Etymology and Nature of History

Primary sources are firsthand accounts of events, written or narrated by individuals who directly experienced or participated in them. These include eyewitness testimonies, photographs, audio/video recordings, diaries, letters, official records, and artifacts.

Secondary sources are interpretations or analyses of primary sources. They often incorporate the author's insights and perspectives. Examples include books, articles, documentaries, and textbooks.

Historical events shape societies by influencing people's behavior and actions. Studying history helps us understand the causes and consequences of past events, shaping our understanding of the present and future.

History can provide insights into moral values and inspire us. Examining the struggles of heroes and ordinary people facing adversity can teach us valuable lessons about courage, resilience, and effective protest.

History contributes to personal and collective identity by providing a narrative of how families, communities, and nations have evolved over time. It helps us understand our origins and connections.

Studying history promotes good citizenship. It fosters appreciation for freedom and recognizes the sacrifices made by ancestors. This knowledge encourages active engagement in the community and society.

Jacinto's teachings in the Kartilya emphasized social justice, advocating for the rights of the poor and oppressed, aligning the revolution with broader social reforms beyond just political independence.

The golden rule emphasizes treating others with respect and avoiding causing harm, aligning with the principle of doing unto others what you would want them to do unto you.

In the Kartilya, the value of a person is not based on their social status, wealth, or physical appearance but rather on their character and love for their country.

This principle emphasizes the importance of taking responsibility for your actions, recognizing that every action has consequences. It encourages you to think about the potential harm your actions may cause to others.

This principle advocates against taking advantage of someone's weaknesses or making them feel inferior. It promotes respect and equality.

The Kartilya's principles deeply influenced future movements, serving as a blueprint for social reform, advocating for the rights of the marginalized and promoting a just and equitable society.

A set of guidelines that outlines the duties, responsibilities, and values of Katipunan members.

Emilio Jacinto wrote the Katipunan Code of Conduct, which guided members on their responsibilities.

Aguinaldo's revolutionary ideals, emphasizing love for the country and good morals, influenced future generations of Filipinos.

Aguinaldo led the Filipinos to independence against both the Spanish and American forces.

Aguinaldo's legacy continues to inspire Filipinos with his commitment to national liberation and moral values.

Aguinaldo's actions and writings provide valuable historical insights into the Philippines' fight for independence.

A formal agreement or decree issued by a sovereign or government, outlining the terms and conditions for a specific action or undertaking. In this context, the royal cédula provided detailed instructions for the Magellan expedition.

The first official document recording the circumnavigation of the globe, written by Antonio Pigafetta, a member of the expedition crew.

The first Spanish expedition attempting to circumnavigate the globe. Led by Ferdinand Magellan, the voyage aimed to find a westward route to the Spice Islands and return to Spain.

A fleet of five ships that embarked on the Magellan Expedition: Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepcion, Santiago, and Victoria. Each ship played a significant role in the voyage, with varying fates.

A massacre of Europeans by native Filipinos in Cebu on May 1, 1521, which resulted in the loss of one of the expedition ships, the Concepcion.

The ship that ultimately completed the first circumnavigation of the globe after the Trinidad was lost. This ship was commanded by Juan Sebastián de Elcano.

The Spice Islands, also known as the Moluccas, were a group of islands in present-day Indonesia. This was the primary destination of the Magellan Expedition, known for being the source of valuable spices like nutmeg and cloves.

A ruler or chief who pledged allegiance to Charles V, the Spanish monarch. This event signified the establishment of Spanish influence in the region.

The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453 disrupted land-based spice trade, driving Europeans to find new sea routes to the Spice Islands.

Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal established maritime schools and trade networks, paving the way for Portuguese exploration.

The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the world into territories claimed by Spain and Portugal, setting the stage for colonial expansion.

Ferdinand Magellan, initially commissioned by Portugal, secured funding from Spain to find a westward route to Asia, embarking on a historic voyage that achieved the first circumnavigation of the globe.

Antonio Pigafetta was a chronicler during Magellan's voyage, recording detailed accounts of the journey, encounters with different cultures, and observations of the places visited, including the Philippines.

Pigafetta's chronicle offers valuable insights into pre-colonial Philippine history, providing a first-hand account of the archipelago before extensive European influence.

Pigafetta's chronicles are a primary source that provides information about early interactions between Europeans and Filipinos, local customs, and the impact of the expedition on indigenous societies.

Pigafetta’s chronicle is crucial for understanding the early stages of European exploration and their impact on the Philippines, offering a unique perspective on pre-colonial society.

A philosophical and political movement that emphasized reason, human rights, and progress. It aimed to establish a more just and equitable society, influencing Filipino intellectual and social movements, including the Katipunan.

A covert organization formed in 1892 by Andrés Bonifacio, aimed at achieving Philippine independence from Spain through armed rebellion.

The guidebook of the Katipunan, written by Emilio Jacinto, outlining ethical principles and revolutionary strategies for its members. It emphasizes nationalism, equality, virtue, and courage, serving as a moral compass for the revolutionaries.

The principle of loving and serving one's country, promoting nationalism and a sense of duty toward the nation, as emphasized in the Kartilya.

The belief that all members of society are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities, regardless of their background or status.

A reform movement led by Filipino intellectuals, including Jose Rizal, advocating for political and social reforms in the Philippines. It attempted to achieve these goals through peaceful means.

A movement that promoted nationalism and challenged Spanish rule, seeking independence through armed struggle, leading to the Katipunan's formation.

An organization established by Jose Rizal to promote social and political reforms within the Philippines through legal means.