Southern Luzon State University Science, Technology and Society GEC08 Midterm PDF

Southern Luzon State University COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING BATCH 2027 Science, Technology, and Society GEC08 - MIDTERM BSCPE I - GF | 1st SEMESTER |  SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SO...

Southern Luzon State University COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING BATCH 2027 Science, Technology, and Society GEC08 - MIDTERM BSCPE I - GF | 1st SEMESTER |  SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY Godfathers of the Renaissance o Laid the groundwork for cultural prosperity in COURSE OUTLINE Florence o Their major innovations in banking, art, and I. RENAISSANCE architecture persist today 1. Medici Family o One of the wealthiest family in Europe in the 2. Humanism 1400s 3. Renaissance Artists o Produced great figures such as: a. Leonardo da Vinci  Four popes b. Raphael  Pope Leo X (1513–1521) c. Donatello  Pope Clement VII (1523– d. Michelangelo 1534) 4. Impact of Renaissance Period to European  Pope Pius IV (1559–1565) Society  Pope Leo XI (1605) REFERENCE  Two queens  Catherine de' Medici Module and PPT (1547–1559)  Marie de' Medici (1600– RENAISSANCE 1610) o Greatest contribution was the patronage of  French for “rebirth” the arts  Began in 1300-1600 (14th – 17th Century) o Helped fund the Renaissance  Symbolizes the transition from Middle Ages to  Supported the works of such Renaissance Modern Ages Geniuses:  The Early Modern Period o Donatello  Printing press of Johannes Gutenberg – o Filippo Brunelleschi o Leonardo da Vinci Revolutionized communication and publication in o Michelangelo Europe o Raphael  Promoted the rediscovery of: o Galileo Galilei o Classical philosophy  Their support to arts and humanities made Florence  Philosophy of Humanism into the cradle of Renaissance  Man is the center of the o Florence – birthplace of Renaissance Period universe  Ruled the city of Florence throughout the Renaissance  Human achievements in (300 years)  The Medici Dynasty was declined when the last Medici art, literature, and grand duke died without male heir science should be o Gian Gastone de’ Medici considered. o Literature Cosimo de Medici (1389 - 1464)  Francesco Petrarch  Born: September 27, 1389 in Florence, Italy  Giovanni Boccaccio  Death: August 1, 1464 in Villa Medici at Careggi, o Art Florence, Italy  Leonardo da Vinci  Also known as “Cosimo the Elder”  Michelangelo  Founder of one of the main lines of the Medici Family  Donatello  Patron of the arts and humanism  Raphael  First Medici to become the leader of the Florence City  Head of the Medici Bank MEDICI FAMILY (1434 - 1737) Cosimo’s Contributions  Began in Tuscan Village of Cafaggiolo  Emigrated to Florence  Makes the Medici Family the de facto rulers of Florence  Italian bourgeoisie family  Patron of artist such as Donatello and Brunelleschi  First attained wealth and political power in Florence  Financially support Brunelleschi to finished the “Duomo”  Got their wealth through commerce and banking o First was through the trade of wool  Work to created peace in Northern Italy  An Italian banking family and political dynasty  Put the House of Medici on the map as a great power in Europe  Had a major influence on the growth of the Italian Renaissance  Controlled the government and distributed political jobs o Patronage of the arts and humanism  Founded the first public library o Freed artists from financial concerns  Had many church and monasteries built  jtmh Lorenzo de Medici (1449 - 1492)  Most famous for his Canzoniere, a collection of  Born: January 9, 1449 in Florence, Italy vernacular poems  Death: April 8, 1492 in Villa Medici at Careggi, o The central theme in the Canzoniere is Florence, Italy Petrarch's courtly love for Laura, with whom  Successor of Cosimo de Medici he reportedly fell in love at first sight on 6 April  Also known as “Lorenzo the Magnificent” 1327 and who died on that date in 1348.  Italian Statesman and Banker Giovanni Boccaccio (1313 - 1375)  Stimulated the revival and splendor of Italian literature  An Italian poet, writer and scholar Lorenzo’s Contribution  Father of Italian Literature  Greatest writer of vernacular Italian prose of the  Catalyst for an enormous amount of art patronage Medieval period  Helped make Florence the center of Italian  His most famous work is Decameron Renaissance o Collection of short stories  Managed to preserve the independence and territorial o Marked a shift toward literature about integrity of Florence. everyday people  Devoted much of his money to supporting artists,  Influence of Boccaccio's works was extended to the architects, and writers. rest of Europe  Supported artist such as o Leonardo da Vinci The Decameron o Botticelli  Collection of 100 short novels o Michelangelo o Each person tells a story for 10 consecutive RENAISSANCE HUMANISM days o Topics: Deception, morality, religion, sex,  Worldview centered on the nature and importance of love, and cruelty humanity  All about the people of the merchant class  Emerged from the study of Classical antiquity o 7 women and 3 men  Focused not on religion but on what it is to be human o Travel to the safety of a secluded villa in the  First began in Italy then spread to the rest of Europe Tuscan town of Fiesole to escape the “Black  Helped ignite the curiosity and desire for knowledge Death”  That start the beginning of Renaissance RENAISSANCE ARTISTS Main Elements LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452 - 1519)  An interest in studying literature and art from antiquity  Italian: “Leonardo from Vinci”  An interest in the eloquent use of Latin and philology  Born: April 15, 1452 in Anchiano  A belief in the importance and power of education to  Death: May 2, 1519 in Cloux create useful citizens  Caterina di Meo Lippi (Mother)  The promotion of private and civic virtue  Ser Piero (Father)  A rejection of scholasticism  Has 12 siblings  The encouragement of non-religious studies  Educated in his father's house  An emphasis on the individual and their moral  Compagnia di San Luca in Florence autonomy  Workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio (1435–1488)  A belief in the importance of observation, critical  Renaissance Man analysis, and creativity o Painter  A belief that poets, writers, and artists can lead o Architect humanity to a better way of living o Sculptor  An interest in the question 'what does it mean to be o Draftsman human'? o Engineer Francesco Petrarch (1304 - 1374) o Scientist o Inventor  Called the “Father of Humanism “  Italian scholar and poet during the Renaissance Period The Last Supper (1495 - 1498)  The First Tourist  Fresco Painting - technique of mural painting o Travelled widely in Europe and often acted  Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza as an ambassador  Beatrice d'Este o Had a deep fascination with ancient Rome  Convent of Santa Maria della Grazie in Milan, Italy and collected ancient Latin manuscripts  Jesus Christ sharing a final meal with his 12 apostles  Prime mover in the recovery of knowledge from writers before his crucifixion of Rome and Greece  The painting process took about three (3) years.  Helped establish  Techniques o Lyric poetry o Linear perspective o The sonnet  Objects which are closer appear o The modern Italian language larger, while more distant objects  Laid the foundations for Renaissance humanism appear more smaller  Crowned as the poet laureate or official state poet  The size of an object’s dimension  Most of his writings are about his love for a woman along the line of sight appear named “Laura.” relatively shorter than the dimensions across the line of sight 2 I GEC08 - 1st SEMESTER | Midterm  jtmh o Chiaroscuro o Circle o Sfumato  represents the divine & cosmic o Subtle details  Reflection of celestial o Emotional expression o Square  Symbol of the earth Mona Lisa (1503 - 1519)  For a physical manifestation  The sitter’s mysterious smile and her unproven identity  For our orientation on earth have made the painting a source of ongoing  4 directions, 4 seasons, investigation and fascination. and 4 elements  Painted in a poplar wood panel  Symmetry of Universe  Measures 30 inches tall by 20-inch wide  Techniques:  Techniques: o Combination of ink and wash techniques o Sfumato o Hatching and cross-hatching  (derived from the Italian word fumo, meaning "smoke") refers to the Famous Inventions technique of oil painting which colors  Parachute (1483) or tones are blended in such a subtle  Revolving Bridge (1480) manner that they melt into one another without perceptible Famous Sculptures transitions, lines or edges.  The Virgin and the Laughing Child (1472)  hailed as a pioneering innovation in o The only surviving sculpture painting o 20-inch-tall terracotta sculpture o Chiaroscuro o Made of red clay o Glazes o Fine details RAPHAEL (1483 - 1520)  Despite the years of work, the painting was never  Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino finished, Da Vinci was never paid for his work, and it  Born: April 6, 1483 in Urbino, Italy never went to the client that originally commissioned.  Death: April 6, 1520 in Rome  It became popular because it got stolen.  Magia di Battista di Nicola Ciarla (Mother) o When: August 21, 1911  Giovanni Santi (Father) o Where: Louvre Museum in Paris, France  The young Raphael was sometimes taken to the Court o Who: Vincenzo Perugia of Urbino  Art heist of the century  Learned painting from his father o Why: He attempted to sell the painting to  Said to have received some training from Urbino court Alfredo Geri, but then reported to the painter Timoteo Viti authorities.  He trained in the workshop of Perugino o How: Two brothers, named Vincenzo and Michele Lancelotti aided Vincezo with the The School of Athens (1509 - 1511) theft. Together they hid in a security closet,  Fresco painting waiting for the gallery to close. After dark, they  Raphael’s masterpiece quickly set to work, lifting the artwork off the  Commissioned by Pope Julius II wall, removing its glass case and frame, and  Second mural wrapping it up in a blanket.  A gathering of famous philosophers, mathematicians, o Result: He was arrested on December 11, and scholars. 1913. The painting was returned to Louvre in  Techniques: 1914 as a public property. o Chiaroscuro  Scholars and historians' interpretations: o Atmospheric Perspective o Lisa del Giocondo (wife of Florentine o Classical Composition merchant, Francesco di Bartolomeo del o Realistic Portraiture Giocondo) – as a gift o Linear perspective o Caterina (mother) o Leonardo’s self-portrait The Sistine Madonna (1509 - 1511)  Sistine Madonna is the Virgin Mary appearing with The Vitruvian Man (1487) an infant Jesus.  A male figure with outstretched arms and legs,  She bears the symbols inscribed within both a circle and a square. o Virtue  Drawn in pen and ink in paper o Virginity  Showed his interest in proportion o Innocence  Inspired by Marcus Vitruvius, a Roman Architect o Purity of Spirit  Describes the proportion of the human body  Techniques: o Vitruvius’ Proportions o Oil on canvas  The head in 1/8 the total height o Light and shadow  The hand is 1/10 the total height o Perspective  The foot is 1/6 the total height o Highly detailed figures  With arms outstretched, a man is o Meticulous attention to color wide as he is tall  Golden ratio  Blend of art and science  Represents his attempts to relate man to nature 3 I GEC08 - 1st SEMESTER | Midterm  jtmh Triumph of Galatea (1512) Saint Mark (1411 - 1413)  Fresco painting  Marble statue  It is for the Villa Farnesina in Rome.  Orsanmichele Museum, Florence o The Farnesina was built for the Sienese  Away from Gothic style banker “Agostino Chigi”, one of the richest  contrapposto technique men of that age  Known for: o Natural looking pose The Disputa or Disputation of the Holy Sacrament o Detail to realism (1509-1510) o Style not recognized  Fresco painting  Encapsulate human;  Commissioned by Pope Julius II o Personalities  Painted on the wall of Stanza della Segnatura o Expression o Pope’s library in Vatican City o Confidence o Emotion DONATELLO (1483 - 1520) Saint George (1415 - 1415)  Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi  Marble sculpture  Born: 1386 in Florence Italy  Bargello Museum, Florence  Death: December 13, 1466  Liberating status from a niche structure  Worked mostly in Florence  Schiacciato technique  One of the greatest Italian Renaissance artist (Renaissance Genius) Zuccone (1423 - 1425)  Sculptor  Marble sculpture o Sculptures are lifelike and highly emotional  Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, Florence  Master of sculpture in  Bald head/ large head o marble  Biblical prophet Habakkuk o bronze  Light and shallow technique  Home of Mertalli’s  Trained with Lorenzo Ghiberti The Feast of Herod (1423 - 1427)  He learned:  Bronze relief sculpture o Metallurgy  Baptismal font of Siena Cathedral o fabrication of metals and other substances  Presenting the head of John, the Baptist David (1440 - 1460)  Linear perspective technique  Bronze sculpture Judith and Holofernes (1460)  Bargello Museum, Florence  Bronze sculpture  Commissioned by the Medici Family  Hall of Lilies, Florence  After the battle with Goliath  Based from the bible  Depicts triumph of brutality and irrationality o Assassination of Holofernes by Judith  First large-scale free-standing nude statue  Flattened out technique o His vulnerability is emphasized by the stone he holds tightly in his left hand Impact of Artwork o Standing in “contrapposto” or counterpoise  Revolutionized sculpture  Weight rests on one leg  Inspires early Italian Renaissance painters  Represents Florentine people  Greatest sculptor of the early Renaissance o Defended themselves despite being small  Bridge between classic to modern art from their powerful enemies like Duke of  Explored human emotions and expressions Milan  Nudity MICHELANGELO (1475 - 1564) o Depicts heroism, glory, triumph, moral  Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni excellence, and values  Born: March 6, 1475 o Demonstrated interest in humanism  Death: February 18, 1564 o Influence from Classical Greek & Roman art  Influenced Western Art o Classical artists always presented mythical  First artist to dissect a corpse heroes in nude  One of the greatest artist of all time (Renaissance  Carving technique Genius) Magdalene Penitent (1440)  Biography was published while alive  1490 – 1492 (studies)  Wooden sculpture  University of Florence  Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, Florence  Studied grammar under Francesco da Urbino  Embodiment of Christian devotion  Vaguely interested in formal schooling  Innovative technique  Fascinated in copying paintings Equestrian Monument of Gattamelata (1453)  Workshop of Domenico Ghirlandaio  Bronze sculpture 4 I GEC08 - 1st SEMESTER | Midterm  jtmh David (1501 - 1504) Impact of Artwork  Marble statue  Development of Classical Renaissance  Renaissance sculpture  Inspires:  Academia of Florence o Mannerist period  Biblical figure from the story Genesis o Counter - Reformation Period  Portrayal of David patiently waiting for the battle o Baroque Period o Standing 17 ft. tall  Contributes:  Because It is intended to be placed o Sculpture in a high location on the church but o Painting never happened. o Architecture  Looks far away because he is focused on the future rather than one who is contemplating the past IMPACT OF RENAISSANCE PERIOD  Pinnacle of male perfection TO THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY o Shows peak masculinity or adulthood  Symbol of strength and defiance  Renaissance humanists broke free from medieval  Contrapposto technique tradition to put focus on personal interests instead of religious demands. Pieta (1499)  New ideas spread quickly throughout Europe and  Marble statue allowed for widespread education reform among the  Depicting Virgin Mary supporting the body of European people.  dead Jesus  Influenced by the humanists, Renaissance painters  One of the most poignant visual expression in drew inspiration from ancient Greece and Rome.  the lives of Christ and the Virgin  Scientists began to focus on practical  Usually being represented as painting and observations instead of religious teachings and  sculpture viewed their work with renewed skepticism.  Inspires emotion, faith and imitation  There's still secrets hidden until this day PADAYON! FUTURE ENGINEERS o Who is the real portrayal of the statue? St. Peter’s Basilica (1626)  Vatican City  Most renowned and sacred Christian church in  the world  Burial site of St. Peter  Renaissance and Baroque architectural style  Architects: o Michelangelo o Gian Lorenzo o Bernini o Carlo Maderno Madonna and Child (1501 - 1504)  Marble sculpture  Portrays Virgin Mary with the Christ Child.  Sculpture leave Italy during his lifetime  Expression and the elegant drapery of her clothing.  Emotional depth and simplicity Creation of Adam (1508 - 1512)  Fresco painting  Painted at the Ceiling of Sistine Chapel in Vatican City  interpreted from Genesis  God gives life to Adam  Relationship between man and God  Buon fresco technique Doni Tondo (1504 - 1506)  Tondo – A painting in a round frame  Portrays the Holy Family (the child Jesus, Mary, and Joseph) in the foreground, along with John the Baptist in the middle-ground, and contains five nude male figures in the background. The inclusion of these nude figures has been interpreted in a variety of ways.  Gift of Angelo Doni to his wife, Maddalena Strozzi 5 I GEC08 - 1st SEMESTER | Midterm