GET101 Lecture Notes on Engineering, Science, and Society PDF

Here is the conversion of the image into a structured markdown format: ### Date: 12th November, 2024 ## ENGINEERS IN SOCIETY **SOCIETY:** This is a group of people that live together having the same interest under the same Law. ## PHILOSOPHY It is derived from the Greek word "Philosophia" meani...

Here is the conversion of the image into a structured markdown format: ### Date: 12th November, 2024 ## ENGINEERS IN SOCIETY **SOCIETY:** This is a group of people that live together having the same interest under the same Law. ## PHILOSOPHY It is derived from the Greek word "Philosophia" meaning "Love of wisdom". Philosophy is the study or search of understanding of the nature and making that are placed in it. The three philosophers looked at/studied hergame: (i) Socrates [469-399 BC] (ii) Plato (iii) Aristotle Socrates was a great philosopher that was in existence between 469-399 BC. According to Socrates: a. As an individual, you must recognize your own ignorance. b. A person must be humble. c. An individual cannot know everything. d. No one is perfect. e. No one is above mistakes. f. There is nothing wrong in searching for more knowledge. g. Knowledge is power. h. Knowledge is freedom. i. Knowledge is Wealth. j. Knowledge can acquired by everybody. k. No secret in searching for knowledge. l. There's always logic in knowledge. m. Knowledge gives personal confidence. n. No age limit for knowledge. o. Knowledge gives individual initiatives. p. No profit in arrogance. **ASSIGNMENT:** Read about Plato and Aristotte ## SCIENCE It is derived from Greek word 'Scientia' meaning 'Knowledge' (derived Knowledge through observations and experimentation. Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. It is a body of knowledge itself of the type that can be logically and rationally explained according to Aristotle. Science is the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. Science is knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws as obtained and tested through scientific methods and concerned with the physical world. ### SCIENTIFIC METHODS The scientific methods are as follows: - State the problems - Collection of data. - Forming hypothesis - Testing hypothesis - Making inferences (Drawing out condusions) ### WHY STUDY SCIENCE? The main purpose is to produce useful models that are reliable. ### ATTRIBUTES OF SCIENCES 1. Science has the ability to explain that which has been observed. 2. Science has the ability to predict that which has not yet been observed. 3. Science has the ability to test your explanations or a prediction resulting from the above by the acquisition of new data. ### CLASSIFICATION OF SCIENCE _Classified science_ is based on the following: 1. By subject matter 2. By purpose #### 1. BY SUBJECT MATTER a. Natural science i. Physical science [Physics, chemistry, astronomy, oceanography, geology and engineering] ii. Health science [Geology, geography, astronomy, metrology oceanography, etc] iii. Biological science [Botany, zoology, microbiology, medicine, physiology, anatomy and animal husbandry] b. Social Science: This has to do with the study of human behaviour or the social world. * Economics, sociology, commerce, etc. ## TECHNOLOGY It is derived from Greek word 'Technologia'. "Techne" meaning 'art, skill or craft'. "Logia" meaning 'to study' ### Definitions of Technology 1. Technology is the making, usage and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function 2. It is collection of such tools, machineries and procedures. 3. It is the systematic study of techniques for making and doing tools things. 4. It is the application and use of scientific knowledge which results in Industrial and commercial products (including tools, machines and methods) of values to mankind. Technology gives ability to control and adapt to our natural environment. The concept of technology, however, transcends the production of tools and machines. It includes all forms of organizations of human activities, methods or rational analysis which include the structure of system for achieving any determined objectives. ## ENGINEERING Engineering is a profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience and practices is applied with the judgement of development ways and means of utilizing economically the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind. - =>Research and Development (R&D) - =>Design => Construction => Installation - =>Operation => Manufacture => Sales - =>Distribution Engineering is as old as the creation of man. It is the most noble profession on earth. It is the only profession that practices what GOD does. According to the Arts (2000), engineering is the profession based primarily upon training in mathematical and physical science of utilizing economically the forces and materials of nature for the benefit of mankind. According to Shuaib and co., engineering is the field that involves design, manufacture, measurement, control, and operation of machinery. According to COREN, engineering practice in Nigeria involves any professional practice or creative world requiring the application of special knowledge of math, physics and engineering in form of consultation invention, discovery, valuation, research and teaching in recognized engineering institutions, planning, operation, maintenance, supervision of construction and installations involving. Investigating, advising, operating, evaluates, measuring, designing, specifying, laying and directing, constructing, commissioning inspecting or testing in connection with any public utilities, structures, building machines, equipment, processes, works or projects. ### Date: 19th November, 2024 ## ENGINEERING FAMILY Engineering family comprises of engineers, engineering technologists, engineering technicians, engineering craftsmen and artisans. The relationship in the engineering family is a pyramid form. Here is an attempt at describing the engineering family pyramid: 1. Engineers 2. Engineering Technologists 3. Engineering Technicians 4. Engineering Craftsmen 5. Artisans (unclassified) **NOTE:** Each member of the engineering family have their own roles. Although the roles are intertwined and connected, they are well defined and well spelt out. - A [formal training at institutions/place of work] - B [practical] **Who is an engineer?** This is someone that is registered by a certified body or has his name written on the register of the certified body (in this case, COREN) as an engineer. (This is peculiar to Nigeria). COREN has a register that contains each personnel based on their category. Before one's name can appear on COREN, there are certain qualifications for them person to be satisfied: - Academic qualifications (Registerable) - Professional qualification To be qualified as an engineer, one must possess the two qualifications. Registerable engineers are not registered even if they have both qualifications until they register. ### ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS - The person must attend an accredited institution and obtain an recognized creditation from such institution - The person must possess a recognized minimum of Bachelor's degree or its equivalent in a * recognized engineering field. (Note that, in some Countries, their first degree isn't equivalent to ours). Note that: Formally, HND from an accredited polytechnic in engineering field and postgrad diploma in engineering (before 2002) was accepted for registration. BUT NOW, as an HND student, one must have a master's degree in an engineering field to be registerable. In the early 70's, having HNDS alone could get you registered. - If you have a degree in a science-related course (physics, chemistry, etc) with post graduate qualifications in core engineering. - If you have a first degree in technology (B.Sc. Edutech) with post graduate qualification in core engineering. - PRO - ⇒ Four (4) years cogent experience in your engineering field. In some cases, having post graduate qualification in your engineering field is recognized as a coogent field. ### PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS Apply, write (sit for) exams conducted by the certified body (COREN) designed for registration as engineers. The exams are either conducted by COREN or by NSE. After being registered by COREN, your registration number starts with R. ### Description of the Roles and Training of Personnel in Engineering Sector | Personnel | Formal Training | Practicals | |--------------|-----------------|------------| | Engineers | 75% | 25% | | Technologists| 60% | 40% | | Technicians | 55-60% | | | Craftsmen | Less | more | | Artisans | none | | As an engineer, there are some work ethics to be strictly adhered to which are known as CODES and STANDARDS. We are encouraged to report anyone who does not abide by these set rules. * The codes and standards help to protect people from being injured that is, it ensures safety) * They assure each engineer of a better working environment and reduce pressure from other people to do otherwise * Engineers will be proud of their profession if they adhere to the code of ethics especially in Nigeria while the public image of engineers need Improvement. * Adhering to the codes will lead to benefits for all engingers and public confidence in the profession will be increased. ### DUTIES OF AN ENGINEER * These duties can be classified to three (3): - Duty to your client. - Duty to the public. - Duty to your colleagues. ### Assignment Discuss Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as related to innovation, infrastructure, nation building @conomics, politics and business.-Due: Monday, December 2nd, 2024 | Engineers | Description | Quantities | | ----------------- | --------------------------------- | ---------- | | 1 | engineers | 6 | | | technologists/ technicians | | | | 60 - craftsmen | | | engineers | 1 | 5 | | technologists | 40 | 4,880 | | technicians | craftsmen | | There are certain training requirements required between the academic and professional qualifications. After obtaining these qualifications, you are stili registerable, until you have your name on COREN's register. ### Examples of Professional Qualifications: MNSE, GMNSE(gotten immediately before Convocation during inducto ## ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGISTS ### QUALIFICATIONS => Academic Qualification i Degree from accredited institutions in engineering technology ii HND in core engineering courses iii four years experience =>Professional Qualifications Just as Engineers have NSE and COREN, engineering technologists have NATE [Nigerian Association of Technologists in Engineering] and COREN NATE has its own exams just like NSE. A person is, also, not an engineering technologist until his/her name is registered on COREN's register as an engineering technologist. The name is usually registered as: Ajala: (Engn. Tech) with a registration number starting with E·T instead of R. ## ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS ### Academic Qualifications i. OND in core engineering course or its equivalent ii. Full technological Certificate [FTC], which is issued by the Federal Ministry of Labour examinations known as Labour Test [which has three stages which areistage 3, stage 2 and stage 1] Hence, they are registerable as engineering technicians. They are only certified as registered and bonafide engineering technologists technicians once they are en COREN's register as Ajala-(Tech) ### CRAFTSMEN In some cases, certificates are issued by certain corporations. In technical colleges, they have labour tests which is equivalent to School SAT. ### Roles of these Cadres 1. ENGINEERS The engineer by his education and training, the registgerred engineer shall have the ability to think in abstract and be able to synthesize view of events which are not obviously linked together and demonstrate a sufficient degree of practical knowledge in order not to limit himself to theoretical consideration. Preparing, planning, teaching of engineering, research, design and development of products and projects and the professional guidance of others in the executing of projects and in operation and maintenance of complex engineering plants, services and establishments. 2. ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGISTS The registered engineering technologist performs technical duties of an established or novel character either independently or under the general direction of a registered engineer or Scientist. He requires the power of logical thoughts and vohen in a management role, the quality of a leader. His work at a higher level of responsibility than that of an engineering technician His primary role within the profession shall include the application of known and proven techniques in the execution and management of engineering works. He also assists the engineering in the design and development of engineering plants and structure where appropriate. 3. ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS The registered engineering technician shall have acquired sufficient engineering theoretical knowledge and relevant practical skills such that he is able to undertake simple designs. His primary role shall include the application of known processes and techniques, supervision of appropriate details of practical, execution, diagnosis of faults, day-to-day operation and maintenance of engineering plants, services, establishments and thie design and development of engineering projects. ### ASSIGNMENT 1. Write the roles of craftsmen, responsibilities of each cadres. 2. Why is it that an engineer is saddled with the responsibility to head an engineering firm or establishment? [To be submitted on Thursday] ## ENGINEERING ETHICS AND CODE OF CONDUCT They guide the engineering practice and behaviour and relationships between engineers-to-engineers; engineer-to-dients & engineers -to-public. ### ASSIGNMENT (to be submitted on Monday) What are the ethics and codes of conduct for engineering practice based on the three classifications. ### History of Engineering The first engineering practiced was MILITARY ENGINEERING But after the first World War, most military men were killed, so, they needed civilians for 'petty' engineering works (which birthed CIVIL ENGINEERING) while military engineering became MECHANICAL ENGINEERING As a result of development, the roles of these engineering practices were split into many other engineering fields to enhance productivity and to give room for specialization. ### ASSIGNMENT (To be submitted 16th Dec.) Discuss, in details, the history of engineering. ## PROFESSIONAL BODIES AND SOCIETIES In engineering, COREN (Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria) is professional body which caters for all cadres or categories of engineering personnel except artisans. This is why artisans are unclassified- NSE [Nigerian Society of Engineers] s divided into institutes (Ni MechE, NICE, etc) which also issue certificates. Next dass : Relevance of the Professional Body 10th January, 2025 ## PROFESSIONAL BODIES AND SOCIETIES 1. Professional body- COREN 2. Rofessional society - NSE, NICE, NATE, etc.s Council for the Regulation of Enginarring in Nigeria [COREN] It was formerly known as the Council for registration of engineers. It was just to cover the registration of engineers. It was established as a statutory organ of Federal Government (Auring the military regime) by decree no 55 of 1970, which was later amended by the Decree 27 of 1992. Further amendment for democratic reign gave birth to ACTCAP E11/2024; Engineers registration. Anotfier amendment by ACT No 3, 2018 was made There are taws guiding. COREN's running. The body has its ovon mandate, as stated in the Law, which include: Regulation & control of the practice of enginee engineering in all its aspects and ramifications 3. To determine who an engineering practitioner is and register them as engineers, engineering technologists, etc 4. To determine rohat standards of knordedge and skills are te be attained by persons seeking to be registered as an engineering personnel and raise auch standard from time to time 5. prossciting any person/firm that contravenes the provisions of thie ACT in a court of competent jurisdictions regulating industrial training schemes in engineering for the training of engineering practitioners and students ensarring capacity building enarring capacity building and monitoring local Content in tite Nigerian Engineering Industry and and thi, can be achieved through the follovoing: i mandairy cattachment of Nigerians to expatriate engineung practitioners of major projects to anale understand them ensuring that all foreign engineering firms establish their design offices in design offices in Nigeria granting of compulsory ritestation to all ergutaates, quota applications to all engineering erganizations ensuring that before being allowest to practice in engineering in Nigeria, such foreign engineering practitioners, granted voorkomen vork permits, register with COREN and obtain such licenses including practicing licenses as may be required from time to time. investigate engineering failures perform other functions as may be conformed from the council by the ACT COREN registers all except artisans, which is why they are unclassified. Functions of COREN There are three (3) major functions: i Engineering regulations monitoring [ERM] It which comprises of all categories of engineering personnel Education and training [accreditations, professional development training Every year, there is a COREN assembly * Registration of engineering practitioners: - Technologists → 0123ETs - Technicianς - R0123T **Professional Societies :** Every category of engineering personnel has its oron societies. Categories of Membership 1. Student member 2. Associates 3. Graduates 4. Corporate members 5. Fellow a. Honorary fellow b. Felioro [a corporate member for a minimum of 10 years with financial standing and has contributed immensely to the engineering sector] Being a fellow has a special respect' Assignment Discuss safety and risk analysis in Engineering