SCITES030 - Module 2: Science, Technology, and Society PDF

Module 2 science, technology and society: through the ages  Meso-American Civilization 01  Maya Civilization  Inca Civilization  Aztec Civilization 02 Developments of Science in Asia  Indian Civilization  China Civilization 03 Development of Science...

Module 2 science, technology and society: through the ages  Meso-American Civilization 01  Maya Civilization  Inca Civilization  Aztec Civilization 02 Developments of Science in Asia  Indian Civilization  China Civilization 03 Development of Science in Middle East  Muslim Civilization 04 Developments of Science in Africa  African Civilization  Egyptian Civilization  It is one of the regions of the world where the 01 agricultural revolution arose independently, and the great civilizations of Mesoamerica were built upon foods such as maize, beans and Meso- squash. It consists of four cultures: Maya, Inca, American Aztec, and Olmec. Civilization It includes the entire area of Central America from southern Mexico up to the border of south America. Mesoamerica refers to the diverse civilizations that shared similar cultural characteristics in the geographic areas comprising the modern-day countries of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.  1.1 Maya Civilization Maya Civilization and Astronomy Lasted approximately 2,000 years. Known for astronomical works.  Incorporated astronomical knowledge into temples and into temples and religious structures. Pyramid at Chichén in Mexico, located at the Sun during at the Sun during equinoxes. TWO COMPLEX CALENDAR SYSTEMS HYDRAULICS SYSTEMS AND SOPHISTICATED WATERWAYS.  1.1 Maya Civilization Mayan Innovations and Scientific Advancements  Mayans developed looms for weaving cloth and created glittery mica- created glittery mica-based paints.  Believed to be the first to produce rubber products.  Known for their scientifically advanced society, Mayan hieroglyphics. Mayan hieroglyphics.  Developed a number system based on the numeral 20. 20.  Developed the concept of Zero and positional value independently before independently before the Romans.  MAYAN HIEROGLYPHICS RUBBER PRODUCTS LOOMS FOR WEAVING CLOTH AND CREATED GLITTERY MICA-BASED PAINTS NUMBER SYSTEM BASED ON THE NUMERAL 20 & CONCEPT OF ZERO AND POSITIONAL VALUE  1.2 Inca Civilization Inca Scientific Ideas and Technology  Developed advanced scientific ideas and tools to overcome tools to overcome limitations of old civilization. civilization.  Developed stone-paved roads and stone buildings for buildings for earthquake and disaster protection. protection.  Implemented an irrigation system for water storage for storage for crop growth. STONE-PAVED ROADS AND STONE BUILDINGS INCA IRRIGATION SYSTEM INCA TOOLS AND ARTEFACTS  1.2 Inca Civilization Inca Scientific Ideas and Technology Created a 12-month calendar for religious festivals religious festivals and planting season preparation. preparation. Developed the first suspension bridge, Quipu, for  QUIPU 12-MONTH CALENDAR SUSPENSION BRIDGE TEXTILE  1.3 Aztec Civilization Aztec Contributions to Science, Technology, and Society  Mandatory education- The Aztec puts value on education; that is Why their Children are mandated to get education regardless of their social regardless of their social class, gender, or age. It is an early form of an early form of universal or inclusive education.  Chocolates- The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate during their time. In the Mayan culture, they used it as currency. The Aztec valued the Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and made as part Of their tribute to part Of their tribute to their gods.  1.3 Aztec Civilization Aztec Contributions to Science, Technology, and Society  Chinampa- It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which the was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals. surrounded by canals.  CHOCOLATE MANDATORY EDUCATION CHINAMPA  Aztec 1.3 Civilization Aztec Contributions to Science, Technology, and Society  Antispasmodic medication- they used a type of antispasmodic medication that could prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles. which relax muscles. which could help during surgery.  Aztec calendar -This enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and planting Season.  Invention of the canoe - A light narrow boat used for traveling in water systems.  AZTEC CALENDAR ANTISPASMODIC MEDICATION CANOE  02 Asia is the biggest continent in the world Asian and the home of many ancient Civilization civilizations. These civilizations Were incomparable in terms of their contributions to the development of knowledge during their time  2.1 Indian Civilization  Indians developed innovative ideas and technologies, renowned for their IRON AND METALLURGICAL WORKS, with their iron steel the Roman Empire.  India is renowned for its medicine, particularly AYURVEDA, a traditional system of medicine that India before 200 BC and is still practiced as an alternative medicine.  SUSRUTA SAMHITA, describe different surgical procedure famous in ancient India. IRON AND METALLURGICAL WORKS AYURVEDA SUSRUTA SOMHITO Sushruta is the father of surgery  2.1 Indian Civilization  Ancient India is also notable in the field of ASTRONOMY. They developed theories on the universe, the spherical self-supporting Earth  and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each.  Ancient India is also known for their MATHEMATICS, with the Indus Valley Civilization establish a high degree of accuracy in length measurement and design the Mohenjo-daro ruler.  2.1 Indian Civilization  ARYABHATA, in his Aryabhatiya, introduced a number of Trigonometric function, tables, and techniques, as well as algorithm of Algebra. algorithm of Algebra.  BRAHMAGUPTA, also suggested the gravity was force of attraction, and force of attraction, and lucidly explained the use of zero as both a place zero as both a place holder and a decimal digit along the Hindu Arabic along the Hindu Arabic  MADHAVA OF SANGAMAGRAMA, is also consider as the founder of mathematical analysis (Joseph, 1991) ARYABHATA INDIAN ASTRONOMY  Chinese 2.1 Civilization  - The four great inventions of ancient China are the COMPASS, GUNPOWDER, PAPERMAKING, and discoveries had an enormous impact on the development of Chinese civilization  - They also invented tools like IRON PLOUGH, WHEELBARROW, and PROPELLER, design for BRIDGES.  - Invented the first SEISMOLOGICAL DETECTOR and developed a DRY DOCK FACILITY. CHINESE COMPASS CHINESE GUN POWDER CHINESE PAPER CHINESE WHEELBARROW CHINESE PRINTING CHINESE IRON PLOUGH  CHINESE PROPELLER CHINESE BRIDGES CHINESE DRY DOCK CHINESE SEISMOLOGICAL DETECTOR  Chinese 2.1 Civilization  ACUPUNCTURE, ancient Chinese medical technique for relieving pain, curing disease, and improving general health.  made significant advances in SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, MATHEMATICS, AND observations of comets, solar eclipses, and supernovae were made in China.  SILK ROAD, a great trade route linking China to where it allowed transport and exchange of goods in these regions  SILK ROAD CHINESE PROPELLER CHINESE SEISMOLOGICAL DETECTOR  03 Muslims: Islam’s golden age in science, Middle East technology and intellectual culture Civilization spanned about 500 years, from the ninth until the 14th centuries. The scientific method, as it has been developed in modern western science, was indeed invented by Muslims and first practiced by them on a large scale.  MUSLIM 3.1 Civilization  AL-HASAN IBN AL-HAYTHAM was a pioneering scientific thinker who made important contributions to the understanding of vision, optics and light. Also regarded as the Father of Optics. Especially for his empirical proof of the intromission Theory of Light.  IBN SINA'S pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials 2 most notable works used as a standard medicinal texts in both the Muslim world and in Europe during the 17th century : “The Book of Healing” & “The Canon Of Medicine,”. Contagious nature of infection of the clinical pharmacology  MUSLIM 3.1 Civilization  MUHAMMAD IBN MUSAAL- KHWARISZMI gave his name to the concept of the algorithm while the term algebra is derived from Al-jabr, the beginning of the tittle of one of his publication.  JABER IBN HAYAN considered as the Father of  04 Africa is blessed with natural and AFRICAN mineral resources. Science also Civilization emerged in this part of the planet long before the Europeans colonized it 4.1 African  They used three types of calendars: LUNAR, Civilization SOLAR, AND STELLAR.  - Many advances in METALLURGY and tool making were made across the entirety of ancient Africa.  - A structure known as the AFRICAN STONEHENGE in present-day KENYA B.C.) was a remarkably accurate calendar. Several ancient African cultures birthed discoveries in astronomy. Many of these are foundations on which we still rely, and some 4.2 Egyptians Civilization  The development of GEOMETRY was a necessity to preserve the layout and ownership of farmlands for Egyptians along the Nile River, and was used to build rectilinear structures, the post of lintel architecture.  The EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS and early DAMS DEMONSTRATE their advanced civilization, development of science to improve the quality of life for Egyptians, particularly in building homes and cities, despite the challenges   Egypt was a CENTER OF ALCHEMY, a medieval precursor to CHEMISTRY, focusing on HUMAN 4.2 ANATOMY AND PHARMACOLOGY, and applying examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for Egyptians disease treatment. Civilization  Ancient Egyptians are good in the FOUR FUNDAMENTAL MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS AND OTHER MATHEMATICAL SKILLS. They have knowledge Of the basic concepts of algebra and geometry. The Islamic regions in Africa during the medieval period was also benefiting from mathematical learning, which is considered advanced during those times, such as ALGEBRA, GEOMETRY, AND TRIGONOMETRY.  The prehistoric and ancient era technologies 1st technological event in the Old Stone Age- CRUDE STONE ✪ stone, horn, bone, and wood reached high standards ✪ most significant - fire ✪ introduction of metals (gold, copper, bronze, iron) BRONZE AGE (3500BC-1200BC) primarily used - copper and tin alloy 1st Bronze Age people - Mesopotamia(now called Iraq), Sumerians PeRIOD OF INNOVATION wheel cuneiform - system of writing Heiroglyphics 36  “SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS 37  potter's wheel ziggurat SUMERIANS canals 38  Babylonian sundial s 1st map made of clay cartography abacu windwheels 39 s first  Akkadians/phoenicians 40  ASSYRIANS 41  egyptian 42 CHINESE  INDU 44  PERSIAN 45  LYDIAN 46  GREEK 47  ROMAN 48  The Middle Ages Technologies The Middle Age era (5th century-15th century) ❖ A Period Of Ferment And Chaos For Europe After The Fall Of Roman Empire. ❖ The First Glimmerings Of The Renaissance (14th – 17th Ad) ❖ Dramatic Technical & Cultural Advances In Asia ❖ The Expansion And Contraction Of The Muslim Empire ❖ The Pinnacle Of The Mayan And Incan Civilizations ❖ Most Of The Mechanical Technology Originated From Europe But Had Its Influence From The Ancient Chinese Inventions. ❖ Important Developments In Agriculture, New Power Sources, Military Weapons, Transportation, & Construction Led To Medieval Industrial Revolution. 49  Some Middle age era inventions Warfare 50  Power sources 51  Nautical 52  Agriculture 53  General Inventions 54 Renaissance and the Modern Era The invention of the Gutenberg The modern era is characterized by: rise of the printing press in 1455 marked the nation state, growth of tolerance as a political& beginning of the Renaissance period. social belief, industrialization, rise of mercantilism & capitalism, emergence of socialist countries, discovery & colonization of the non-western world, New paradigms were posed – the rise of representative democracy, increasing role of Scientific revolution. The changes science and technology, urbanization, mass literacy, that happened paved the way to a proliferation of mass media. With the Scientific modern era. Method introduced by Francis Bacon in 1621, a sudden leap of advancement in science occurred, like advocating inductive reasoning as the New ideas in art, science, foundation off scientific thinking, this clear system astronomy, religion, literature, of scientific inquiry would assure man’s mastery mathematics, philosophy, & politics over the world, applying the method to all technical were developed and advanced. areas from astronomy to farming  Industrial Revolution To(18 th 19 Century AD)-th Started In Great Britain - Was The Era That Led Handmade Production To Machine & Factory. Three Important Development During This Era: 1. Transportation Was Expanded. 2. Electricity Was Effectively Harnessed. 3. Improvements Were Made To Manufacturing And Communication. 56  Thank you for listening! 57