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MEANING AND a spirit of critical inquiry for the whole truth” (Calderon & Gonzales 1993 citing good and RELEVANCE OF HISTORY Scates 197...

MEANING AND a spirit of critical inquiry for the whole truth” (Calderon & Gonzales 1993 citing good and RELEVANCE OF HISTORY Scates 1972) GEN 004 (SAS #1) NATURE OF HISTORY ​ History is concerned with man in time. It HISTORY deals with a series of events and each event happens at a given point in time. History ETYMOLOGY dwells on human development in time. -​ The word “history” originated from the ​ history provides an objective record of Greek term “historia,” meaning “inquiry” or happenings. historians are careful on the “knowledge acquired by investigation.” data that they include in their books. They -​ The Greeks were one of the first civilizations base their data on original sources and make to develop a systematic approach to them free from subjective interpretation. recording and studying the past, giving rise ​ History is the study of man. As one to the field of historiography. historian said, history deals with man’s -​ During the Roman Empire, the Latin term struggles through the ages. Past events are “historia” was used to refer to both “history” riddled with man’s engagement in wars, he and “story”. struggles to win his independence. History -​ Roman historians, such as Livy and traces the fascinating story of how man has Tacitus, played a crucial role in shaping the developed through the ages, how man has historical narrative and documenting the studied to use and control his environment, events and deeds of their time. and how the present institutions have grown out of the past. WESTERN DEFINITION ​ Continuity and coherence are the -​ In European languages, history is “story.” necessary requisites of history. History The words historia (Spanish), histoire monitors the development of the society from (French), and gesuchte (German) all mean generation to generation, after a series of the same thing — story. events justifying the essence of continuity. -​ From this Western point of view, history is ​ History is relevant. In the study of history, seen as the study or record of past events. It only significant events which have influenced is, therefore, a story of the past. society are covered and essential to the -​ In the Western context, “history” is a understanding of the present life. multifaceted term that refers to the study, ​ History is not only narration, but it is also recording, and interpretation of past events, an analysis. History is not confined to with an emphasis on chronological order, narrative accounts. It dissects and explains narrative construction, and critical analysis. the occurrence of the event and how it -​ It encompasses both the events themselves ultimately changes the society over time. and the methods used to understand and ​ History is a dialogue between the events convey them. of the past and progressively emerging future ends. Past events are interpreted and PUBLISHED DEFINITION become predictors of new objectives. -​ Encyclopedia Britannica defined history as ​ History is concerned with man in space. “the discipline that studies their chronological History talks about nations and human order of events (as affecting a nation or activities in the context of their physical and people), based on critical examination of geographical environment. It centers on the source materials and usually presenting an interaction of man and his environment and explanation of their causes. vice-versa. -​ According to Calderon and Gonzalez, the ​ History is comprehensive. History is not word “history” means the search for limited to one period or to one country alone. knowledge and truth, It is a search to find It deals with all aspects of human life — out. political, social, economic, religious, literary, -​ “History is any integrated narrative or aesthetic, and physical, giving a clear picture description of past events or facts written in of global linkage.  ​ History is a study of the present in light other societies, providing international and of the past. The present owes its existence comparative perspectives essential for responsible to the past. To understand how society has citizenship. Studying history encourages habits of come to its present form, there is a need to mind that are vital for responsible public behavior, know its past. One cannot just leapfrog and whether as a community leader, an informed voter, a ignore what happened in the past. The past petitioner or a simple observer. events need to be unearthed to reveal how the present evolved out of it. History is useful in the world of work. history, ​ history is multi-sided. History is not limited health, great, good business people, professionals, to one certain aspect of man’s life. It covers and political leaders. knowledge in history is all other aspects as they are closely unquestionably an asset for the variety of work and interrelated. A change in politics could have professional situations. By Studying different phases an effect in other aspects of society. of the past and different societies in the past, It gives jobseekers the range and flexibility required in many History is relevant to mankind. It is very useful, not work situations. Migrant workers, for instance, are only to the students, but also to every individual from oriented about the country where they will work prior different walks of life as it serves as a powerful tool for to their departure. Political leaders likewise need to understanding the complexities of our shared human understand the past of their constituents and the experience and provides invaluable insights into the milieu where they plan to govern. challenges and triumphs that have shaped our present reality. ANALYSIS OF SELECTED History helps us understand people and societies. PRIMARY SOURCES OF Understanding the culture of a particular race is difficult without looking back at its history. Experiences HISTORY in the past play in shaping the society, countless GEN 004 (SAS #2) revolutions, alliances, and elections influence how people act and behave. Studying history will allow us SOURCES OF INFORMATION to figure out why the Puritans left England in the 14th century, why the Jews hated Adolf Hitler that much, and how the Palestines struggle for recognition until Primary sources are considered as contemporary now. accounts of an event, personally written or narrated by an individual who directly experienced or History contributes to moral understanding. participated in the said event. Aside from eyewitness Studying the struggles of heroes in the past or of testimonies, primary sources also include materials people who divide adversities can serve as that captured the event such as photographs, voice inspiration. A study of the past can provide lessons in and video recordings, and the like. These materials courage, diligence or constructive protest. Mahatma are considered original sources that directly narrated Gandhi and Corazon Aquino set good examples of details of the event. The resources can be inthe form peaceful revolution. of diaries, journal entries, letters, memoirs, journals, speeches, interviews, official records, such as History provides identity. Historical data includes government publications, minutes reports, artworks, evidence about how families, race, institutions and and artifacts. countries reformed, and how they evolve while retaining cohesion. History provides facts about Secondary sources serve as interpretations are genealogy and a basis for understanding how the readings of primary sources. Usually, the author of a family has interacted with larger historical change. piece incorporates his or her personal insight and interpretations thus detaching the original value of the Studying history is essential for good citizenship. component of the subject being discussed. These Knowing where your ancestors came from and their sources usually contain analysis of primary sources struggles for freedom is a source of pride for any by experts, academicians, and professionals. These individual. History provides data about the emergence are usually in the form of published works such as of national institutions, problems, and values. It offers journals, articles, reviews, books, conference papers, evidence also about how nations have interacted with and documentaries. They can also be based on interpretations of other secondary sources or a Beyer, the ancestors of the Filipinos came to the combination of primary and secondary sources. many islands first via land bridges which would occur during historical researchers also bank onto secondary times when the sea level was low, and then later in resources to get different perspectives on a particular seagoing vessels such as the balangay. Thus he topic. differentiated these ancestors as arriving in different "waves of migration" , as follows: 1.​ "Dawn Man", a cave-man type who was THEORIES ON THE PEOPLING OF THE similar to Java man, Peking Man, and other PHILIPPINES Asian homo sapiens of 250,000 years ago. 2.​ The aboriginal pygmy group, the Negritos, Robert B. Fox. The Tabon Caves: Archaeological who arrived between 25,000 and 30,000 Explorations and Excavations on Palawan Island, years ago. Philippines (Manila, 1970), p. 40 3.​ The sea-faring tool-using Indonesian group Tabon Man - During the initial excavations of the who arrived about 5,000 to 6,000 years ago Tabon cave, June and July 1962, the scattered fossil and were the first immigrants to reach the bones of at least three individuals were excavated, Philippines by sea. including a large fragment of a frontal bone with the 4.​ The seafaring, more civilized Malays who brows and portions of the nasal bones. These fossil brought the Iron Age culture and were the bones were recovered towards the rear of the cave real colonizers and dominant cultural group along the left wall. Unfortunately, the area in which the in the pre-Hispanic Philippines. Beyer's fossil human bones were recovered had been theory, while still popular among lay Filipinos, disturbed by Megapode birds. It was not possible in has generally been disputed by 1962 to establish the association of these bones with anthropologists and historians. Reasons for a specific flake assemblage. Although they were doubting it are founded on Beyer's use of provisionally related to either Flake Assemblage II or 19th century scientific methods of III. Subsequent excavations in the same area now progressive evolution and migratory diffusion strongly suggest that the fossil human bones were as the basis for his hypothesis. These associated with Flake Assemblage III for only the methods have since been proven to be too flakes of this assemblage have been found to date in simple and unreliable to explain the this area of the cave. The available date would prehistoric peopling of the Philippines. suggest that Tabon Man may be dated from 22,000 to 24,000 years ago. But, only further excavations in the Bellwood's Austronesian Diffusion Theory cave and chemistry because this wished me to do so. The popular contemporary alternative to Beyer's The analysis of human and animal bones from model is Peter Bellwood's Out-of-Taiwan (OOT) disturbed and undisturbed levels in the cave will hypothesis, which is based largely on linguistics, define the exact age of the human fossils. The fossil hewing very close to Robert Blust's model of the bones are those of Homo sapiens. These will form a history of the Austronesian language family, and separate study by a specialist which will be included supplementing it with archeological data. This model in the final site report for Tabon Cave. It is important, suggests that between 4500 BC and 4000 BC, however, because of a recent publication (Scott, developments in agricultural technology in the Yunnan 1969), that a preliminary study of the fossil bones of Plateau in China create pressures which drive certain Tabon Man shows that it is above average in skull peoples to migrate to Taiwan. These people either dimensions when compared to the modern Filipino. already have or newly developed a unique language There is no evidence that Tabon Man was “...a less of their own, now referred to as Proto-Austronesian. brainy individual...” [Scott (1969) 36]. Moreover, By around 3000 BC, these groups have started Scott’s study includes many misstatements about the differentiating into three or four distinct subcultures, Tabon Caves, always the problem when writers work and by 2500 to 1500 BC, one of these groups starts from “conversations.” migrating southwards towards the Philippines and Indonesia, reaching as far as Borneo and the Beyer’s Wave of Migration Mulluccas by 1500 BC, forming new cultural The first and most widely known theory of the groupings and developing unique languages as they prehistoric peopling of the Philippines is that of H. go. By 1500 BC, some of these groups started Otley Beyer, founder of the Anthropology Department migrating east, reaching as far as Madagascar around of the University of the Philippines. According to Dr. the first millennium AD. Others migrate west, settling as far as Easter Island by the mid-thirteenth century Island. Thus, as in the case of Bellwood's theory, the AD, giving the Austronesian Language group the Austronesian languages spread eastward and distinction of being one of the widest distributed westward from the area around the Philippines. Aside language groups in the world, in terms of the from the matter of the origination of peoples, the geographical span of the homelands of its languages. difference between the two theories is that Bellwood's According to this theory, the peoples of the Philippines theory suggests a linear expansion, while Solheim's are the descendants of those cultures who remained suggests something more akin to concentric circles, on the Philippine islands when others moved first all overlapping in the geographical area of the late southwards, then eastward and westward. central lobe which includes the Philippines. Solheim's Island Origin Theory Jocano's Core Population Theory Bellwood based his analysis primarily on linguistic This theory holds that there weren't clear discrete analysis, Solheim's approach was based on artifact waves of migration. Instead it suggests early findings. On the basis of a careful analysis of artifacts, inhabitants of Southeast Asia were of the same ethnic he suggests the existence of a trade and group with similar culture, but through a gradual communication network that first spread in the process over time driven by environmental factors, Asia-Pacific region during its Neolithic age (c.8,000 to differentiated themselves from one another. Jocano 500 BC). According to Solheim's NMTCN theory, this contends that what fossil evidence of ancient men trade network, consisting of both Austronesian and show is that they not only migrated to the Philippines, non- Austronesian seafaring peoples, was but also to New Guinea, Borneo, and Australia. He responsible for the spread of cultural patterns says that there is no way of determining if they were throughout the Asia-Pacific region, not the simple Negritos at all. However, what is sure is that there is migration proposed by the Out-of- Taiwan hypothesis. evidence the Philippines was inhabited tens of Solheim 2006 Solheim came up with four thousands of years ago. In 1962, a skull cap and a geographical divisions delineating the spread of the portion of a jaw, presumed to be those of a human NMTCN over time, calling these geographical being, were found in a Tabon Cave In Palawan. The divisions "lobes." Specifically, these were the central, nearby charcoal from cooking fires have been dated northern, eastern and western lobes. The central lobe to c. 22,000 years ago. While Palawan was was further divided into two smaller lobes reflecting connected directly to Sundaland during the last ice phases of cultural spread: the Early Central Lobe and age (and separated from the rest of the Philippines by the Late Central Lobe. Instead of Austronesian the Mindoro Strait), Callao Man's still-older remains peoples originating from Taiwan, Solheim placed the (c. 67,000 B.P.) were discovered in northern Luzon. origins of the early NMTCN peoples in the "Early Some have argued that this may show settlement of Central Lobe," which was in eastern coastal Vietnam, the Philippines earlier than that of the Malay at around 9,000 BC. He then suggests the spread of Peninsula. Jocano further believes that the present peoples around 5,000 BC towards the "Late central Filipinos are products of the long process of cultural lobe", including the Philippines,via island Southeast evolution and movement of people. This not only Asia, rather than from the north as the Taiwan theory holds true for Filipinos, but for the Indonesians and suggests. Thus, from the Point of view of the the Malays of Malaysia, as well. No group among the Philippine peoples, the NMTCN is also referred to as three is culturally or genetically dominant. Hence, the Island Origin Theory. This "late central lobe" Jocano says that it is not correct to attribute the included southern China and Taiwan, which became Filipino culture as being Malayan in orientation. "the area where Austronesian became the original According to Jocano's findings, the people of the language family and Malayo-Polynesian developed." prehistoric islands of Southeast Asia were of the In about 4,000 to 3,000 BC, these peoples continued same population as the combination of human spreading east through Northern Luzon to Micronesia evolution that occurred in the islands of Southeast to form the Early Eastern Lobe, carrying the Malayo- Asia about 1.9 million years ago. The claimed Polynesian languages with them. These languages evidence for this is fossil material found in different would become part of the culture spread by the parts of the region and the movements of other NMTCN in its expansions Malaysia and western people from the Asian mainland during historic times. towards Malaysia before 2000 BC, continuing along He states that these ancient men cannot be coastal India and Sri Lanka up to the western coast of categorized under any of the historically identified Africa and Madagascar; and over time, further ethnic groups (Malays, Indonesians, and Filipinos) of eastward towards its easternmost borders at Easter today. Other prominent anthropologists like Robert Bradford Fox, Alfredo E. Evangelista, Jesus Peralta, Bellwood’s Austronesian Diffusion Theory Zeus A. Salazar, and Ponciano L. Bennagen agreed Peter Bellwood’s Out-of-Taiwan (OOT) Hypothesis with Jocano. However some still preferred Beyer's explains the spread of Austronesian-speaking theory as the more acceptable model, including peoples based on linguistics and archaeological data. anthropologist E. Arsenio Manuel. Around 4500–4000 BC, agricultural advancements in the Yunnan Plateau, China prompted migrations to Taiwan, where Proto-Austronesian emerged as a SUMMARY distinct language. The Tabon Caves and Tabon Man By 3000 BC, these groups differentiated into The 1962 excavations in Tabon Cave uncovered subcultures, and between 2500–1500 BC, some fossilized remains of at least three individuals, migrated southward to the Philippines and Indonesia, including a frontal bone fragment, dating reaching Borneo and the Moluccas. By 1500 BC, approximately 22,000 to 24,000 years ago. The others migrated eastward and westward, reaching fossils, disturbed by Megapode birds, were later Madagascar by the first millennium AD and Easter associated with Flake Assemblage III. Island by the 13th century AD. This migration made Austronesian one of the world’s most widely Identified as Homo sapiens, Tabon Man’s skull dispersed language families. dimensions exceed those of modern Filipinos, disproving claims of lesser intelligence. The findings The theory posits that modern Filipinos descend from emphasize the need for further excavation and Austronesian groups who settled in the Philippines, specialized analysis to clarify the site’s historical and while others continued migrating across the Pacific cultural significance. and Indian Oceans. Errors in earlier studies, such as Scott’s 1969 work, Solheim’s Island Origin Theory highlight the importance of firsthand research in Solheim’s Island Origin Theory challenges Bellwood’s interpreting the Tabon Caves. These discoveries Out-of-Taiwan Hypothesis by emphasizing the role of provide critical insights into early human habitation in a Neolithic Maritime Trade and Communication Southeast Asia. Network (NMTCN) rather than simple migration. Based on artifact analysis, Solheim identifies a trade Beyer’s Wave of Migration Theory network that spread cultural patterns across the H. Otley Beyer proposed the Wave of Migration Asia-Pacific region between 8000–500 BC, involving Theory, which suggests that the ancestors of Filipinos both Austronesian and non-Austronesian peoples. arrived in waves through land bridges and later by sea. The waves include: He divides the spread of NMTCN into four lobes: 1.​ Dawn Man: Primitive humans similar to Java central, northern, eastern, and western. The Early and Peking Man, dating back 250,000 years. Central Lobe (eastern Vietnam, ~9000 BC) is 1.​ Negritos: Aboriginal pygmies who arrived proposed as the origin of NMTCN peoples. By 5000 25,000–30,000 years ago. BC, they expanded to the Late Central Lobe 2.​ Indonesians: Seafaring, tool-using people (southern China, Taiwan, and the Philippines), where who migrated 5,000–6,000 years ago, Austronesian languages developed. Around becoming the first to arrive by sea. 4000–3000 BC, the spread continued eastward 3.​ Malays: More advanced seafarers who through northern Luzon to Micronesia, forming the introduced Iron Age culture and became the Eastern Lobe, and westward through Malaysia, India, dominant pre-Hispanic group. Madagascar, and coastal Africa, forming the Western Lobe. While popular among the general public, Beyer’s theory has been largely disputed by modern Unlike Bellwood’s linear migration model, Solheim anthropologists due to its reliance on outdated suggests a concentric pattern of cultural spread, with 19th-century methods of progressive evolution and the Philippines as a key overlapping region in the Late migratory diffusion, which are now considered overly Central Lobe. This theory highlights the complexity simplistic and unreliable. and interconnectedness of early cultural exchanges in Southeast Asia and beyond. Jocano’s Core Population Theory rejects the idea of distinct migration waves and HISTORICAL CONTEXT instead argues that early Southeast Asians belonged to a single ethnic group that gradually differentiated During the Age of Exploration, spices held immense due to environmental factors. Fossil evidence, such value for Europeans due to their uses in food as the Tabon Man remains (dated ~22,000 years ago) preservation, flavor enhancement, and medicine. This and the older Callao Man remains (~67,000 years high demand led to intense competition between ago), suggests that the Philippines was inhabited tens Portugal and Spain to discover and claim new of thousands of years ago, potentially earlier than the territories rich in spices. European interest in spices Malay Peninsula. surged following the Crusades, during which they encountered various oriental products like porcelain, Jocano asserts that Filipinos, Indonesians, and silk, incense, herbs, perfumes, fabrics, carpets, and Malays are products of long processes of cultural spices. Spices became particularly coveted due to evolution and movement, with no group being their lucrative market potential, prompting merchants culturally or genetically dominant. He challenges the to monopolize their supply and distribution in Europe. notion of Filipino culture being Malayan in orientation and instead places the origins of the prehistoric Asian goods, including spices, reached Europe Southeast Asian population around 1.9 million years primarily through the Silk Road or the Arabian-Italian ago. trade route, both of which were costly and frequently disrupted by wars, natural calamities, and bandits. This theory emphasizes that early inhabitants of The fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in Southeast Asia cannot be classified into modern 1453, which effectively closed the land route for the ethnic groups. While Jocano’s theory is supported by spice trade, forced European kingdoms to seek anthropologists like Fox and Salazar, some scholars, maritime routes to directly access the Spice Islands such as E. Arsenio Manuel, still favor Beyer’s Wave of (modern-day Moluccas Islands) and other parts of Migration Theory. Southeast Asia. FIRST VOYAGE AROUND Portugal, under Prince Henry the Navigator, established a maritime school that trained sailors to THE WORLD BY discover an eastern sea route via the Atlantic and ANTONIO PIGAFETTA Indian Oceans. This initiative allowed Portugal to trade directly with spice producers, generating GEN 004 (SAS #3) significant economic benefits and inciting envy among other European monarchs. ANTONIO PIGAFETTA In 1492, Spain, unified under Queen Isabella of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon and victorious An Italian scholar and explorer, was born sometime over the Moors in the Battle of Granada, began between 1480 and 4091 into a wealthy family in exploring economic opportunities beyond the Iberian Vincenza, northeast Italy. He studied various subjects, Peninsula, inspired by Portugal's success. They including navigation. When the opportunity arose, funded Christopher Columbus's trans-Atlantic Pigafetta joined the expedition led by explorer voyages, leading to the discovery of territories across Ferdinand Magellan to the spice Island under the the Atlantic Ocean. patronage of King Charles I of Spain. Throughout the journey, Pigafetta diligently recorded his experience To resolve conflicts over new lands, the Treaty of and observations, resulting in a detailed and Tordesillas was established, delineating boundaries comprehensive journal. At the completion of the between Spain and Portugal, as agreed upon by world‘s first circumnavigation, Pigafetta was among Christopher Columbus. In 1505, Ferdinand Magellan, the 18 members of Magellan’s original crew returned initially serving Portugal, embarked on a journey to to Spain onboard another vessel, the Victoria. India, Malaysia, and Indonesia in search of spices. However, disputes led to the rejection of his proposal for a new spice route by Manuel I of Portugal. Consequently, Magellan shifted allegiance to Spain under King Charles V, who supported his plan to Although the Philippines was not the original reach the East by sailing westward. destination of the journey, Magellan’s arrival to the Philippine islands and the subsequent report about it Magellan led an expedition with a fleet of five ships piqued and sparked Spain’s religious and economic departing from Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Seville in interest in the islands. August 1519. Despite natural and man-made challenges, three ships reached the Philippines. On March 16, 1521, they sighted the mountains of Initially, relations with the local inhabitants were Samar in the Philippines and anchored at Suluan. By cordial, with exchanges of goods and some March 18, they made their first contact with Filipinos conversions to Christianity. However, conflicts arose, on Homonhon Island. The fleet anchored off notably with Lapu-Lapu, the chieftain of Mactan, who Limasawa on March 28, where they established good refused to trade and fought against the Spaniards, relations with Rajah Colambu. Magellan celebrated resulting in Magellan's death. Subsequent attacks by Easter mass in Limasawa Island on March 31, 1521. former allies in Cebu reduced the crew to manning only two ships, Victoria and Trinidad. The fleet reached Cebu on April 7, 1521, where they exchanged merchandise for provisions and Under Juan Sebastian Elcano's command, the established amicable relations. On April 14, Sultan Victoria continued the journey, reaching the Spice Humabon was baptized as Don Carlos, along with Islands and acquiring a substantial amount of spices. Rajah Colambu, who was renamed Don Juan. The Trinidad and its crew were captured by the Magellan's subsequent actions led to the destruction Portuguese on their return voyage. In September of native idols. On April 27, 1521, Magellan and his 1522, Elcano and other survivors, including Antonio men attacked Rajah Lapu Lapu on Mactan, resulting Pigafetta, arrived in Spain aboard the Victoria. in Magellan's death. Pigafetta's journal, "Chronicles of Magellan Expedition," documented the first circumnavigation of A massacre of Europeans occurred on May 1, 1521, the globe and provided invaluable insights into the in Cebu, leading to the abandonment of the historic voyage and early encounters between Concepción and the election of João Carvalho as Spaniards and Filipinos. captain-general. The Victoria and Trinidad departed Palawan on June 21, 1521, arriving at Brunei on July 9. They attacked a group of junks off Brunei on July CHRONOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE 29, capturing four. The ships remained at Cimbonbon (Banguey) from August 15, 1521, for repairs and On March 28, 1518, Charles V issued a capitulación provisions. for an expedition with a fleet of five ships and approximately 250 men. By May 5, 1519, a royal In September 1521, Carvalho was demoted, and decree adjusted this to 235 men, although Pigafetta Gómez de Espinosa and Juan Sebastián de Elcano claimed there were 237, and Navarette's lists totaled were elected as captains of Trinidad and Victoria, 239. On May 8, 1519, a royal cédula outlined respectively. seventy-four detailed instructions for the voyage. The fleet departed Seville on August 10, 1519. The The voyage resumed on September 27 with the expedition aimed for exploration and discovery, with sacking of a junk carrying the governor of Palawan. the goal of finding a westward route to the Spice Storms hit the ships in the Celebes Sea on October Islands (Moluccas) and eventually back to Spain, 26. They reached the Moluccas on November 6, thereby circumnavigating the globe. 1521, and entered Tidore’s harbor on November 8, where they were received by Sultan Manzor, who The fleet consisted of five ships: Trinidad (flagship), pledged allegiance to Charles V. San Antonio, Concepcion, Santiago, and Victoria. They anchored at Sanlúcar de Barrameda for over a On December 18, 1521, the Trinidad sprang a leak as month to stock up on provisions. they prepared to depart. The Victoria, under Elcano, set sail on December 21 for a nine-month return The expedition sighted the Islas de Ladrones, now journey via the Cape of Good Hope. Espinosa known as Guam and Rota of the Marianas, on March remained with fifty-three men to repair Trinidad, which 6, 1521, and left these islands three days later. eventually set sail on April 6, 1522, but was captured by the Portuguese. Only four of Trinidad’s crew returned to the Iberian Peninsula after years in FIRST CONTACT BETWEEN MAGELLAN’S captivity. EXPEDITION AND THE NATIVES OF THE PHILIPPINES Victoria reached Alor on January 10, 1522, and Timor On March 16, 1521, Magellan's expedition arrived at on January 25, staying for three weeks to trade for the island of Samar in the Philippines. The following provisions. They departed into the Indian Ocean on day, they landed on an uninhabited nearby island to February 10-11. Victoria doubled the Cape of Good rest and gather water. On March 18, nine local men Hope on May 6, 1522, according to Pigafetta, though visited them, leading to a peaceful exchange of gifts Albo suggested they doubled it later. They crossed and food. The locals shared coconuts, palm wine, the equator on June 8, 1522, and anchored at Ribeira bananas, and fish, while Magellan's crew offered Grande, Cape Verde, on July 9. Departing hastily on items like red caps, mirrors, and combs. The visitors July 15, the crew sighted T enerife on July 28 and demonstrated how they used every part of the Pico in the Azores on August 7. coconut tree for food and other necessities. Victoria headed for Cape St Vincent on August 21, Antonio Pigafetta, a chronicler of the expedition, arriving on September 4. They entered the harbor of noted his impression of the native Filipinos' generosity Sanlúcar de Barrameda on September 6 and and hospitality. He observed their willingness to share anchored at Seville on September 8, 1522, with only their resources and the practical use of their natural eighteen Christians and three Indonesians surviving environment. Pigafetta was struck by their ingenuity, from the original crew. particularly in utilizing the coconut tree, which he described as a marvel of nature for its myriad uses. CHALLENGES OR OBSTACLES ENCOUNTERED This exchange of goods not only showcased the ON THE FIRST VOYAGE natives' resourcefulness but also their openness to Around the World as stated by Antonio Pigafetta. foreign visitors. Magellan welcomed the natives Antonio Pigafetta's account of the First Voyage aboard his ship, showing them spices and firing Around the World documents several challenges and mortars, which startled them. The island was called obstacles encountered by Ferdinand Magellan and Humunu (Homonhon), where they found clear springs his crew. Throughout the journey, they faced storms and signs of gold. Magellan named the area the and rough seas that damaged the ships and Archipelago of San Lazaro. The natives returned with threatened the safety of the crew, making navigation more gifts and demonstrated their friendly intentions. difficult and slowing progress. Shortages of essential The crew observed the locals' customs, such as supplies such as food, water, and medicine were wearing gold jewelry, having large ear holes, and common, leading to hunger, illness, and desperation using coconut oil for sun protection. Pigafetta noted among the crew during long stretches at sea. the Filipinos' physical adornments and the aesthetic Instances of mutiny and desertion arose as some use of gold, which indicated their wealth and cultural crew members grew disillusioned with the hardships practices. He was particularly impressed by their or disagreed with Magellan's leadership decisions. healthy appearance and the efficacy of their coconut Hostile encounters with indigenous peoples in various oil in protecting their skin. regions resulted in skirmishes and conflicts, adding to the dangers faced by the expedition. Navigating Pigafetta also made keen observations about the unknown waters without modern instruments posed a local culture, behavior, and governance. He noted that daunting challenge, with inaccuracies in maps and the natives of the Philippines had a structured society charts complicating the journey. Disease and illness with evident signs of wealth and social organization. were rampant on board, exacerbated by cramped Their behavior was marked by politeness and living conditions, poor hygiene, and inadequate curiosity, and they showed a cooperative and friendly nutrition, leading to outbreaks of scurvy, dysentery, attitude towards the foreigners. Pigafetta admired and other ailments that claimed many lives. The their effective use of natural resources and their skills prolonged duration of the voyage spanning several in navigation and fishing, which were crucial for their years took a toll on the physical and mental well-being sustenance. of the crew, resulting in exhaustion, despair, and longing for home. Despite these formidable Furthermore, Pigafetta's account highlighted the local challenges, Magellan and his crew persevered, governance system. He observed that the ultimately achieving their historic feat of communities were led by local chieftains, who circumnavigating the globe. exercised authority and maintained order within their territories. The peaceful and respectful interactions between the natives and Magellan’s crew reflected a SUMMARY society capable of diplomatic relations and trade. HISTORICAL CONTEXT CONVERSION OF THE FILIPINOS TO During the Age of Exploration, spices were highly CHRISTIANITY valued in Europe for their uses in food preservation, Magellan’s arrival in Cebu marked the beginning of flavoring, and medicine, fueling fierce competition Christianization in the Philippines. Magellan between Portugal and Spain for control of spice-rich persuaded Rajah Humabon of Cebu and his wife to territories. The Crusades heightened European convert to Christianity along with 800 natives. On April demand for exotic goods like spices, silk, and 14, 1521, a mass baptism took place, and Magellan porcelain, but traditional trade routes, such as the Silk planted a cross on Cebu’s shore to symbolize the Road and Arabian-Italian trade networks, were costly Christian faith. The mass baptism of the locals and dangerous. The 1453 Ottoman conquest of signified the introduction of Christianity to the Constantinople, which disrupted land-based spice Philippines, which eventually became a lasting legacy trade, motivated European powers to seek direct in the country. maritime routes to the Spice Islands. Portugal, led by Prince Henry the Navigator, established maritime WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PIGAFETTA’S schools and successfully traded with spice producers, CHRONICLE AND ITS RELATION TO THE STUDY inspiring Spain to fund trans-Atlantic expeditions, OF THE PRE-COLONIAL HISTORY OF THE including Christopher Columbus’s voyages. The PHILIPPINES Treaty of Tordesillas divided territorial claims between Antonio Pigafetta’s journal, "Chronicles of Magellan the two nations. Expedition, " is a crucial historical document that provides detailed accounts of the first Ferdinand Magellan, initially sailing for Portugal, later circumnavigation of the globe. Pigafetta meticulously secured Spanish backing to find a westward route to recorded the voyage’s events, encounters with the East. His expedition, departing in 1519, faced various cultures, and observations of the places they numerous challenges but achieved the first visited, including the Philippines. His accounts offer circumnavigation of the globe under Juan Sebastian valuable insights into the early interactions between Elcano’s leadership after Magellan’s death in the Europeans and Filipinos, the local customs and Philippines. The journey brought spices back to Spain practices, and the impact of the expedition on and was documented by Antonio Pigafetta, whose indigenous societies. journal provided critical insights into the voyage and early European interactions with Southeast Asia. Pigafetta’s chronicle is particularly significant for the study of pre-colonial Philippine history as it provides a CHRONOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE first-hand account of the archipelago before extensive March 28, 1518: Charles V issued a capitulación for European influence. It documents the social, an expedition to find a westward route to the Spice economic, and political structures of the local Islands. communities, their trading practices, and their way of May 5, 1519: A royal decree adjusted the life. The detailed descriptions of the local flora, fauna, expedition’s crew to 235 men (disputed as 237 or 239 and geography also contribute to our understanding in other sources). of the natural environment during that period. May 8, 1519: A royal cédula outlined 74 detailed instructions for the voyage. The journal’s accounts of the conversion of local August 10, 1519: The fleet of five ships departed leaders to Christianity and the subsequent conflicts Seville. highlight the complexities of cultural exchanges and March 6, 1521: The expedition reached the Islas de the beginning of significant historical changes in the Ladrones (Guam and Rota). region. Pigafetta’s work remains a vital source for March 16, 1521: The fleet sighted Samar in the historians and scholars studying the early history of Philippines. the Philippines and the broader impacts of exploration March 18, 1521: First contact with Filipinos on and colonization. Homonhon Island. March 28, 1521: The fleet anchored at Limasawa and established good relations with Rajah Colambu.  March 31, 1521: Magellan celebrated Easter Mass at overwhelming obstacles, the expedition’s Limasawa Island. perseverance ultimately achieved the monumental April 7, 1521: The fleet reached Cebu and milestone of circumnavigating the globe. established relations with Sultan Humabon. April 14, 1521: Sultan Humabon and Rajah Colambu FIRST CONTACT BETWEEN MAGELLAN’S were baptized as Don Carlos and Don Juan. EXPEDITION AND THE NATIVES OF THE April 27, 1521: Magellan was killed in a battle with PHILIPPINES Rajah Lapu-Lapu on Mactan Island. On March 16, 1521, Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition May 1, 1521: A massacre in Cebu led to the reached Samar in the Philippines, marking their first abandonment of the Concepción. contact with the islands. The following day, the crew June 21, 1521: The Victoria and Trinidad departed landed on an uninhabited nearby island, later Palawan, later arriving in Brunei on July 9. identified as Humunu (Homonhon), to rest and gather September 1521: João Carvalho was demoted, and supplies. On March 18, nine local men visited them, Gómez de Espinosa and Juan Sebastián Elcano were initiating a peaceful exchange of goods. The Filipinos elected captains of Trinidad and Victoria. shared coconuts, bananas, palm wine, and fish, while November 6, 1521: The fleet reached the Moluccas Magellan’s crew offered red caps, mirrors, and (Spice Islands). combs. Chronicler Antonio Pigafetta marveled at the December 18, 1521: Trinidad developed a leak while locals’ ingenuity, particularly their versatile use of the preparing to depart. coconut tree, and admired their generosity, healthy December 21, 1521: Victoria, under Elcano, set sail appearance, and resourcefulness. for Spain. April 6, 1522: Trinidad attempted to depart but was Pigafetta also documented their customs, noting the captured by the Portuguese. use of gold jewelry, large ear piercings, and coconut May 6, 1522: Victoria rounded the Cape of Good oil for skin protection. He observed signs of a Hope. structured society, with local chieftains governing their July 9, 1522: Victoria stopped at Cape Verde for communities and facilitating trade and diplomacy. The provisions. mutual exchanges and respectful interactions September 6, 1522: Victoria returned to Sanlúcar de showcased the natives’ openness and cooperation, Barrameda. while Pigafetta’s detailed observations revealed a September 8, 1522: Victoria arrived in Seville, society adept in navigation, fishing, and sustainable completing the first circumnavigation of the globe with use of natural resources. Magellan named the region 18 survivors and 3 Indonesians. the Archipelago of San Lazaro, marking the beginning of significant cultural and trade exchanges. CHALLENGES OR OBSTACLES ENCOUNTERED ON THE FIRST VOYAGE CONVERSION OF THE FILIPINOS TO Antonio Pigafetta’s account of the First Voyage CHRISTIANITY Around the World highlights the numerous challenges Magellan’s arrival in Cebu marked the beginning of Ferdinand Magellan and his crew endured during their Christianization in the Philippines. Magellan historic circumnavigation. They battled storms and persuaded Rajah Humabon of Cebu and his wife to rough seas that damaged their ships and slowed convert to Christianity along with 800 natives. On April progress, while shortages of food, water, and 14, 1521, a mass baptism took place, and Magellan medicine led to hunger, illness, and desperation. planted a cross on Cebu’s shore to symbolize the Mutiny and desertion arose as discontent with Christian faith. The mass baptism of the locals Magellan’s leadership and the voyage’s hardships signified the introduction of Christianity to the grew. Hostile encounters with indigenous peoples Philippines, which eventually became a lasting legacy resulted in violent skirmishes, further endangering the in the country. crew. Navigating uncharted waters without accurate maps or modern instruments added to the WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PIGAFETTA’S expedition’s difficulties, compounded by disease CHRONICLE AND ITS RELATION TO THE STUDY outbreaks like scurvy and dysentery caused by poor OF THE PRE-COLONIAL HISTORY OF THE hygiene, cramped conditions, and inadequate PHILIPPINES nutrition. The years-long journey also inflicted severe Antonio Pigafetta’s journal, Chronicles of Magellan physical and emotional tolls, leaving the crew Expedition, is a crucial historical document that exhausted and longing for home. Despite these provides an in-depth account of the first circumnavigation of the globe. Pigafetta meticulously also in Tagalog, in both Latin script and the commonly recorded the events of the voyage, interactions with used Baybayin script of the natives of the time and it different cultures, and observations of the places they even had a version in Chinese. visited, including the Philippines. His detailed chronicle offers valuable insights into the early CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS encounters between Europeans and Filipinos, In the pre-colonial times the Tagalog people were shedding light on local customs, practices, and the organized into small communities called barangays, social, economic, and political structures of each governed by a chief known as a datos. Datos indigenous communities before European held both political and military leadership, colonization. commanding respect and obedience from the people. Offenses against the datos, especially involving their The journal is particularly important for studying family, were severely punished. Each barangay pre-colonial Philippine history, as it provides a typically consisted of 30 to 100 houses. While many first-hand perspective of the archipelago’s way of life, barangays coexisted in close proximity due to wars, trading practices, and natural environment during that They maintained independence, connected only by time. Pigafetta’s observations on the conversion of friendship and kinship. The lands on mountain ridges local leaders to Christianity, as well as the resulting were communally owned allowing anyone from any conflicts, underscore the complexities of cultural barangay to clear and sow land during the rice exchanges and the early stages of colonial impact. harvest, and no one can compel him to abandon it. His work remains a vital resource for historians and scholars exploring the Philippines’ early history and The Chiefs in their various wars helped one another the broader effects of European exploration and with their respective barangays. In addition to the colonization. Chiefs. There were three castes: nobles, commoners and slaves. CUSTOMS OF THE NOBLES TAGALOGS BY JUAN DE The nobles for the free-born, whom they call PLACENCIA Maharlika. They did not pay tax or tribute to the dato, but must accompany him in war at their own expense. GEN 004 (SAS #4) They were personal followers of the datu whose role was to help him in activities that involved the welfare JUAN DE PLACENCIA of the barangay. These activities included agricultural labor, building of houses and fighting wars. A Spanish priest of the Fransiscan Order, spent most COMMONERS of his missionary life in the Philippines, where he The commoners are called aliping namamahay. They founded numerous towns in Luzon and wrote several are married and serve their master, whether he be a religious and linguistic books. Placencia is reported to dato or not, with half of their cultivated lands, as was have arrived in the Philippines in 1578 and joined agreed upon in the beginning. They accompanied him forces with another missionary, Diego de Oropesa. whenever he went beyond the island and rowed for They both started preaching around Laguna de Bay him. They live in their own houses and are lords of and Tayabas, Quezon where he found several towns. their property and gold. Their children inherit it, and The following years they also put up a large number enjoy their property and lands. The children, then, of towns in the provinces of Bulacan, Laguna and enjoy the rank of their fathers and they cannot be Rizal including Caliraya, Majayjay, Nagcarlan, Lilio made slaves (sa guiguilir) nor can either parents or (Liliw), Pila, Santa Cruz, Lumban, Pangil, Siniloan, children be sold. If they should fall by inheritance into Morong. Antipolo, Taytay, and Meycauayan. He wrote the hands of a son or their master who was going to a number of books intended to promote the dwell in another village, they could not be taken from understanding of both the Spanish language among their own village and carried with him; but they would the natives and the local language among the remain in their native village, doing service there, and missionaries, to facilitate the task of spreading cultivating the sowed lands. Christianity. Placencia is believed to have authored the first book printed in the Philippines, The Doctrina Cristiana, which was not only printed in Spanish, but SLAVES ​ DIVISION TIMING The slaves are called aliping sa guiguilir. They serve -​ The text doesn’t specify the age of child their masters in his house and on his cultivated lands, division, leaving it up to the parents. and may be sold. The master grants them, should he see fit, and provides that he has profited through their ​ SLAVE TYPES industry, a portion of their harvest so that they may -​ House slaves (namamahay) and their work faithfully. For these reasons, servants who are children cannot be sold or transferred, but born in the house of their master are rarely, if ever, they can be inherited within the same village. sold. That is the lot of captives in war, and of those field slaves (sa guiguilir) can be sold. brought up in the harvest fields. When a marriage occurred between a maharlica and The aliping namamahay lived independently and had a slave, whether namamahay or sa guiguilir, children certain rights, while the aliping sa guiguilir were were divided: those falling under the first, third, and household servants with fewer rights. fifth positions belong to the father while those in the Misunderstandings by Spanish officials led to the second, fourth, and sixth belong to the mother. if only wrongful treatment of aliping namamahay as aliping one child existed, they were considered half-free and sa guiguilir. This resulted in the illegal seizure and use half-enslaved. children who became enslaved of aliping namamahay’s children as household inherited the status of substitute from their parents, servants. When these cases were brought to court, either namamahay or sa guiguilir. In cases of an odd the system failed to distinguish between the two number of children the odd one was half-free and statuses, often wrongly classifying aliping half-enslaved. The timing of the children’s division namamahay and their descendants as aliping sa remained uncertain as it was determined individually. guiguilir, subjecting them to servitude and even sale. among the two types of slaves, sa guiguilir, could be sold, but not namamahay and their children, although CLASSIFICATION AND INHERITANCE RIGHTS OF they could be inherited within the same village. THE PRE-COLONIAL FILIPINO SOCIAL CLASSES, FOCUSING ON THE MAHARLICA (NOBLES) AND After marriage, maharlicas couldn’t relocate without THEIR INTERACTION WITH SLAVES. paying a fine in gold, determined by each village, This passage describes inheritance in social class potentially leading to conflict if unpaid and while this and society with three categories: free people rule applied to both genders, if one married outside (maharlica), house slaves (namamahay) and field their village, their children were evenly divided sleeves (sa guiguilir). between the two communities fostering loyalty to the chief. ​ PURE MAHARLICAS -​ Children born to free parents remain free The inheritance distribution system involves various forever, however marriage to a slave could factors, including dowries, legitimacy of offspring, and change their status. the consent of all involved parties, ensuring that legitimate children received a larger share while ​ MAHARLICAS WITH SLAVE CHILDREN children born from unmarried women or slaves, -​ If a free person has children with a slave, inherited differently, or not at all, depending on the those children and their mothers become circumstances. free. If a child was born to a married woman from an ​ MIXED MARRIAGES adulterous relationship, the punishment inflicted by -​ When a free person marries a slave, their the husband on the adulterer was considered a form children are divided. odds are the first of dowry, granting the child and equal share in the morning is free then alternating between free inheritance however, if the adulterer went unpunished, and slave based on birth order the children the child was not recognized as the husband’s inherit the parents social class (free or offspring and received no inheritance, yet the slave). punishment served by the husband legitimized the child. While adopted children inherited double the ​ SINGLE CHILD amount paid for their adoption. -​ If a mixed couple has only one child it holds a half-free, half-slave status. Dowries given by men to women’s parents are from such unions was considered half-free and enjoyed by the latter during their lifetime, and upon half-enslaved. Aliping namamahay and their their death, if the dowry remains, it is divided equally descendants could not be sold but were inheritable among the children unless the father chooses to give within their village, while aliping sa guiguilir could be something extra to the daughter. Unmarried women sold. Maharlikas faced restrictions on relocating after cannot own property as all their earnings belong to marriage without paying fines, which varied by village. the parents. Inheritance and dowries were influenced by In divorce cases before the birth of children, if the wife legitimacy, social class, and community customs. left the husband to marry another, all her dowry and Legitimate children received larger shares, while an equal amount went to the husband, but if she left those born out of wedlock or from slaves inherited without remarrying, the dowry was returned. If the less or none. Dowries given to women’s families were husband left, he lost half the dowry with the other half enjoyed by parents during their lifetimes and later returned, and if children were involved, they inherited divided among children. Adultery could complicate the entire dowry and fine, held by their grandparents inheritance; punished adulterers legitimized the child responsible relatives. of the affair, granting them inheritance rights. In divorce, dowries were returned or forfeited based on In some villages, upon the death of a wife who hadn’t fault and circumstances. Variations in dowry practices borne children within a year, half of her dowry was and inheritance customs reflected regional differences returned to the husband, while in another village upon in community piety and tradition. the death of the husband half of the dowry was returned to his relatives; however, this practice isn’t universal and is carried out as an act of piety, varying KARTILYA NG among communities. KATIPUNAN BY EMILIO Marriage dowries given by fathers to their sons, even JACINTO when they are children involve complex GEN 004 (SAS #5) arrangements, including fines for violating marriage agreement with heavier fines imposed if children HISTORICAL CONTEXT refuse arranged marriages after the parent’s death, where the parents pay the fine if alive, assuming they intended to separate their children. Andres Bonifacio had long desired a codified document outlining the duties and responsibilities of every member of the Katipunan. While Bonifacio was SUMMARY drafting this document, Emilio Jacinto was also working on a similar task. When Bonifacio sought Pre-colonial Filipino society was stratified into three Jacinto’s feedback on his draft, Jacinto presented his main classes: nobles (maharlika), commoners (aliping own work. Impressed by Jacinto’s writing style, namamahay), and slaves (aliping sa guiguilir). The Bonifacio adopted the Kartilya as the official maharlikas were free-born individuals exempt from guidebook for the Katipunan’s rules and regulations. taxes but obligated to support the datu in warfare and community welfare, including agriculture and Several factors beyond the maltreatment experienced construction. Commoners, or aliping namamahay, by Filipinos under Spanish rule, influenced the lived independently, owned property, and passed it to formation of the Katipunan and creation of the their children, but they provided labor and a share of Kartilya. their harvest to their masters. They could not be sold or relocated against their will. Slaves, or aliping sa 1.​ Age of Enlightenment guiguilir, served in households or fields, could be sold, -​ This era introduced liberalism and classism, and often consisted of war captives or those born into later evolving into modernism in the 20th servitude. century. Secret societies like the Freemasons emerged and the new venues Mixed marriages between classes led to complex for intellectual exchange, such as inheritance rules. Children alternated between free coffeehouses, newspapers, and literary and slave status based on birth order. A single child salons flourished.  Born in Trozo, Manila on December 15, 1875 2.​ The French Revolution Jacinto’s early life was marked by intellectual curiosity -​ This period of social and political upheaval in and a thirst for knowledge. Despite conflicting France became the foundation for modern accounts of his father’s occupation, Jacinto’s political ideologies, spreading radicalism, upbringing instilled in him a deep sense of patriotism, liberalism, and nationalism. These ideas and a desire for social justice. significantly influenced the Ilustrados in the Philippines and Europe. Jacinto’s journey into the revolutionary movement began when he joined the Katipunan at the tender 3.​ Masonry age of 19. Despite his youth, he quickly rose through -​ Introduced to the Philippines in 1856, it’s true the ranks, serving as fiscal, secretary, editor, and roots took hold in 1889 when Graciano eventually general of the organization. His keenh Lopez-Jaena organized the Logia intellect and unwavering dedication, earned him the Revolución in Barcelona. Filipino students in trust and admiration of his peers, leading to his pivotal Spain spread masonic ideals, influencing role in the Katipunan’s operation. figures like Marcelo H. del Pilar, Jose Alejandrino, the Luna Brothers, and Jose THE KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN: A Rizal. Masonry promoted fraternity and civic REVOLUTIONARY GUIDE movement impacting the Katipunan’s At the heart of the Katipunan’s ideology lay the dynamics. Spanish friars, like Jesuit Kartilya ng Katipunan, a comprehensive guide Francisco Foradada, viewed masonry as the penned by Jacinto himself. This seminal document root of subversion and the enemy of God. combined ethical teachings for the revolutionary call to action, advocating for principles of nationalism, 4.​ The Propaganda Movement equality, virtue and courage. Distributed among -​ Sparked by the 1872 execution of the priests Katiounan members as a small pamphlet, the Kartilya Gomburza, this movement led many served as both a moral compass and a practical guide Filipinos, including Jose Rizal, to question for the revolutionaries. Spanish authorities and demand reforms. However, the peaceful reform efforts were KEY PRINCIPLES OF THE KARTILYA seen as insufficient by nationalist like Bonifacio, leading to the formation of the Katipunan and an armed rebellion against 1.​ Love of Country Spanish rule. -​ The Kartilya emphasizes the importance of loving and serving the Philippines, promoting 5.​ La Liga Filipina nationalism in a sense of duty towards the -​ Established by José Rizal to call for reforms nation. through legal means. Its operations were cut short by Rizal’s arrest and exile. The Liga 2.​ Equality and Brotherhood split into the radical and led by Bonifacio and -​ It advocates for equality among all members the conservative Cuerpo de of society, stressing that everyone, Compromisarios. Rizal’s exile convinced regardless of social status deserves respect Bonifacio of the futility of peaceful reform, and fair treatment. prompting him to formally establish the Katipunan. 3.​ Virtue and Integrity -​ The document encourages virtues such as EMILIO JACINTO: THE BRAINS OF THE honesty, justice and moral integrity. It insists KATIPUNAN the true honor and ability come from living a Emilio Jacinto, hailed as the “Brains of the Katipunan” virtuous life rather than from wealth or social played a pivotal role in shaping the Philippine status. revolution against Spanish colonial rule. Historians including Artemio Ricarte and Epifanio de los Santos, 4.​ Respect for Others lauded him as a visionary leader whose ideas and -​ It teaches that one should treat others as actions left an indelible mark on Filipino history. they wish to be treated promoting mutual respect and empathy within the community.  lasting role in shaping the country’s ongoing 5.​ Self-Improvement and Education struggle for justice and equity. -​ The Kartilya underscores the importance of self-improvement and education, urging KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN members strive for personal and intellectual BY EMILIO JACINTO growth. 6.​ Courage and Sacrifice Rules Explanation -​ Members are encouraged to be brave and Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang This rule shows the importance of living a willing to sacrifice their lives for the freedom malaki at banal na kadahilan ay kahoy na purpose driven life. Without a clear and walang lilim, kundi damong makamandag. meaningful goal, life becomes directionless, and welfare of the country. leding to unfavorable and potentially harmful outcomes and facing undesirable situations. IMPORTANCE OF THE KARTILYA IN PHILIPPINE Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa Do with pure intentions and kindness with a HISTORY pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi sa talagang nasang gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di whole heart not to get praise from other people. The Kartilya ng Katiounan by Emilio Jacinto is crucial kabaitan. to the grand narrative of Philippine history because it Ang tunay na kabalanan ay ang In this sense, kindness is simply in the act pagkakawang gawa, ang pagibig sa kapua of giving love and service to fellowmen encapsulates the moral and ideological foundation of at ang isukat ang bawat kilos, gawa’t without expecting anything in return. pangungusap sa talagang Katuiran. the Katipunan, the revolutionary society that fought for Philippine independence from Spanish colonial rule. Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, Black or white, we are all born equal: We lahat ng tao’y magkakapantay: may be superior in knowledge, wealth, or Here are the key points highlighting it’s importance: mangyayaring ang isa’y higtan sa dunong, beauty, but not in nature. sa yaman, sa ganda, ngunit di mahihigtan sa pagkatao. 1.​ Ideological Blueprint Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang In order to honor oneself, one must value -​ The Corellia served as the guiding principles puri sa pagpipita sa sarili; ang may hamak na kalooban inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili honor rather than the individual interest. True honor means having a high ethical and ethical code for the members of the sa puri. standard of behavior. cateran, outlining the values of liberty Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa When we say something, it’s not just about equality and fraternity that underpin the the words, some people are good at saying they will do something, but they don’t follow movement goals. through with actions. We should do what we promised, and ensure that our words are backed up by our deeds. 2.​ Promotion of Nationalism Huwag mong sayanging ang panahun: ang We should value time because it has a big yamang nawala’y mangyayaring magbalik; effect in our lives. Each second, minute, -​ By emphasizing love for country, respect for ngunit panahung nagdaan na’y di na muli and hour holds importance, so we need to pang madaanan. use our time wisely and efficiently. Once fellow Filipinos and the importance of time is gone we can get it back. It’s important for people to know the value of education and self improvement, the Kartilya time. fostered a sense of national identity and Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi; kabakahin ang We should help those who need help, stand unity among Filipino essential for the umaapi. up for what is right and support those who don’t have power. We shouldn’t let powerful revolutionary cause. individuals oppress us Ang taong matalino’y ang may pagiingat sa It shows the value of trust. A good person 3.​ Moral Guide bawat sasabihin, at matutong ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim. knows how to keep a secret to maintain the trust given by others. -​ The Kartilya provided Moral instructions, stressing virtues such as honesty, diligence, Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang patugot ng asawa’t mga anak: kung It’s really important to be a good example for others because people will watch and ang umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang follow their leader. I think a great leader and courage, which were vital for pagtutunguhan ng inaakay ay kasamaan knows how to guide their people in the right din. way. maintaining discipline and integrity within the revolutionary movement. Ang babai ay huwag mong tignang isang Women should be treated fairly, and every bagay na libangan lamang, kun di isang woman deserves respect. We must love katuang at karamay sa mga kahirapan and take care for them. A man should not nuting kabubuhayan; gamitan mo nag make women feel small or take advantage 4.​ Social Reform boong pagpipitagan ang kaniyang of their weaknesses. kahinaan, at alalahanin ang inang -​ Jacinto’s teachings in the Kartilya addressed pinagbuhatan at nagiwi sa iyong kasanggulan. social justice, advocating for the rights of the poor and oppressed, thereby aligning the Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid, ay huag mong gagawin sa A man should take responsibility for his actions and remember that every action has revolution with broader social reforms asawa, anak at kapatid ng iba. consequences. Following the golden rule, which says “do not do others what you do beyond political independence. not want others to do unto you”, reminds us not to harm others. We should avoid doing bad things to people. 5.​ Influence on Future Movement Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, It talks about being good and having good wala sa tangus ng ilong at puti ng mukha, qualities. A good man isn’t judged by his job -​ The principles enshrines in the Kartilya wala sa pagkaparing kahalili ng Dios, wala or position, but by his character and love for sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng lupa; his country. continued to inspire subsequent generations wagas at tunay na mahal ng tao, kahit laking gubat at walang nababatid kundi ang of Filipino nationalist and reformist playing a sariling wika, yaong may magandang asal,  may isang pangungusap, may dangal at puri; yaong di naaapi’t di nakikiapi; yaong marunong magdamdam at marunong MGA GUNITA NG lumingap sa bayang tinubuan. HIMAGSIKAN BY EMILIO Paglagalap ng mga aral na ito at The last code of conduct shows the desire maningning na sumikat ang araw ng mahal of Emilio Aguinaldo na Kalayaan dito sa kaabaabang AGUINALDO Sangkapuluan, at sabugan ng matamis niyang liwanag ang nangagkaisang magkakalahi’t magkakapatid na ligayang walang katapusan, ang mga ginugol na buhay, pagud, at mga tiniis na kahirapa’y labis nang natumbasan. GEN 004 (SAS #6) MEMOIR OF THE REVOLUTION SUMMARY BY EMILIO AGUINALDO HISTORICAL CONTEXT Filipino leader Emilio Aguinaldo led his country to Andres Bonifacio envisioned a codified guide for the achieve independence after fighting off both the Katipunan to define its members’ duties and Spanish and the Americans. Emilio Aguinaldo was responsibilities. While working on this, Emilio Jacinto born on March 22, 1869 in Kawit, Cavite, Philippines independently drafted a similar document. in 1898. He achieved independence of the Philippines Recognizing Jacinto’s superior writing, Bonifacio from Spain and was elected the first president of the adopted his work, known as the Kartilya ng new republic under the Malolos Congress. He also led Katipunan, as the organization’s official guidebook. the Philippine-American war against U.S. resistance The Kartilya combined moral teachings with to Philippine Independence. Aguinaldo died of a heart revolutionary principles, emphasizing nationalism, attack on February 6, 1964 in Quezon City, equality, and courage. It served as both an ethical Philippines. framework and a practical manual for members of the Katipunan. MY ELECTIONS TO THE PRESIDENCY WHILE I was busy supervising the building of our The formation of the Katipunan and the creation of the defenses at Pasong Santol in Dasmarinas, a group of Kartilya were influenced by several historical factors. cavalry soldiers headed by Colonel Vicente Riego de The Age of Enlightenment introduced liberal ideas Dios of Magdiwang Council arrived to tell me that I and venues for intellectual discourse, such as had been elected the head of the government as a newspapers and coffeehouses. The French result of the Magdiwang and the Magdalo factions. Revolution inspired radical political ideologies, while Masonry, introduced in the Philippines in 1856, The following is their narration of the results of the promoted fraternity and civic action, shaping the national meeting presided over by Supremo Andres Katipunan’s ideals. The Propaganda Movement, Bonifacio. In the election for the President of the sparked by the 1872 execution of Gomburza, sought Revolutionary Government. Andres Bonifacio and peaceful reforms but was deemed insufficient by Emilio Aquinaldo were nominated. Emilio Aquinaldo leaders like Bonifacio. The failure of Rizal’s La Liga won. For the Vice-President, Andres Bonifacio was Filipina, which sought reforms through legal means, again nominated, but his own Minister of Justice, further convinced Bonifacio of the need for armed Gen. Mariano Trias, defeated him. revolution. For the position of Captain General, Captain General Emilio Jacinto, hailed as the “Brains of the Santiago Alvarez and General Artemio Ricarte Katipunan,” played a pivotal role in the revolutionary nominated. General Ricarte won, but he objected on movement. Born in Trozo, Manila, on December 15, the ground that he thought he was not capable. 1875, Jacinto joined the Katipunan at 19 and quickly However, his objection was overruled and he was not became a trusted leader, holding roles as fiscal, capable. However, his objection was overruled and he secretary, editor, and general. His intellectual was proclaimed shortly after. contributions, especially the Kartilya ng Katipunan, left a lasting impact on Filipino history. The Kartilya not For Secretary of War, Andres Bonifacio was only guided the revolutionaries’ actions but also nominated for the third time, but General Emiliano embodied the ethical and nationalistic ideals that Riego de Dios beat him. fueled the Philippine Revolution. For Secretary of Interior, Bonifacio was again The meeting was temporarily adjourned while they nominated. His opponents were Ministers Diego waited anxiously for the appearance of General Emilio Mojica and Severino de las Alas. This time he won Aguinaldo. and everybody began congratulating him. But General Daniel Tirona objected to his election on the ground After this story of Colonel Vicente Riego de Dios, I that Bonifacio was not a lawyer and proposed that the said: position be given instead to Jose del Rosario, a lawyer from Tanza. Although the motion was not I am very happy that at last the two factions are seconded and therefore was invalid, Andres Bonifacio united. This was the suggestion of General stood up and said, "Did we not agree from the Baldomero Aguinaldo on December 28, 1896, but beginning that whoever among us was elected in this since the Magdiwang faction did not want to elect the meeting will be recognized and respected by head of the revolutionary Government, but rather to everybody?" appoint Supremo Andres Bonifacio to this position, nothing was accomplished. I am indeed grateful that "Yes, sir," the assembly agreed the Supremo had changed his mind, hence this election. I thank you for having elected me to this "Then," he continued, "Why is it that when I won, position, and I hope that with God's help and your there was an objection?" help we shall succeed. "Nobody seconded the motion," reminded the group. I believe this union is rather late because our enemy has already defeated us and right now the towns of The Supremo was visibly angry; he pulled out his Silang and Dasmariñas are in the hands of the revolver and aimed at General Tirona. Had it not been enemy. for the timely intervention of Secretary Jacinto Lumbreras and General Ricarte. General Tirona could I am sorry, however, that I cannot grant your request not have been saved. Tirona disappeared in the to take me with you. How can I leave now when we throng are actually facing the enemy? Ten thousand armed men are coming towards us. I am sorry, but my Although after this incident, order had been restored personal interests can never go above those of the in the meeting, nevertheless in his bitter Mother Country. disappointment and anger, the Supremo stood up and declared. "By virtue of my being head of this national As the commission was greatly disappointed, it left meeting. I declare this election null and void." Then he without a single word. started to leave. Then at two o'clock in the afternoon, more cavalry Confusion reigned for a while. Thereupon, Colonel men headed by General Crispulo Aguinaldo, my Santiago Rillo, delegate from Batangas, stood up and eldest brother, arrived. As head of the delegation he shouted that the Supremo need not go for he had addressed me thus: been proclaimed Secretary of Interior. Moreover, the motion of General Tirona was not valid since it was My dear President and brother: I know that you are in not seconded. The Supremo left and proceeded to a dilemma regarding these two great problems in our Malabon. country. You have to choose between remaining here to defend this section of the country and that of taking Delegate Rillo turned to the assembly and asked