Gender Ez.docx

**Ovulation --** process when mature ovum is released from the ovary and travels to the fallopian tube\ **Fertilization --** union of sperm and the ovum\ **Pregnancy** -- The process when an offspring develops within the mother's womb **HOW DOES ONE OVULATE?\ 1.** The major landmark of puberty in f...

**Ovulation --** process when mature ovum is released from the ovary and travels to the fallopian tube\ **Fertilization --** union of sperm and the ovum\ **Pregnancy** -- The process when an offspring develops within the mother's womb **HOW DOES ONE OVULATE?\ 1.** The major landmark of puberty in females is the onset of a menstrual cycle\ **2.** Menstrual cycle is the monthly ovulation cycle that leads to menstruation (loss of blood and tissue lining the uterus) in the absence of pregnancy.\ **3.** The cycle is measured from the first day of one period to the day before the next period starts\ **4.** Typically lasts around 28 days on average, but can range from 21 to 40 days.\ **5.** Ovulation occurs about 10-16 days before the start of the next period, regardless of the cycle length. **HOW DOES PREGNANCY OCCUR?!** 1. Fertilization: Sperm meets egg in the fallopian tube 2. Embryo formation: The fertilized egg (embryo) travels to the uterus. 3. Implantation: The embryo implants in the uterine lining (endometrium), marking the start of pregnancy. 4. Pregnancy Duration: Lasts 37-42 weeks, measured from the first day of the last period. 5. Trimesters: Pregnancy is divided into three trimesters, each with distinct developmental stages. 6. Fetal Development: After eight weeks, the embryo is referred to as a fetus. **WHAT CAN BE DONE TO PREVENT TEENAGE PREGNANCY?** 1. **Impact of teenage pregnancy:** Teen pregnancy significantly affects the educational, social, and economic lives of young people 2. **Educational consequences:** Early parenting reduces the likelihood that young women will complete high school and pursue post-secondary education 3. **Economic impact:** Lack of education hinders young women from competing in today's economy. 4. **Teen pregnancy rates:** While there has been a decline in teenage pregnancy rates over the past two decades, the rate has remained steady recently 5. **Ongoing issue:** Despite the decline, teens are still engaging in sexual activity, and teenage girls are still getting pregnant. **CONTRACEPTIVES:** 1. **Calendar method** a. Predicts the day of ovulation by keeping a calendar of the length or each menstrual cycle. b. It works by allowing the woman to keep track of "safe" days c. Theoretically its effectiveness is 85% but in reality 60% d. Benefits are no cost and under the control of the woman. 2. **Birth control pills** e. Contains synthetic oestrogen f. Works by altering natural ovulation cycle g. Effectivness is 99% to 100% unless already pregnant, missing a doze, interference with other medication, and vomiting or diarrhea shortly after taking the pill. h. Benefits are lost cost, easily available, and under the control of the woman. i. Must be taken daily after menstrual cycle begins 3. **Withdrawal** j. Removal of the penis from the vagina before ejaculation k. It works by preventing semen into the vagina l. Effectiveness is 85% but in reality 70% m. No cost and under the control of the man and woman involved. 4. **Male condom** n. It's a rubber sheath that fits over the penis o. It works by rolling over the penis p. Effectiveness is 80% to 85% q. Low costs, easily accessible, and reduces risks of STDs and STIs r. **DON'T USE OIL BASED LUBRICANTS AND STACK CONDOMS TOGETHER IT MIGHT TEAR THE RUBBER.** 5. **Implantable hormone device** s. It's a continuous release of hormones. t. Effectiveness is 99% u. Benefits continues birth control for 5 years but only 3 years in the Philippines v. Must be done by a doctor 6. **Birth control injection** w. Continues release of hormones. Depo-Provera releases progestine x. Effectiveness is 94% to 99% y. Benefits include no daily maintenance, convenient, and may reduce menstrual cramps. z. Must be given by a doctor 7. **Intrauterine Device or IUD** a. T shaped device that is inserted into the uterus by a healthcare provider b. Effectiveness is 95% to 98% c. It's benefits include long lasting and relatively inexpensive d. Must be inserted by a doctor in the first few days of menstruation (should be examine every few months). 8. **Sterilization** e. It's vasectomy for males and tubal ligation for females f. It works by surgically tying or cutting the passageway for the sperm of the egg g. Effectiveness is 100% unless surgical failure, recanalization (fallopian tube or vas deferens accidentally reconnects itself), post-surgical pregnancy, genetics, and pregnancy after reversal (reversal is when doctors are asked to reconnect or reverse the vasectomy or ligation.) h. Benefits include highly effective, permanent, and onetime expense i. Must be done by a doctor **WHAT ARE THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF THE EARLY PREGNANCY IN THE GROWING ADOLESCENT?** - **Immature Pelvic Development**: Young women under 20 often have pelvic bones that are still growing, which may not be large enough for the baby to pass through easily. - **Obstructed Labor**: An immature pelvis can lead to obstructed labor, which is dangerous for both mother and child. It may require a cesarean section for safe delivery. - **Maternal Mortality**: Adolescents are at higher risk of maternal mortality due to complications like uterine tearing and blood loss. - **Fistula Risk**: Prolonged labor can cause fistula, resulting in a hole between the vagina and bladder or rectum, leading to lifelong issues with urine and feces control. - **Pregnancy Complications**: Young mothers face a higher risk of complications such as: - Excessive vomiting - Severe anemia - Hypertension - Convulsions - Difficulty breastfeeding - Premature and low birth weight babies - Infection - Prolonged labor - High maternal mortality - **Growth Differences**: Girls aged 12--16 are still growing, with their pelvis widening up to 20%, which can affect delivery safety. - **Obstructed Labor Prevalence**: Obstructed labor is more common among very young mothers due to the mismatch between the infant's head size and the mother's pelvic size. - **Consequences of Obstructed Labor**: Potential outcomes include death due to complications or lifelong conditions like vesico-vaginal fistula.