Geo Exam Study PDF

Part A – Definitions --Fill in the blanks Flow resource: a resource that must be used up when and where it is found or lost. Sustainable: describes an approach to using resources that do not use them up or destroy them for a long time. Human Development Index: the results of an annual evaluation...

Part A – Definitions --Fill in the blanks Flow resource: a resource that must be used up when and where it is found or lost. Sustainable: describes an approach to using resources that do not use them up or destroy them for a long time. Human Development Index: the results of an annual evaluation of countries by looking at life expectancy, income, and literacy. Subsistence farming: small-scale farming to produce food to feed a family. Trawlers: fishing ships that catch fish by dragging a net along the seafloor. By-catch: fish or other sea life caught unintentionally when fishing. Aquifers: the underground layer of rock that can hold water. Troposphere: the layer of atmosphere closest to Earth. Global commons: resources of Earth shared by all people, such as water, solar energy, air, Antarctica, and outer space. Tailings: waste lateral left over after a resource is extracted. Fracking: extracting natural gas by drilling and injecting water, sand, and chemicals into the ground to crack underground rock and release natural gas. Bitumen: a thick, sticky form of crude oil. Remote sensing: the imaging of Earth’s surface to obtain mapping information. Smog: a mixture of air pollutants, usually from motor vehicles or coal burning. Acid rain: acidic rain or other precipitation due to chemicals and gases released by human activity or natural causes. Part B- Multiple Choice and True or False Types of natural resources- page 140 You should look at all three categories found under the blue heading. You should know what they are and be able to describe them Renewable resources: resources that can replace themselves if we use them carefully (e.g., trees, crops, fish stocks, and soil). The process of regrowth takes time. Flow Resources: Resources replaced by natural cations, whether used or not (e.g., wind, ocean currents, flowing rivers and streams, sunlight). These resources cannot be captured or stored and moved around due to natural environmental actions. Non-renewable resources: Resources with limited supply. Once used, they are gone and cannot be replaced. (eg., gold, iron, nickel, and fossil fuels such as oil and coal.) Takes up to billions of years to make. Natural resources in the physical environment- page 142 Look at the two paragraphs under the above heading. P1: Plate tectonics also determines the location of oil and gas reservoirs. They help to create the conditions that create oil and gas over millions of years. The movement of the plates also helps free the oil and gas and bring it closer to the Earth's surface, where it can be extracted. P2: The physical environment determines the location of other kinds of natural resources as well. (eg.; Canada’s boreal forests have a climate good for timber). Using natural resources to meet needs and wants- page 142 Look at the paragraph right under this heading People use natural resources in a variety of ways and for a variety of purposes like food, building shelters, making clothing, and providing us with energy to get from place to place. A single natural resource can be used in many forms for different purposes. For example, trees provide lumber for homes, wood for furniture, logs for fuel and pulp for making paper. Trees can also be used for hammocks or build a tree house. How the use of natural resources varies- pages 151-152 On page 151 under the heading Changing Needs you should focus on the first paragraph  and the third. Today we do not depend on the natural resources that are available locally. Technology has allowed us greater access to food sources, building materials, fuel, and other natural resources from all over the world. This access has allowed us to lead longer more comfortable lives than before. In the third paragraph, you should know the statistics and years found there. Reliance on technology such as computers and cellphones has increased dramatically. In 1994, 32% of Canadian households owned a computer. By 2010 the number increased by 93%. By 2022 86% of households used laptops/desktops, while an additional 75% used smartphones. Ownership of tablet computers doubled from 2012 to 2013. On page 151 under the heading Changes in Population Over Time you should focus on the first paragraph. Population trends are important in helping us understand the current use of natural resources. They also help us predict challenges we may face in the future. As the population grows, so does our use of natural resources. More and more people are relying on the same amount of natural resources for food, clothing, shelter and water. On page 152 under the heading Natural Resource Use Around the World focus on the first paragraph. Around the world, people use natural resources in very different ways. There are also many differences within countries. What people use depends partly on where they live and their surroundings, but also on their wants and needs. What natural resources are close to your home? Human Development Index Categories chart- figure 5.12 on page 155 You will need to know all of the points found in this cart under the headings what is it? What does it tell us? Human Development Index Categories Data What is it? What does it tell us? Life Expectancy - The average number of - indicates the overall health of people in the country years a person in the - countries with longer life expectancies are given higher HDI than those county can be expected to with shorter life expectancies live Income - the average money - indicates the standard of living of people who live in the country earned per person per - countries with a higher standard of living (level of necessities, comfort, year and luxury of a person or group) have a higher HDI than those with a lower standard of living Education - literacy rates combined - indicates overall knowledge level or a country with the average number - countries with higher literacy rates have a higher HDI than those with of years of schooling the lower literacy rates. population has How are we addressing our use of natural resources –page 160 Under the heading Understanding Multiple Perspectives you want to write notes starting from the paragraph, “Seven Generations is a teaching……all the way down to the three points included in this section Seven Generations is a teaching that many Aboriginal peoples use to guide decisions. It involves considering how a decision will affect the present generation their children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren and so on for seven generations. This perspective recognizes the connection among people, lands, resources, health, families, communities, and nations. The International Council of Thirteen Indigenous Grandmothers is a group of women from all over the world. Their mission is to help preserve Earth now and for the next seven generations to come. Here are some other approaches to thinking about natural resources: A conservation approach means using resources wisely to continue using them for a long time. A frontier approach views the natural world as existing for human use. In other words, it is all about what people want and need. A preservation approach says that resources should be preserved, set aside and protected. Actions to conserve natural resources- pages 164-165 On page 164 under the heading Actions to Conserve Natural Resources look at the first paragraph. It is important to look for ways to reduce the consumption of natural resources. As you learned on page 154, Canada consumes more natural resources per person than most countries. How can we reduce our energy needs? On page 164 under the heading Creating National Parks and Heritage Sites look at the second and third paragraphs. The first national parks were created in response to the misuse of land. Indigenous people have a long history of sustainable living and responsible use of natural resources. When Europeans colonized many countries around the world, they brought huge changes to the land. They cut down trees for shipbuilding, harvesting spices, extracting minerals, and trapped animals for the fur trade. Some people recognize that the land needs to be protected and conserved for the future. This led to the creation of the U.S National Park System in the late nineteenth century in the United States. The first national park, in Montana, is called Yellowstone. Canada created its first national park a few years later in 1885: Banff National Park. On page 164 you should know the number of Natural World Heritage Sites in the world. There are 193 Natural World Heritage sites. On page 165 you should know the criteria as to why natural heritage sites are protected. These are the four bullet points. Natural Heritage Sites are protected because they meet at least one of the following criteria: They are areas of exceptional natural beauty They represent a major stage of Earth’s history They are examples of important ecosystems and communities of plants and animals They contain significant natural habitats for plants and animals What are renewable resources?-page 171 On page 171 you should look at the top paragraph of this page that focuses on soil. Soil is considered a renewable resource because it can renew itself. Soil’s ability to renew itself is known as soil health. The health of soil affects the types of crops that can be grown. The types of soil also influence which crops are grown. Different types of soils around the world can grow a wide variety of crops. This affects what people eat. On page 171 under the heading Forests, you should know why forests are important to local ecosystems. Forests are important to local ecosystems. Trees store water that can be released into the atmosphere, keeping moisture in the air, which is an important part of the water cycle. The roots of trees hold the soil together, stopping erosion, so more trees and other plant life can grow. Trees absorb carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases are gases that trap heat from the Sun and contribute to global warming. Trees also produce oxygen which all life needs to breathe. Overuse of renewable resources -Page 173 You should know the statistics on this page - There are an estimated 8.7 million known species on the planet. - The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) estimates that at least 10,000 species become extinct every year. - The WWF says that it takes Earth 12 months to produce what we use in 9 months. How we use and misuse soil-page 175 You want to focus on the second half of this page starting from “Agricultural practices... to the end of the paragraph. Agricultural practices also affect how much food can grow. Geographers have categorized farming into two main types: subsistence farming and commercial farming. Subsistence farming is small-scale farming. It focuses on growing food for the farmers and their families. A wide variety of crops are grown and a few livestock, such as chickens or goats, are raised. Tools used for farming are often simple. Commercial farming, on the other hand, is large-scale farming. It involves growing or raising large quantities of one or two types of crops or livestock for sale. Commercial farming requires much larger areas of land and it relies on large mechanical farm equipment, such as tractors. Religion, culture, tradition, and preference are other factors that can influence people's diets. As mentioned in the chapter opener, shark-fin soup is a luxury dish. What factors influence your diet? Protecting Soil Health-page 176 Know the methods of how we are trying to reduce soil degradation and how we are trying to protect it. (hint hint… you should be able to find at least three) - Plant trees to protect soil from erosion - Organic farming: leaves some areas unfarmed, and uses natural fertilizers like manure. - Crop rotation: variation of crops planted in one area rather than growing one crop year-round. Impacts of overfishing-pages 182-183 On page 182 know the examples of fish that are endangered or extinct due to overfishing. (Hint Atlantic cod is delicious.) Many sharks and Atlantic Cod. On page 182 you should also focus on the second paragraph. To prevent overfishing, many governments try to manage how fish are caught and how many fish are caught. Despite these efforts, many fish, including sharks are caught illegally. There is no way to manage or track those catches. It is estimated that the value of illegal fishing is in the billions of dollars. On page 183 know the examples of bycatch found here. This is the top paragraph. Many fish end up as by-catch. By-catch are species of fish that were not intended to be caught. By-catch also includes fish that are too young or small as well as non-fish species. Some examples include small whales, dolphins, porpoises, sharks, sea turtles, and sea birds. They are usually dead or dying and are thrown back into the ocean. It is estimated that up to 40 percent of all fish and marine animals caught are thrown away as by-catch. On page 183 under the heading Using Fish Sustainably look at the last paragraph and know what the MSC stands for. More and More fisheries around the world are getting certified by the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC). The MSC has a strict scientific standard that is used by experts to evaluate wild fish stocks. They check the health of the fish, the impact on the ecosystem, and fishery management. A separate standard applies to places that sell fish. The MSC label on seafood products shows that the fish are being harvested sustainably. Social impacts of deforestation- pages 188 On page 188 under the main heading look at the last two lines in the first paragraph. It affects people who depend on the forest or land near the forest for survival. Historical sites can also be affected by deforestation. On page 188 know the paragraph under the heading Indigenous peoples. Many Indigenous people around the world have been severely affected by deforestation and resource development. One example is the Penan people of Sarawak, Malaysia. These people have lived in the rainforest for generations. They depend on the plants and animals in the forest for food, shelter, and medicine. The sago palm, which is a traditional food source for the Penan is endangered due to deforestation. The Malaysian government says the forests are being managed sustainably, but the Penan people and many researchers disagree. As deforestation continues, the Penan people may be forced to relocate to another part of the country. Their traditional ways of living will be lost forever.  Water is a basic need - pages 197-198 On page 197 under the heading Where we Find Fresh Water, you should know the statistics found in this section. You should also only focus on the first two paragraphs. - 97 percent of the water on earth is saltwater while about only 3 percent is freshwater, but we only have access to 1 percent of this freshwater A small amount of fresh water is found in rivers and lakes, Most fresh water, however, is groundwater, which is water under the earth's surface. It is stored underground in a natural rock formation called aquifers. An aquifer is an underground layer of rock, such as sandstone, that can hold water in the spaces between the grains of sediments. Water from rain or melted snow drains into the ground, moving downward until it reaches and fills the aquifer. On page 198 under the heading Water Footprint: you should know what a water footprint is, look at the first paragraph and know why water footprints differ so much from country to country. Water footprint: The amount of freshwater used, directly and indirectly, to produce goods and services. People in different countries use very different amounts of water. This is because not every country has the same amount of water available for use. Also, the water footprint depends on the climate conditions in each country and how water is used to make goods. It also depends on what products the people consume. On page 198 under Figure 7.3, understand which items require the most water and which items require the least. What is a spatial journal- page 199 Know what a spatial journal is. It is the first three lines on the page Spatial journals combine different kinds of information with a map to tell a story. Spatial journals tie information to specific locations. You can display interesting facts, photos, and details such as specific coordinates all in one place. Air is a basic need- page 200 You should know the various layers in the atmosphere and their order from closest to the earth. No, you do not need to know how many km away they are from the Earth. Layers: Exosphere -> Thermosphere -> Mesosphere -> Stratosphere -> Ozone Layer -> Troposphere -> Earth As well, know where which layer most life exists on. The Troposphere has the most life.  Access to water- page 203 Under the heading, Water Shortages look at the whole paragraph Canada has the fourth largest supply of fresh water in the world, behind Russia, China and Brazil. It is difficult for us to imagine not being able to have a glass of water or a shower whenever we want. But more than 750 million people live without this access to water. What does GIS stand for? Page 205 Know what GIS stands for. The notes will tell you exactly. GIS stands for Geographic Information System. Air quality- page 208-209 Know how air pollution is caused: Air pollution is caused by many factors working together. For example, cold weather can lead to the burning of more coal (Great Smog, 1952) Another example of how factors such as topography, population, and industrialization affect air quality is the city of Ahwas in Iran. In 2013, the World Health Organization rated it “the city with the worst outdoor pollution in the world”. The city of 3 Million is located in the desert and is the capital of Iran’s main oil-producing province. It is a site of heavy industry. Industrial pollution is made worse by the frequent dust storms that blow pollution from other countries into Iran. This creates an orange smog that covers the city. Under the heading Danger of Air Pollution, look at the last sentence starting with When organisms… When organisms are damaged by air pollution and interact in an ecosystem, the system's biodiversity can be changed. Using water to create power-pages 214-216 On page 214 under the heading Using Water to Create Power look at the last four lines. For thousands of years, people have used the energy created by the moving or falling water of rivers to help with many tasks. Today several factors determine whether a country will use flow energy to generate electricity. However, countries with powerful rivers and hilly landscapes have the best geography for generating hydroelectric power, while countries with coastal waters have opportunities for creating electricity using tidal and wave power. On page 215 look at the first paragraph under Fig. 7.19 There are different perspectives on whether hydroelectricity can be a sustainable energy source for the future. It does not use fossil fuels or cause much pollution. However, a dam changes the flow of a river. This alters or destroys habitats for fish or wildlife. A dam can result in local flooding, which can damage or eliminate unique ecosystems in the region. On page 215 know the definition of a tidal barrage. Tidal Barrage: A dam built across a river, bay or estuary that controls the flow of water from rivers through turbines to create electricity. A large dam is used in locations where there is a great range between high and low tides. On page 216 under the heading Use of Tidal Power Technology, you want to focus on the sentence starting with “The tidal barrage changes……. To the end of the sentence. The tidal barrage changes the timing of the water levels, which changes the growth of algae and creatures that depend on it for survival. Finding a responsible approach to minerals- page 244 Know what the two responsible approaches to mining are called. 1. One responsible approach that has been suggested is called mineral value management. This looks at all the ways mining might affect different groups including, the mining company, local people and communities, the larger region, and the country. The interest in the natural environment is also represented. Different perspectives consider the positive and negative impacts on the environment, politics, economics, and culture. 2. Another approach is called a closed-loop system. Reclaiming Land- page 245 Look at the whole section: Protecting the Environment: “Greener technologies”  - Reducing energy consumption - *Reducing harmful chemicals used in processing* - Reducing water pollution by re-using water - Reducing air pollution Reclaiming Land: In many countries, mining companies are required by law to reclaim the land after the mining is finished. This means that the land is put into a useful state. Working with people- page 247 Look at the last paragraph. Indigenous people are often affected by resource development such as mining and fossil fuel extraction. Part C: Fill in the diagrams: HDI Categories on page 155 (9 marks) Human Development Index Categories Data What is it? What does it tell us? Life Expectancy - The average number of - indicates the overall health of people in the country years a person in the - countries with longer life expectancies are given higher HDI than those county can be expected to with shorter life expectancies live Income - the average money - indicates the standard of living of people who live in the country earned per person per - countries with a higher standard of living (level of necessities, comfort, year and luxury of a person or group) have a higher HDI than those with a lower standard of living Education - literacy rates combined - indicates overall knowledge level or a country with the average number - countries with higher literacy rates have a higher HDI than those with of years of schooling the lower literacy rates. population has - You will need to know all of the points found in this chart under the headings what is it? And What does it tell us??  - The Data headings will be given to you. (life expectancy, income, and education.) Type of mineral diagram/chart page 224 (6 marks) - You will need to know the ENTIRE chart. - Know the two types of minerals, where it is found and at least two examples of each. Four ways technologies are reducing environmental impacts –page 245 (4 marks) Know the four bullet points found directly under the heading Protecting the Environment. These should just be listed and written in sentence form. - Reducing energy consumption - Reducing harmful chemicals used in processing - Reducing water pollution by re-using water - Reducing air pollution List how different types of fossil fuels were created under different conditions. -page 228 (3 marks) These are the bullet points found under the heading Where we Find Fossil Fuels. You should know crude oil, natural gas and coal. YES, you need to be able to describe the conditions required to make the above Crude Oil: Oil that has not been refined. It is formed in places where sea life is covered in sediments, material that sinks to the bottom of water. The pressure of the overlying layers and heat from the Earth's core “cooked” the remains and formed crude oil. A concentration of crude oil is called an oil deposit. Natural Gas: When crude oil deposits were heated even more, gases were released. These formed pockets or deposits of natural gas. Coal: Trees or other plants covered by layers of material changed into coal.