Geography Chapter 13 PDF

# Fall Semester Exam Review - Chapter 13 ## Regions of Europe Europe is home to a wide variety of ethnic groups, each with unique languages, customs, traditions, and histories. These diverse groups have shaped the continent's history, politics, and conflicts. - **Cultural Crossroads:** A geographic...

# Fall Semester Exam Review - Chapter 13 ## Regions of Europe Europe is home to a wide variety of ethnic groups, each with unique languages, customs, traditions, and histories. These diverse groups have shaped the continent's history, politics, and conflicts. - **Cultural Crossroads:** A geographic area where multiple cultures and ethnic groups intersect, often due to trade, migration, or political interaction. - **Regions of Europe** can be divided into various regions based on geographic, cultural, historical, or economic factors. Common regions include: - **Art and Literature:** Refers to the cultural products of a society in the form of visual arts (painting, sculpture, architecture) and written works. ## Religions - **Christianity:** A major monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. - **Roman Catholic:** A branch of Christianity that follows the leadership of the Pope and adheres to doctrines and practices such as the sacraments, the authority of the Church, and the importance of tradition. - **Eastern Orthodoxy:** A branch of Christianity that developed in Eastern Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean, distinct from Roman Catholicism. It is centered on the traditions of the Eastern Orthodox Church, which does not recognize the authority of the Pope. - **Bubonic Plague (Black Death):** A devastating pandemic that struck Europe in the 14th century (1347-1351), killing an estimated one-third of the population. - **Holocaust**: The systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by Nazi Germany and its allies during World War II. ## Other Terms - **Nordic Countries:** A region in Northern Europe consisting of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. These countries share historical, cultural, and linguistic ties. - **Euro:** The official currency of Europe. - **Balkanization:** The process of fragmentation or division of a region or country into smaller, often hostile, political units. - **Satellite Nation:** A country that is formally independent but is heavily influenced or controlled by a more powerful nation, typically through political, military, or economic means. - **Anti-Semitism:** Prejudice, discrimination, or hostility against Jews. It has existed for centuries and has manifested in various forms, including religious, social, economic, and racial hatred.