Gess302 Unit Two PDF

UNIT TWO 10 Social and Political Life Chapter 1: On Equality State Government Teacher’s note These two chapters (Chapters 2 and 3) on public welfare. Though both the executive State Government are an attempt to and the legislature are presented, one discuss the functi...

UNIT TWO 10 Social and Political Life Chapter 1: On Equality State Government Teacher’s note These two chapters (Chapters 2 and 3) on public welfare. Though both the executive State Government are an attempt to and the legislature are presented, one discuss the functions and structure of should not expect students to retain fine government through concrete situations. distinctions. It would be best to patiently We have chosen ‘health’ as an example; encourage them to ask questions such as, there could have been other, equally “Who is the most powerful person?”, “Why important, choices. can’t the MLA solve the problem?”, etc. Such queries will enable them to construct Chapter 2 discusses ‘health’ as an a sense of the government apparatus. important issue for people. There are both public and private aspects of health It is important that learners acquire the provisioning. Healthcare in India is not confidence to express their views on public available to all. While the Constitution issues and understand the role of supports a view that the right to health is government through the exercises given in an aspect of our fundamental rights, its the chapters. You could choose familiar provisioning is rather unequal. Through issues such as water, transport, school- the accounts provided, learners will begin fees, books, child-labour, etc., for them to to visualise the ideal or desired role of discuss and arrive at how these problems government, and the meanings behind its need to be tackled. Allow them to express structures. Some ways in which this these ideas through wall charts. Given that situation can be changed are also discussions on the government and its discussed. functioning often lead to boredom and cynicism, we need to be able to make Chapter 3 focuses on how the the classroom session less didactic and government functions, and discusses ideas more interactive while teaching these of representation, accountability and lessons. 11  CHAPTER 2 Role of the Government in Health In a democracy people expect the government to work for their welfare. This could be through the provision of education, health, employment, housing or the development of roads, electricity etc. In this chapter we shall examine the meanings and problems related to health. Look at the sub-headings of this chapter. In what ways do you think this topic is related to the work of government? 12 What is health? We can think of health in many ways. Health means our ability to remain free of illness and injuries. But health isn’t only about disease. You may have Would you associate all or some of associated only some of the situations in the above these pictures with ‘health’ ? In collage with health. What we often ignore is the fact what ways? Discuss in groups. that each of the above situations is related to health. Apart from disease, we need to think of other factors that affect our health. For example, if people get clean drinking water or a pollution free environment they are likely to be healthy. On the other hand, if people Pick two situations from the above do not get adequate food to eat or have to live in collage that are not related to cramped conditions, they will be prone to illness. illness and write two sentences on how they are related to health. All of us would like to be active and in good spirits in whatever we may be doing. It isn’t healthy to be dull, inactive, anxious or scared for long stretches of time. We all need to be without mental strain. All of these various aspects of our lives are a part of health. Chapter 2: Role of the Government in Health 13 13  India has a large number of doctors, clinics and Patients usually have to wait in long hospitals. The country also has considerable queues in government hospitals, like experience and knowledge in running a public this one. healthcare system. This is a system of hospitals and health centres run by the government. It has the ability to look after the health of a large section of its population scattered over hundreds of thousands of villages. We will go into more detail on this later. Moreover, there has been a phenomenal advancement in medical sciences whereby many new technologies and treatment procedures are available in the country. However, the second column points out how poor the health situation in our country is. With all the above positive developments we are not able to provide proper healthcare facilities to people. This is the paradox – something that is contrary to what we would expect. Our country has the money, knowledge and people with experience but cannot make the necessary healthcare available to all. In this chapter, we will look at some of the reasons for this. Chapter 2: Role of the Government in Health 15  THE COST OF A CURE Aman and Ranjan are good friends. While Ranjan I had viral fever and Oh! Me, too! I just got back to comes from a well-to-do family, Aman’s parents have had to go to the school on Monday. My Daddy to struggle to make ends meet... hospital... took me to see the doctor at the new hospital in Hi Aman! Good to Kingsway. It was very exciting! see you back! How have you been? The building looked so posh. I thought it Daddy had to pay Rs 500 at the reception counter was a five star hotel! Daddy said that was itself – before we even met the doctor! There was because it was a private hospital, with the nice music playing and everything was really clean best of facilities. and shiny. The doctor asked for many tests...but After the test results came, we went back to the everyone was so friendly! The lady who took doctor. He looked through them and said everything my blood for testing told me so many jokes was fine, and I only had viral fever. He prescribed some that I forgot to feel the pain! medicines and rest....and have you...and so young man – this pink pill should be heard the one taken three times a day, and the white tablet about Batman once before bed time – that’s for the on Reality TV? bodyache! This one is a syrup – don’t worry, it’s tasty Thank you Doctor...I feel better 16 Social and Political Life already!...and it really did! We went to a big You see, I’ve been dying to tell you all Government Hospital. We had to wait in a long about it! But what about queue at the OPD counter. I was feeling so sick you? Which hospital did that I had to lean on Abba all the time! you go to? Um...it wasn’t as nice as your’s at all! At first, Abba didn’t want to take me because he said it would take too much time... We got the test results after three days...and went When our turn came, the doctor examined me, and back to the hospital. There was a different doctor asked for a blood test. Then we had to go and stand in that day. another long queue! People were crowding around in the testing room too. Show me his OPD card...and the test results – quickly please! He seems to be suffering from My hospital was nice, but a bout of viral fever – nothing they gave me many medicines to worry about. All he needs and the whole thing is this one fever-reducing cost quite a lot! medicine. Oh! My treatment did not cost much! 17  Where do you go when you are ill? Public and private health care services Are there any problems that you face? Write a paragraph based on From the above story, you must have understood your experience. that we can roughly divide up various health care facilities in two categories – What problems did Aman face in the government hospital? How do (a) Public health services and you think the hospital can work in a better manner? Discuss. (b) Private health facilities. Why did Ranjan have to spend so much money? Give reasons. Public health services What problems do we face in The public health service is a chain of health centres private hospitals? Discuss. and hospitals run by the government. They are linked together so that they cover both rural and urban areas and can also provide treatment to all kinds of Why pay taxes to the government? problems – from common illnesses to special services. At the village level there are health centres where Government uses tax money for providing many public services for there is usually a nurse and a village health worker. the benefit of all citizens. Some They are trained in dealing with common illnesses services such as defence, police, and work under the supervision of doctors at the judicial system, highways etc. Primary Health Centre (PHC). Such a centre covers benefit all citizens. Otherwise, the many villages in a rural area. At the district level is citizens cannot organise these the District Hospital that also supervises all the health services for themselves. centres. Large cities have many government hospitals Taxes fund developmental such as the one where Aman was taken and also programmes and services such as specialised government hospitals. education, health care, employment, social welfare, The health service is called ‘public’ for many vocational training etc. required for reasons. In order to fulfil its commitment of providing needy citizens. Tax money is health care to all citizens, the government has utilised for relief and rehabilitation established these hospitals and health centres. Also, in case of natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, tsunami etc. the resources needed to run these services are Space, nuclear, and missile obtained from the money that we, the public, pay to programmes are also funded from the government as taxes. Hence, such facilities are the revenues collected as taxes. meant for everyone. One of the most important Government provides some aspects of the public health system is that it is meant services especially for the poor to provide quality health care services either free or who cannot afford to purchase at a low cost, so that even the poor can seek them from the market. One treatment. Another important function of public example is health care. Can you health is to take action to prevent the spread of give other examples? diseases such as TB, malaria, jaundice, cholera, 18 Social and Political Life diarrhoea, chikungunya, etc. This has to be organised by the government with the participation of people otherwise it is not effective. For example, when taking up a campaign to see that mosquitoes do not breed in water coolers, rooftops, etc., this has to be done for all houses in the area. According to our Constitution, it is the primary duty of the government to ensure the welfare of the people and provide health care facilities to all. A doctor in a rural health care centre The government must safeguard the Right to Life giving medicines to a patient. of every person. If a hospital cannot provide timely medical treatment to a person, it means that this protection of life is not being given. The Court also said that it was the duty of the government to provide the necessary health services, including treatment in emergency situations. Hospitals and medical staff must fulfil their duty of providing the necessary treatment. Therefore, the Court asked the State Government to give him the money that he had spent on his treatment. Private health facilities There is a wide range of private health facilities that exist in our country. A large number of doctors run their own private clinics. In the rural areas, one A woman and her sick child at a finds Registered Medical Practitioners (RMPs). Urban government hospital. According to areas have a large number of doctors, many of them UNICEF, more than a million children die every year in India from preventable providing specialised services. There are hospitals infections. and nursing homes that are privately owned. There are many laboratories that do tests and offer special In what ways is the public health facilities such as X-ray, ultrasound, etc. There are system meant for everyone? also shops from where we buy medicines. List some Primary Health Centres As the name suggests, private health facilities (PHCs) or hospitals near your place. are not owned or controlled by the government. From your experience (or by Unlike the public health services, in private facilities, patients have to pay a lot of money for visiting any one of them), find out every service that they use. the facilities provided and people who run the centre. Chapter 2: Role of the Government in Health 19  Today the presence of private facilities can be seen all around. In fact now there are large companies that run hospitals and some are engaged in manufacturing and selling medicines. Medical shops are found in every corner of the country. Healthcare and equality: Is adequate healthcare available to all? A post-operative room in a leading In India, we face a situation where private services private hospital in Delhi. are increasing but public services are not. What is then available to people are mainly private services. These are concentrated in urban areas. The cost of these services is rather high. Medicines are expensive. Many people cannot afford them or have to borrow money when there is an illness in the family. Private health facilities can mean many things. Explain with the help Some private services encourage incorrect of some examples from your area. practices to earn more. At times inexpensive alternatives, though available, may not be used. For example, some medical practitioners are found to prescribe superfluous medicines, injections or saline when simple medication may suffice. The Medical Council of India’s In fact, barely 20 per cent of the population can Code of Medical Ethics states: afford all the medicines that they require during an “Every physician should, as far as illness. Hence, even for those whom one might not possible, prescribe drugs with generic names and he/she shall ensure that there is a rational prescription and use of drugs.” How can health care be made more affordable? Discuss. 20 Social and Political Life think as being poor, medical expenses cause hardship. It was reported in a study that 40 per cent of people who are admitted to a hospital for some illness or injury have to borrow money or sell some of their possessions to pay for the expenses. For those who are poor, every illness in the family is a cause of great anxiety and distress. What is worse is that this situation tends to happen again and In rural areas, a jeep is often used to again. Those who are poor are in the first place serve as a mobile clinic for patients. undernourished. These families are not eating as much as they should. They are not provided basic necessities like drinking water, adequate housing, clean surroundings, etc., and therefore, are more likely to fall ill. The expenses on illness make their situation even worse. Sometimes it is not only the lack of money that prevents people from getting proper medical treatment. Women, for example, are not taken to a doctor in a prompt manner. Women’s health concerns are considered to be less important than the health of men in the family. Many tribal areas have few health centres and they do not run properly. This pregnant lady has to travel many Even private health services are not available. kilometres to see a qualified doctor. What can be done? There is little doubt that the health situation of most people in our country is not good. It is the responsibility of the government to provide quality healthcare services to all its citizens, especially the poor and the disadvantaged. However, health is as much dependent on basic amenities and social conditions of the people, as it is on healthcare services. Hence, it is important to work on both in order to improve the health situation of our people. And this can be done. Look at the following example. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) www.in.undp.org Chapter 2: Role of the Government in Health 21  The Kerala experience In 1996, the Kerala government made some major changes in the state. Forty per cent of the entire state budget was given to panchayats. They could plan and provide for their requirements. This made it possible for a village to make sure that proper planning was done for water, food, women’s development and education. This meant that water supply schemes were checked, the working of schools and anganwadis was ensured and specific problems of the village were taken up. Health centres were also improved. All of this helped to improve the situation. Despite these efforts, however, some problems – such as shortage of medi cines, insufficient hospital beds, not enough doctors – remained, and these needed to be addressed. For more details, visit http://lsgkerala.gov.in/en The above map of India shows the state of Let us look at an example of another country and Kerala in pink. its approach to issues of health. Page 97 of this book has a map of India. The Costa Rican approach Using your pencil outline the state of Kerala on this map. Costa Rica is considered to be one of the healthiest countries in Central America. The main reason for this can be found in the Costa Rican Constitution. Several years ago, Costa Rica took a very important decision and decided not to have an army. This helped the Costa Rican government to spend the money that the army would have used, on health, education and other basic needs of the people. The Costa Rican government believes that a country has to be healthy for its development and pays a lot of attention to the health of its people. The Costa Rican government provides basic services and amenities to all Costa Ricans. For example, it provides safe drinking water, sanitation, nutrition and housing. Health education is also considered very important and knowledge about health is an essential part of education at all levels. 22 Social and Political Life  EXERCISES 1. In this chapter you have read that health is a wider concept An important part of the than illness. Look at this quote from the Constitution and Constitution says it is the “duty of explain the terms ‘living standard’ and ‘public health’ in the State to raise the level of your own words. nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health.” 2. What are the different ways through which the government can take steps to provide healthcare for all? Discuss. 3. What differences do you find between private and public health services in your area? Use the following table to compare and contrast these. Facility Affordability Availability Quality Private Public 4. ‘Improvement in water and sanitation can control many Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) diseases.’ Explain with the help of examples. www.in.undp.org Glossary Public: An activity or service that is meant for all people in the country and is mainly organised by the government. This includes schools, hospitals, telephone services, etc. People can demand these services and also raise questions about their non-functioning. Private: An activity or service that is organised by an individual or company for their own gain. Medical tourists: This refers to foreigners who come to this country specifically for medical treatment at hospitals that offer world–class facilities at a lower cost than what they would have to pay in their own countries. Communicable diseases: These are diseases that are spread from one person to another in many ways such as through water, food , air, etc. OPD: This is the short form for ‘Out Patient Department’. This is where people are first brought in and treated in a hospital without being admitted to any special ward. Ethics: Moral principles that influence a person’s behaviour Generic names: These are chemical names of the drugs. They help in identifying the ingredients. They are globally recognised. For example, acetyl salicylic acid is the generic name of Aspirin. Chapter 2: Role of the Government in Health 23