the morning and ○ When they met, they wore a face mask (like the ones worn in walked to Bagumbayan. processions, looks like a ski mask) First hand eye witness account from Hilarion Martinez, a 20 ○ Secret handshake year old drummer in the Leales Voluntarios de Manila ○ Secret password: Anak ng Bayan ○ “It was six o’clock in the morning of December 30, 1896, 2. Kawal when we woke up at our quarters at the corner of Sta. ○ Had a different face mask Potenciana and Magallanes Streets, in Intramuros, to attend ○ Secret handshake the execution of Jose Rizal, about which we had been briefed ○ Secret password: GomBurZa the day before. We were in the Leales Voluntarios de Manila, 3. Kapatid a semi-military organization under the command of Capt. ○ Different mask Manuel Leaño. Our immediate officer was a youthful Spanish ○ Secret password: Rizal lieutenant named Juan Pereira. I was twenty years old then, and a member of the drum corps. KKK was a “secret society” but was only a secret from the ○ As we rounded the corner of P. Burgos and General Luna Spaniards. Streets, we got a glimpse of the cuadro.... This formation Most people who fought in the revolution (1890s) were not was strategic because the Filipino soldiers’ position within the Katipuneros. cuadro signified that the Spanish authorities wanted Rizal to Some groups had millenarian ideas (cult-like; idealistic but die in the hands of the Filipino soldiers. If the latter disobeyed religious) the command to fire upon Rizal, the Spanish soldiers When you have more recruited people, more leadership positioned at the rear would fire upon them. Rizal was aspects, more activities → you rise in the ranks nowhere to be seen – yet. Not having had a glimpse of the Death to those caught snitching (or jail, harassment) man before, I began to wonder what he looked like. I Rizal’s sisters were Katipuneras (Josefa + Maria) -> occupied remembered how my mother told me Rizal was so learned, middle/intermediate positions nobody could poison him as he always carried with him his own spoon and fork with which he could detect whether his Urban Katipuneros food was poisoned or not. I heard too, of his fighting for our Show that they’re educated (Filipino) cause aside from legends that were beginning to be ○ Emilio Jacinto woven around him. Student at Letran ○ Soon...some soldiers with fixed bayonets entered followed by Son of a merchant a man in black, his arms tied at the elbows from the back, on Started badly as a writer, but soon became the foremost his head, a derby hat or chistera, on his sides, a Spanish writer of Katipunan officer and a Jesuit priest. When I saw the man, I knew he ○ Pio Valenzuela was Rizal. A group of Spanish officers who were standing 4th year medical student nearby opened into a semicircular formation or media luna. Local elite of Bulacan Then a Spaniard (we would learn later he was Lt. Luis ○ Roman Basa Andrade, one of Rizal’s popular Spanish defenders and Clerk, Spanish naval headquarters sympathizers) affectionately shook the latter’s hand. When ○ Deodato Arellano Rizal was near the center of the quadrangle,... a colonel, announced at the bandillo: “En el nombre del Rey, el que se Rural Katipuneros levante la voz a favor del reo sera ejecutado.” (In the name of the King, he who raises his voice in favor of the criminal will Held high positions in the government be executed.) A deep silence enshrouded the whole Part of the local elite assembly. Were probably rich ○ We in the drum corps were about seven paces behind Rizal ○ Mariano Alvarez who then faced the bay. Our commanding officer Capitan Municipal of Noveleta approached us and told us should Rizal attempt to speak ○ Vito Belarmino aloud, we should beat our drums hard to drown out his voice. Gobernadorcillo of Silang I looked at Rizal. He was of regular build, unshaven, quite ○ Candido Tirona pale, perhaps as a result of his confinement but he was Cabeza de Barangay of Kawit visibly composed and serene. A Jesuit approached him, said a prayer and blessed him. Then a colonel approached him The Katipuneros too, as our commanding officer ordered us to move two Occupied intermediate positions in society (between Spanish paces backwards, and the firing squad of six Filipinos came and Filipinos) forward and took our former position behind Rizal. With Had direct contact with institutions, policies, and visible effort, Rizal raised his right hand which was tied and representatives of Spanish colonial rule took off his chistera or derby hat. My heart beat fast, as in all “Lived and worked in the interface between colonial power and other executions I had witnessed before, I felt tense and the population.” nervous. Amidst the silence, Rizal moved his head very slowly up and down, his lips moving as if in prayer. Then the commanding officer by means of his saber, signaled the firing 5.3 RIZAL AND REVOLUTION squad to aim. ○ Then the saber dropped and there was a simultaneous crack of rifle fire that shattered the stillness of the morning. Jose Rizal wheeled in one last effort and toppled forward with a First 100 days of the 1896 Revolution: the uprising spread to the thud, his face towards the sky and his derby hat thrown areas of Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Pampanga, Tarlac, Bulacan, ahead. He had fallen in the direction of the bay. Suddenly, as Nueva Ecija, and Batangas if from nowhere, a small dog appeared and ran in circles ○ under local leaders such as Emilio Aguinaldo in Cavite, around Mariano Llanera in Nueva Ecija and Jose Alejandrino in ○ Rizal’s fallen body, barking and whimpering. This incident Pampanga would much later be the subject of our talk in our quarters. As the fighting intensified and became more widespread, the Some of my comrades were quick to conclude that it was a Spanish authorities sought to quell the Revolution by any premonition of a coming misfortune.  ○ Then the capitan militar de la sanidad (medical officer) ○ Rizal gave a lamp to his sister and told her (in English so that stepped forward, knelt before the fallen man, and felt his the Spaniards would not understand) that there is something pulse. Looking up, he beckoned to a member of the firing in the lamp. She finds a poem inside (Mi Ultimo Adios). squad to come forward and give the final tiro de gracia, another shot done at close range. I thought I saw a faint haze Mi Ultimo Adios rise from Rizal’s coat, but it might be a wisp of the morning ○ Very emotional mist. Seeing the body before me, I felt weak. As was ○ People sang the song version of Mi Ultimo Adios on the customary in past executions, we filed past the body to view battlefield it for the last time. When we were commanded ‘eyes left,’ I did not shut my eyes as... I wanted to see the face of the man for December 30, 1896 one last time. Rizal lay dead on the dewy grass. The day had Rizal walked from Fort Santiago to Rizal Park (Bagumbayan) at started and I realized that I was gazing on the face of the 6:00 AM. great Malayan; that I was witnessing history in the making.” He passes by Ateneo ○ TLDR: The narrative recounts a firsthand account of José As usual, there is a crowd of people waiting for him there Rizal’s execution on December 30, 1896. The author, a Groups of women were approaching him with scissors to get member of the Leales Voluntarios de Manila drum corps, pieces of his cloth, his hair, etc. describes the morning events: the strategic formation of the When he got there, he greeted everyone and told the firing squad, designed to coerce Filipino soldiers to execute commander to not shoot his head. Rizal under threat from Spanish troops. Rizal, escorted by 2 rows of firing squad Spanish officers and a Jesuit priest, appeared composed ○ 1st row: Filipinos; 2nd row: Spanish despite his pale and unshaven appearance. Moments before ○ Spaniards did not want to be blamed for executing Rizal so his death, he silently prayed, removed his hat, and stood firm they urged Filipinos to shoot Rizal instead as the firing squad carried out their orders. He fell facing the If punishment failed, the criminal is innocent sky, and a final shot ensured his death. A small dog’s peculiar ○ Filipinos shot high up or on the ground to avoid shooting Rizal behavior around Rizal’s body sparked superstitions among with this premise the soldiers. As the narrator passed by Rizal’s lifeless form, ○ Spaniards aimed at Filipino soldiers’ heads because of he recognized the significance of the moment, realizing he intentional misfiring had witnessed a pivotal event in Philippine history. Crowd was silent, like the GomBurZa execution ○ [Source: Alberto Mendoza, “I saw Rizal Die,” Sunday Times French consul again was mocking the Spanish Magazine 29 December 1949, pp. 10-11.] | Emil Justimbaste Dog in the execution of Rizal ○ Dog of the band, like a mascot Philippine Revolution (1896) Jose Rizal enters folk imagination Katipunan had a large membership Planned the uprising but some were hesitant Context of the Katipunan Held a General Meeting at the Cry of Pugad Lawin Developed in Manila: a city that was dynamic, cosmopolitan and ○ In SM North EDSA (Balintawak, Caloocan area) rapidly urbanizing ○ At the end of August when feast day of San Bartolome A milieu that pulsated with liberal ideas and aspirations to (Bartholomew Fair) was held, in which St. Bartholomew was progress represented with a bolo in the head. This was the only week Not tradition-bound or backward-looking when people traveled freely with bladed weapons. ○ Source: Richardson, 2013 Sigaw ng Pugad Lawin 1896-1897 ○ They tore their cedulas ○ Katipunan no longer existed in its original form: close-knit, ○ Cedula clandestine brotherhood Needed to buy, travel, etc. ○ Heterogenous, complex, with varied leadership and direction Tearing it is an act of subjecting oneself from the Spanish in different regions colonial rule ○ In some areas: a de facto government Areas like Cavite Battle of Pinaglabanan / Battle of San Juan del Monte ○ Aguinaldos ○ Why Intramuros? ○ Spanish army in the PH consisted of Filipinos only It was the capital, the center of Spain in the PH They were well-trained It was the seat of power ○ Not all people who fought in the revolution were Katipuneros, ○ Stop: San Juan for arms (guns, armors, Polvorin, etc.) and not all Katipuneros fought in the revolution ○ Bonifacio and team arrived at Pinaglabanan and the arsenal ○ Example of arms: Filipino Iron Pipe Cannon strengthened with was heavily guarded. Bamboo ○ Confusion with prearranged signals ○ Spanish called for reinforcements from Cuba (worst troops in Intramuros was celebrating a fiesta, which did not help terms of human rights violation) their mission so they went home ○ Ejercito Expedicionario, 1896 ○ Bonifacio and team were defeated. ○ General Emilio Aguinaldo ○ Rural Katipuneros decide to trek into Montalban, Rizal and not Part of local political elites Intramuros Very successful in battles, so he rose in the ranks of ○ Revolution: foundational event of national history, a pivot for Katipunan narratives… (Resil Mojares) ○ 1897 ○ GG Ramon Blanco placed 8 provinces under Martial Law Antonio Luna was recruited into the Katipunan, but he was ○ Dec. 1896: GG Emilio Polaveja replaces GG Blanco a loyal citizen of Spain so brother snitched. ○ GG Fernando Primo de Vera ○ Luis Taviel de Andrade Tejeros Convention Rizal’s counsel when he was tried ○ March 22, 1897 Was initially a Rizal hater, but after the trial, he became a ○ Two rival factions of the Katipunan were fighting over how to convert and spent his life defending Rizal and saying he’s proceed with the revolution. innocent Magdiwang - consists of relatives of Gregoria de Jesus, followers of Rizal, relatives of Andres Bonifacio Manifiesto a Algunos Filipinos → Wanted the Katipunan to remain a secret society ○ Jose Rizal, Dec. 15, 1896 Magdalo - Kawit area, Aguinaldos, Tironas, etc.. ○ Says that Rizal opposes the revolution, but he actually → Wanted to expand as a revolutionary government to be encouraged it (accdg. to Nicolas de la Peña, Judge Advocate recognized by other nations General) Bonifacio sided with Magdalo Revolution is not bad, just that the revolution is not being ○ They held an election and Aguinaldo was chosen as the done in the right time president, even though he was not in the convention ○ Bonifacio was elected as Secretary of the Interior, but Daniel Tirona, a Cavite Ilustrado, objected to this as Bonifacio was  not a lawyer. Tirona suggested Bonifacio be the Secretary of Inauguration of new government; had a banquet afterwards War. (menu was written in French) ○ Aguinaldo was asked to run after Bonifcaio and apologize for Tirona. They were not a united front to proceed with the ○ revolution. Bonifacio was arrested, tried, and sentenced to death. The military tribunal that decided this was part of ! Possible Test Questions Magdiwang, which is the true betrayal. These were Bonifacio’s relatives/allies. 1. Find relationship between changes & economy. ○ Spanish troops enter Manila. Escuadrón de Lanceros 2. The most common and popular images of Andres Bonifacio are Expedicionarios. of him as an illiterate, barefoot farmer with a bolo; such as the ○ End of 1897 one below from Vinzons Hall in UP Diliman. Why do you think Revolutionary government retreated from Cavite to the this image of Bonifacio became prevalent, at least until northern part of the PH, which is the Biak-na-Bato in recently? Does it matter or change the story if Bonifacio was Bulacan from the middle class, rather than a farmer or laborer? Why or why not? The Revolution Continues (after Rizal’s death): TLDR: What do we value that we paint Bonifacio as a farmer, laborer, peasant, angry, etc.? The Spanish officials perhaps believed that the death of Rizal 3. If you’re going to revolt against the Spanish, where would you would douse the flames of Revolution. Instead, the Revolution start first? Why? How? continued with vigor and spread beyond the initial areas and Balintawak, Pugad Lawin, etc. into more distant provinces. 4. Agree or disagree. Revolutions occur when people are Although initiated by the Katipunan, by 1897 it had grown oppressed OR revolutions occur when the economy is at its best beyond the KKK and included many Filipinos who were not 5. What are the main ideas put forth through the readings for KKK necessarily members of the Katipunan. initiation? Biak-na-Bato There was an actual functioning government Truce of Biak-na-Bato ○ November-December 1897 ○ Was not to be kept by the two parties ○ Recognizes PH as independent, as a sovereign nation, by signing the truce 1. Aguinaldos and all leaders were exiled to HK 2. Filipinos to surrender all arms 3. Spain to pay 900,000 damages to non-combatants 4. Spain to pay an indemnity of 800,000 400k upon departure of Aguinaldo 200k when 700 arms are surrendered 200k … Demands of Biak-na-Bato Republic 1. Expulsion of friars and return of friar lands to Filipinos 2. Representation in the Spanish cortes 3. Freedom of the press and religion 4. Abolition of the government’s power to banish Filipinos 5. Equality for all before the law Constitution of Biak-na-Bato ○ Based on Cuban constitution ○ Drafted by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer ○ Signed on November 1, 1897 ○ Provided for a president, vice president, and a supreme council ○ Pedro Paterno volunteered to mediate between Aguinaldo and GG Primo de Vera Hong Kong Junta “Juntas” is a military term Organization formed as a revolutionary government in exile by Filipino revolutionaries after the signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato on December 15, 1897 Aguinaldo and team (is there a better term for this) conserved the 400,000 (see no. 4 of truce of Biak-na-Bato) and used it to buy arms when they went back to the PH Spanish-American War Started because the USS Maine exploded in Cuba which was assumed to be bombed by Spain who occupied Cuba at the time ○ “Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain.” Battle of Manila Bay (May 1, 1898) ○ Headed by George Dewey against Patricio Montojo y Pasarón ALLEGEDLY, Dewey took a break for breakfast and after defeated Spain because it was so easy ○ Offshoot of Spanish-American War in Cuba Declaration of Independence Happened in Kawit, Cavite at the balcony of Aguinaldo’s house Wanted to be presented as a nation to the USA Malolos Congress drafted the first constitution