Globalization and Development Slides PDF

GLOBALIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT Lecturer: Mr. Ndumiso Mthalane Email:[email protected] Room: 243 Level 2, MTB Davis Building Lecture Objectives  To interrogate the concept of globalization (What does globalization mean)  To look at the history of globalization...

GLOBALIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT Lecturer: Mr. Ndumiso Mthalane Email:[email protected] Room: 243 Level 2, MTB Davis Building Lecture Objectives  To interrogate the concept of globalization (What does globalization mean)  To look at the history of globalization and development  To look at the causes of globalization (factors that facilitate globalization)  To look at the impact of globalization on human development and societies(What are some of the positives or detrimental impact of globalization  Some questions to consider: who benefits the most from globalization ?(Think of trade relations between the developed and the developing countries.  Is globalization desirable or necessary ?(Motivate) Definitions of globalization  The concept of globalization is very complex and multifaced  Authors have attempted to define globalization in a variety of ways  Globalization has existed throughout human history  Globalization means different things to different people  Globalization is not the same across time and space  Definition provided in the reading: ‘ Globalization is a process that encompasses the causes, course, and the consequences of transnational and transcultural integration of human and non-hum activities  Def continue  Another definition: globalization refers to the process by which businesses, cultures, and societies become interconnected and independent on a global scale. This involves the exchange of goods, services, information, cultural practices across borders, facilitated by advancements in transportation, communication, and technology  How does globalization occurs  What are the consequences of globalization for different stakeholders (People, corporates, government, nations, and the environment)  Overview of the history of Globalization  Ottoman Empire  Extensive long-distance trade relations across Asia, Africa, and Europe  The Ottomans controlled key trade routes, including the spice trade from the East to Europe. The control allowed them to benefit from trade tariffs and influence the flow of goods  Goods like spices were transferred through successive participation of various trader groups  The empire was a diverse and multi-ethnic state, incorporating various cultures, including Persian, Byzantine, and Arab, which in turn affected developments in Europe and the Middle East  Conquest of Europe by Moors  European global trade began with Venice dominating post war of Chioggia  History Continues  Arabs Expansion:  Following the death of Prophet in 632 CE, the Arab-Muslim Caliphates rapidly expanded across the Middle East , North Africa, parts of Europe. This expansion bought diverse cultures and regions in contact  Arab traders and merchants were instrumental in developing and integrating trade networks that connected the Indian Ocean with the Mediterranean. They facilitated the exchange of goods such as spices, textiles, and precious metals  Also in urban areas goods, ideas, and technologies were exchanged  History continue Conquest of Europe by Moors : Moorish expansion – referring to the spread of Islamic rule by the Moore The Moors integrated the Iberian Peninsula into broader trade networks that connected Europe with North Africa and the Middle East. Also facilitated the exchange of goods such as spices, textiles and metals The expansion and rule of the Moors in the Iberian Peninsula played a key role in early globalization by facilitating trade, cultural exchange, and intellectual advancement across the Mediterranean and into Europe Chinese and Indians trading with Africa:  History Continues  Chinese and Indian Trading with Africa  China has heavily invested in infrastructure projects across Africa. Including building roads, railways, ports, and airports  Chinese companies often undertake large-scale construction projects  Many Chinese companies have been heavily involved in the extraction of natural resources in Africa. They invested in mining and oil sectors, often securing long-term access to minerals and energy resources  China typically export manufactured goods, machinery, and technology to Africa while Africa exporting raw materials and natural resources  Indian companies are involved in pharmaceuticals, agriculture, technology, and consumer goods, in addition to traditional sectors like energy and minerals Causes of globalization  International trade (transfer of goods and services, aid, education, skills, human lobor )  Technological advances : improvements in transpiration(air travel, container shipping)and communication (internet, mobile phones ) have made it easier and cheaper to connect globally  Economic policies: trade liberalization policies, such as reduction of tariffs and trade barriers, have encouraged international trade and investment  IMF, World bank, WT Causes of Globalization  Political factors: The end of cold war and the spread of democracy have led to greater political stability and openness to international cooperation  Cultural exchange: The global spread of media, entertainment and cultural products has increased awareness and acceptance of different cultures  Migration and tourism have facilitated interactions and exchanges  The Successes of Globalization  The countries that benefitted the most were the newly industrialized countries, rapidly industrialized countries, core countries  China and India, with 2.4 billion people, growing at historically unprecedented rates  Continuing the successes of the East Asia Miracle, which Japan had led beginning in the early 1960s  Countries that were marginalized, excluded from the global economy are closing the gap between themselves and advanced industrial countries  China at close to 10% for 30 years  India recently at more than 8%  Engine of global economic growth  Global growth at 5% for past couple years has been almost historically unprecedented  Increased demand for commodities has helped developing countries  Historical Perspective  1820: China had 1/3 of global GDP, India more than 15%  1814-1828: Industrial Revolution and tariff barrier knocked out Indian export  Indian textile export to Britain fell by two-thirds  British export of textile to India rose five times  Opium wars, and other external and internal problems had contributed to China’s declining share 35% 30% 25% 20% China 15% India 10% 5% 0% 1000 1600 1820 1913 1973 1998  Globalization has played major role in their success The positive impact of globalization: the closer integration of the countries of the world as a result of lower communication and transportation costs and reduction of man made barriers to movements of goods, services, people, capital, ideas, knowledge  50 percent compounded annual decline in telecommunication cost in the 1990s  Fiber optic glut during the Internet Bubble slashed telecom cost  Scanners convert data to image file - 160 pages per minute. Developing countries have benefited through  Access to markets  Access to technology  Discontent with Globalization: Outcomes  The success of globalization and development was uneven. There were failures and successes  Failures in development: contrast between success in East Asia and disappointments elsewhere:  Latin America— there was growth even in the 90s half of what it was in earlier decades  Their socioeconomic conditions improved and economic status  Because of globalization Latin America became part of the upper income groups  Negative impact :Growing poverty, unemployment, crime  Growing fraction of population in informal sector, without job protections  Africa—decline in per capita income  Economies transitioning from Communism to market  Given inefficiencies of communism, success should have been easy  But in fact, there were massive decreases in income, huge increases in poverty  The World is not flat And in many ways it is getting less flat  Growing inequality between countries  Standard economic theory predicted convergence, instead, there was divergence  Growing inequality in most countries  Globalization has exacerbated inequality between countries  Globalization has played an important role in these failures  Globalization also presented inequalities within advanced industrial economies  However inequalities were worse developing countries  The causes of inequality between countries included:  There is an unfair trade relationship between the core countries and poor countries  Some problems stem from liberalization of economies, market- led economies, open and free economies. Individuals own the means of production  Africa does not have the industrial capacity or skills to compete in the international trade  Africa has neither resources nor education to take advantage of new opportunities Globalization has played an important role in these failures Latin America followed advice of IMF/WB  best “student” of Washington Consensus policies  Capital market liberalization exposed them to huge volatility; privatizations were often corrupt Contrast between Transition countries following Washington consensus policies and China and Vietnam (which did not) is marked Africa exploited even in post-colonial world  Exacerbating general problem of  But had been left without the education, technology, and resources to take advantage of new opportunities  Further problems: Finance  Growing instability—100 crises in last 30 years  Money is flowing from poor countries to rich- Capital flight  But, in spite of advances in ability to slice and dice risk, poor countries still bear brunt of risk  Meaning that many are burdened by huge debt payments  One of sources of crises  Much done to protect investor interests  But little done to protect the environment in developing countries from investors  Who use limited liability to protect themselves after taking out natural resources  Bilateral investment treaties are one-sided  Further Problems: Trade  International trade regime is unfair to developing countries  The Uruguay Round Agenda focused on the interests of rich countries; it included  Services - but not unskilled labor intensive services;  Subsidies - but not agricultural subsidies;  Intellectual property rights;  Most of projected benefits accrued to rich countries  70% of gains to developed countries  The 48 Least Developed Countries were actually left worse off  System is unbalanced, stacked against poor countries  Average OECD tariff on goods from poor countries is 4x higher than on goods from other OECD countries  Rich countries cost poor countries 3x more in trade restrictions than their total development assistance  Little progress on agricultural issues  OECD countries continue to subsidise agriculture by 48% of total farm production, just 3% lower than 1986; maintain high tariffs  There was a need for a Development Round to address these problems  But the Development Round agenda was mostly putting old wine in new bottles  Some elements were even anti-development  And US and EU reneged on their promises  As it is, the round does not deserve to be called a development round  Even if successfully completed, would do little to benefit developing countries  Problem not just in agriculture  Also in manufacturing—escalating tariffs  US refusal to go along with opening up to poorest countries  EBP (Everything but what you produce)  Non-tariff barriers  Risk if completed—belief that it was a development round, return to earlier regime  Risk if fails—continuation of bilateral trade agreements  Even more unfair to developing countries  Undermining multilateral trading system Further Problems: Knowledge  One of main problems facing developing countries is reducing gap in knowledge  But unbalanced intellectual property regime makes this even more difficult  And makes access to life saving medicines more difficult  Developing countries have called for a Development Oriented Intellectual Property Regime Further Problems: Global Warming Another arena in which global social injustices are being played out  Major source of pollution in the North  Major consequences in the South Discontent with Globalization: Other Values Dominated by Economics  Environment sacrificed for short run commercial interests  Reduced access to life saving medicines  While no compensation provided to developing countries for environmental services  Biodiversity  Carbon sequestration  And no protection for traditional knowledge  Traditional cultures weakened, and WTO rules make support difficult  Democratic processes undermined, e.g. by IMF conditionality Discontent with Globalization: Processes  Global governance is undemocratic  Voice of developing countries not heard  But even when it is heard, it is not listened to  Dominated by North and by special interests  Rules made by advanced nations for advanced nations  For their interests, or for special interests within them  Problems of global governance highlighted by problems at the World Bank and IMF  Governance problems contribute to bad outcomes  Failures of global governance also reflect failures in “democracy” within advanced industrial countries  Special interests dominating national interests  Problems aggravated by “smokestack structure”—trade ministers meet with trade ministers to decide on trade issues, with little attention to environmental, health consequences  Markedly different from way decisions are made within countries  And globalization, as it has been managed, has undermined democracy  Conditionalities  Reducing the scope for democratic decision making  Globalization has made us more interdependent  Greater interdependence means greater need for collective action, to act cooperatively  Just as the world has greater need for global economic institutions, confidence in these institutions has waned FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEM  Economic globalization has outpaced “political globalization”  Views about democracy, social justice, “social solidarity,” even the “rule of law” change at the border  Democracies have learned how to temper the market economy, to make sure that most individuals benefit  But we have not yet learned how to temper the excesses of globalization  It has put new demands on the nation state (growing inequality)  But reduced their ability to respond  Part of the reason is that we have not yet democratised globalization Matters Have Become Worse in Recent Years  Cold War made Emerging Markets battle fields  Little care about virtues of government (Pinochet)  But considerable concern about limiting alienation of people  With end of Cold War there was a choice  To pay more attention to human rights, democratic values, global social justice, fundamental values, OR  more willingness to engage in economic exploitation and impose doctrinal policies  U.S. missed opportunity for global leadership, used new position to advance parochial commercial interests, often in “unilateralist” manner  Unilateralism especially severe in last six years  Further weakens ability to have global democratic cooperation NATURE OF OPPOSITION TO ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION  Not so much to globalization itself but to the way it has been managed  Economic values dominating other values  Undemocratic processes  And to the particular set of ideologies that have underlay the policies  Market fundamentalism  In developing countries, “Washington Consensus” policies Change is possible  Indeed, change is inevitable with changing world  new global geopolitics  New technologies, New Economy  New scarcities  Climate change  And globalization has set in motion its own changes  Rulings that US cotton subsidies are illegal  Question is only whether we make the changes before a crisis occurs  Changes in crises tend to be patchwork  Setting in motion another crisis at a later date  Or we work together today to Make Globalization Work, or at least work better  Reforms that would make globalization work better for Developing Countries  Trade: A true development round If developed world is willing to commit.7% of GDP to help poor countries, shouldn’t they help them also by opening up their markets, to give them an opportunity to earn income for themselves?  Generalised Market Access—expanding and extending the EBA  Opening up markets to countries poorer and smaller  More policy scope—allowing developing countries to do what the developed countries did to advance their development  Asymmetric consequences of subsidies A true development Round  Labor market liberalization as well as capital market liberalization  Agriculture  Escalating tariffs  Non-tariff barriers  A development oriented intellectual property regime Global Financial Reforms  Debt relief  But unless there are more fundamental reforms, debt problems will arise again  Shift burden of risk from developing countries  Reform of the international reserve system  Expansion of Chang Mai initiative  Implicit foreign aid from developing countries, through cheap loans to hard currency governments, is greater than foreign aid they receive  Contributes to global instability  Environmental responsibility  And other legal obligations enforce through International Commercial Court  Redoing bilateral investment treaties  Limiting scope  No longer enforced through commercial courts  Global competition  Enforced through International Competition Authority  Escaping the Resource Curse  Expanding the Extractive Industries Initiative  Only transparent payments tax deductible  Ending abusive bank secrecy  Model contracts, that ensure that developing countries get fair share of value of resources  Global Warming  Beyond Kyoto  Major achievement  But didn’t go far enough  Developing countries need to be compensated for providing environmental services  Rainforest coalition—avoided deforestation  All countries need to induced to cooperate  Global public good  Trade sanctions—worked in the case of ozone destroying gases  Ecological taxes—better to tax bad things than good  And more likely to reach agreement than on setting common targets  Standards Foreign Assistance  More of it  And more effective  Assistance has played an important role in the past  And can play an even bigger role in the future  Especially with programs based on the successes of the past—East Asia Miracle  And providing more country ownership Japan, as the second largest economy in the world, has an especial responsibility for making globalization work, including working for developing countries  And an especial opportunity  Understands development—because it went through the development process itself so recently  Understands the need for global peaceful cooperation  Poverty in developing countries is one of major global problems facing the world  Japan has long been committed to promoting growth and fighting poverty in the developing world  New organization puts it in a position to do so even more effectively