Geo Notes PDF

Sustainability Ocean Pollution - Pollutants like oil spills, plastic waste, and chemicals severely affect marine ecosystems. Fish eat the microplastics, which are then transferred to humans after consumption of fish. Air Pollution - Emissions from factories, vehicles, and deforestation reduce air qu...

Sustainability Ocean Pollution - Pollutants like oil spills, plastic waste, and chemicals severely affect marine ecosystems. Fish eat the microplastics, which are then transferred to humans after consumption of fish. Air Pollution - Emissions from factories, vehicles, and deforestation reduce air quality and contribute to climate change. Waste - E-Waste and Fast Fashion are very harmful to the environment. E-Waste is toxic, throwing it away would toxify land and water. Fast Fashion are clothes made from cheap materials in sweat shops, when they are thrown out, they take up a lot of space in landfills. Waste of Freshwater - Once again, the water could become contaminated because of pollution. Household, Agricultural, Industrial overuse contribute to why freshwater is wasted. Physical Geography Natural Disasters - Eathquakes, Tornadoes, Tsunamis, Landslides, Hurricanes, Avalanches, Volcano Eruptions, Wildfires, and Drought/Sand Storms. These are very devastating disasters that happen all over the world, most of these disasters are cause due to plate movement. Physical Processes - Build UP of terrain comes from volcanism when lava rises and cools down to produce igneous rock. Break DOWN happens due to erosion and weathering, with things like rain, ice, and chemical processes breaking down rock. Geologic Eras - (oldest)Precambrian Era, Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, (now)Cenozoic. Tectonic Plates - The Earth's crust is made up of large plates that move and interact with each other, causing earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and create mountains.These plates are composed of: Continental Crust - Thicker layer (less dense) Oceanic Crust - Thinner layer (more dense) Movement of tectonic plates is caused by internal heating of the Earth. The 7 major plates are African, Antarctic, Eurasian, Australian, North American, Pacific and South American. The reason why plates moves is due to a process called convection currents, heated magma rises and cools down making currents that drag and pull tectonic plates. Types of plate movements Divergent: When two tectonic plates move apart. This usually occurs along a mid-ocean ridge. Convergent: When two tectonic plates move toward each other. Transform: When two plates slide parallel against each other in opposite directions. This process happens fairly smoothly, with many small earthquakes, but no catastrophic damage. When a continental plate converges with an oceanic plate, it results in a process called subduction. This is when the denser oceanic plate slides underneath the continental plate. When two continental plates converge. Since they’re the same density, they will curve upwards and create a mountain. LOWERN: Latitude, Ocean currents, Wind and air masses, Elevation, Relief, and Nearness to water Latitude: The latitude of a location determines how much sunlight it receives, altering the climate there. Ocean currents: The temperature of ocean currents affects the climate of a certain area. Water moving away from the equator is warmer, and this forms ocean currents that can be tracked and predicted. Air masses and winds: An air mass is a large volume of air that takes on the climatic conditions of the area in which it forms. Elevation: Air that is higher up is colder because the air pressure is lower. The air particles expand and cool down. Relief: The shape or surface of the land. It is crucial in determining the amount of precipitation that an area gets. It is affected by natural structures such as mountains. Nearness to water: Places that are close to an ocean have a maritime climate. Winters are mild and summers are not too hot. Industries and Resources Resources - Renewable resources can be replenished by nature at a rate fast enough that they should be available for humans as long as we need them. However, this is only if the rate at which we use these resources continues to be slower than the rate at which they are replenished. Non-renewable resources are non-replenishable. They are created by nature so slowly (millions of years) that the stock that exists today is all there will ever be. The two most important categories of non renewable resources are fossil fuels and minerals. Flow resources are constantly being produced by nature. Essentially, their supply cannot be damaged by human activities. Sunlight, wind and water currents are examples of flow resources. Primary industries, tertiary industries, and secondary industries. The primary and secondary are focused on the provision of goods, while the third sector involves the provision of services. Primary focuses on producing or extracting natural resources. Secondary focuses on making things using the products of primary industries. And tertiary industries focus on providing services. Total stock: All parts of the natural environment including energy, living organisms, and non-living materials. Natural Resources - Canada has issues with water scarcity and pollution. Fishing industry has also had issues with overfishing and depletion of certain fish stocks. Oil has both positive and negative impacts as a natural resource, including economic benefits and environmental costs. Fracking is a method of extracting natural gas from shale rock. Issues related to farming include overuse of pesticides and fertilizers, and loss of farmland to urbanization. Different types of industry include primary, secondary, and tertiary. Examples of each type include farming, manufacturing, and service industries. Factors that influence the location of the industry include access to resources, transportation, and market demand. An example of an industry influenced by each factor would be a steel factory located near iron mines, with access to transportation routes and a market for steel products. Electricity in Canada is primarily generated by hydroelectric, nuclear, and thermal power. The advantages and disadvantages of each method include low carbon emissions for hydroelectric and nuclear, but high costs and environmental impacts for nuclear. Human Geography Population Density - Number of people in a particular area. (Eg. number of people / km² = The population density per km²) Population Changes - Happens due to increase and decrease in birth and death rates. The study of this is called Demography. Birth rate = # of births/total population x 1000. This is the number of births in a population per year per 1000 people. Death rate = # of deaths/total population x 1000. This is the number of deaths in a population per year per 1000 people. Natural Increase/Decrease Rate - This is the difference between the BR and the DR, the formula would be BR-DR Emigrant - Someone who moved away from a country Immigrant - Somewho who moved to a country Emigration Rate - # of emigrants per year per 1000 people Immigration Rate - # of immigrants per year per 1000 people Net Migration Rate = Immigration Rate - Migration Rate Doubling Time is found by dividing 70(years) by the rate of Natural Increase Push and Pull Factors - The opportunities the country has, things like jobs, education, and living conditions is what attracts people ot live in another country. Leaving a country could come from lack of resources and poor life conditions, political conflicts are also another reason. Demographic Transition Model (DTM) - A DTM is a model used to understand population growth patterns, with four stages of high birth and death rates, falling birth and death rates, and low birth and death rates. Urban Land Use - Each land use is dedicated to a specific purpose and makes up a percentage of a city’s space: Residential (40%) Transportation (33%) Institutional (10%) Open Space (7%) Industrial (6%) Commercial (4%) There is going to be conflict with different regions. (e.g. Residential and Industrial next to each other. Characteristics of a livable city: includes accessibility, safety, and quality of life.