GELC GED SS UH C5 PDF

Social Studies US History THIS LESSON MATERIAL IS ONLY FOR STUDENTS OF GELC. COPYING ALL OR PART OF IT IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED AND SUBJECTED TO LEGAL ACTION.  Social Studies US History “Those that fail to learn from history are doomed to re...

Social Studies US History THIS LESSON MATERIAL IS ONLY FOR STUDENTS OF GELC. COPYING ALL OR PART OF IT IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED AND SUBJECTED TO LEGAL ACTION.  Social Studies US History “Those that fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it.” Winston Churchill.  Chapter 5 Reconstruction “Nearly all men can stand adversity, but if you want to test a man’s character, give him power.” Abraham Lincoln  Aftermath of Civil War The Union declared victory in the Civil War in April 1865 when Confederate general Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union general Ulysses S. Grant. However, reunifying the country would be a continuing battle during the period of Reconstruction (1865–1877). The south had to reconstruct its towns and cities while the former slaves had to adjust to their freed lives. They had to earn their living by themselves. - 1865 Aprilမှာ Confederateဗိုလခ ် ျုပ် Robert E. Leeက Unionဗိုလခ ် ျုပ် Ulysses S. Grantထံ လက်နက်ချ ပီ း ြပည်တင ွ း် စစ် ပီ းဆံးု သွားတယ်။ - တိင ို တာ့ 1865ကေန 1877ထိ အချိန်အေတာ် ကာ ု း် ြပည်ကေ ြပန်လည်တည်ေဆာက်ခဲ့ရတယ်။ - ေတာင်ပိုငး် ြပည်နယ်ေတွက မို ေတွြပန်တည်ေဆာက်ရသလို လွတေ ် ြမာက်လာတဲက ့ န်ေတွကလဲ သူတဘာသာ ို ့ သူတရပ် ို ့ တည် င ို ေ ် အာင် ကိုးစားခဲ ့ ကရတယ်။  Lincoln’s Plan Lincoln’s 10% Plan required 10 percent of the voters in a Southern state to swear an oath of allegiance before it could rejoin the Union. He also offered to pardon all Confederates and promised to protect private property. Lincoln planned to unify and rebuild the nation as quickly as possible, but his plans were cut short when he was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 15, 1865. – Lincolnက ေတာင်ပိုငး် ြပည်နယ်ေတွ ြပည်ေထာင်စုထ ဲ ြပန်ေပါင်းစည်းဖို ့ ြပည်ေထာင်စုအေပါ် သစ ာ ှိပါမယ် ့ ဆ ု ိ ပီ း ကျမ်းကျိန်ခိုငး် တယ်။ 10%မဲအေရအတွကပ ် ဲ လိအ ု ပ် တအ ့ဲ စီအစဉ်ချခဲ့တယ်။ – ေတာင်ပိုငး် က တိက ု ခ ် ိုကခ ် ဲ့တသ ့ဲ ေ ူ တွကို လွတ ် ငိမ်းချမ်းသာခွငေ ့် ပး ပီ း ပိုငဆ ် င ုိ မ ် ေတွပါကာကွယေ ် ပးခဲတ ့ ယ်။ – တိင ု း် ြပည်ြပန်လည်စည်းလံးု ေရးအတွက် အေလ ာေ ့ ပးလက်ခံခဲ့ေပမယ့် Lincolnအစီအစဉ်ေတွက သူလပ ု ် ကံခံရ ပီ းတဲေ ့ နာက် ရပ် ဆင ု ိ း် သွားခဲ့တယ်။  Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson succeeded Lincoln after the assassination. He weakly handled the reconstruction process by letting southern states construct themselves. He returned all the lands seized in the war to original owners including the lands that were intended for freed slaves to settle. - Lincolnလုပ် ကံခံရ ပီ းေနာက် Andrew Johnsonက သမ တေနရာ ဆက်ခံတယ်။ - ေတာင်ပိုငး် ြပည်နယ်ေတွကို သူတဘာသာ ို ့ ြပန်လည်တည်ေဆာက်ခွငက ့် ို ေပးခဲ့တယ်။ - က န်ေဟာင်းေတွအတွက် ချေပးထားတဲ့ နယ်ေြမေတွသာမက စစ်အတွငး် က သိမ်းယူထားတဲ့ ေြမေတွကပ ို ါ မူလပိုင ် ှ ငေ ် တွဆ ီ ြပန်ေပးခဲ့တယ်။  Black Codes Under Johnson’s administration, many Southern states passed laws to restrict the rights of formerly enslaved people. Some of these “black codes” prohibited Black people from owning property, owning firearms, testifying in court, or simply occupying certain places. – Johnsonလက်ထက်မှာပဲ ေတာင်ပိုငး် ြပည်နယ်ေတွက က န်ေဟာင်းေတွရဲ ့ အခွငအ ့် ေရးကို ကန်သ ့ တ်တ့ဲ ဥပေဒေတွြပဌန်းခဲ့ ကတယ်။ – လူမည်းေတွမှာ အိမ်ြခံေြမပိုငခ ် ွ ငမ ့် ှိ၊ လက်နက်ပိုငခ ် ွ ငမ ့် ှိ၊တရား ံုးမှာ သက်ေသထွကခ ် ွ ငမ ့် ှိ၊ ေနရာအချို မှာေတာင် သွားခွငမ ့် ှိြဖစ်ခဲတ ့ ယ်။  Ku Klux Klan (KKK) Ku Klux Klan was one of the results of the black codes. The Ku Klux Klan is an American white supremacist terrorist and hate group whose primary targets are African Americans, Jews, Latinos, Asian Americans, Native Americans, immigrants, leftists, homosexuals, Muslims, and atheists. In the late 1860s, KKK physically assaulted and murdered politically active blacks and their allies in the Southern United States. - Black codesေ ကာင ့် Ku Klux Klanေပါ်ေပါက်လာခဲ့တယ်။ - KKKဆိတ ု ာ အေမရိ ကန် လူြဖူအ ကမ်းဖက်အဖွဲ အစည်းြဖစ်တယ်။ - 1860ေ ှာင်းပိုငး် ေတွမှာ ေတာင်ပိုငး် ြပည်နယ်ေတွမှာ ိင ု င ် ေ ံ ရးလ ပ် ှားတဲ့ လူမည်းေတွနဲ သူ ့ တ ို ့ ဘက်ေတာ်သားေတွကို လုပ် ကံသတ်ြဖတ်ခဲ့ ကတယ်။  Penal Labor System One such law justified the arrest of Black people for vagrancy—loitering, wandering, or homelessness. Once arrested, they could be forced to work for punishment in prison or back on plantations; this exception to the 13th Amendment, which ended slavery except as penalty for a crime, enabled slavery to continue through the penal labor system. – လူမည်းေတွဟာ ဘာမှမလုပ်ပဲ ေယာင်လည်လည်လပ ု ် ြခင်း၊ ေနအိမ်မ ှိြခင်းစတဲအ ့ ရာေတွနဲတင် ့ အဖမ်းခံခဲရ ့ တယ်။ – အဖမ်းခံရတဲသ ့ ေ ူ တွဟာ တရားဥပေဒအရ စိုကခ ် င်းေတွမှာ ု ် ခဲ့ရတယ်။13th Amendmentအရ အလုပ် ကမ်းြပန်လပ အတင်းအ ကပ် ခိုငး် ေစခွင ့် မ ှိေပမယ့လ ် ဲ ြပစ်ဒါဏ်ကျူးလွန်ထားသူကို အလုပ် ကမ်းလုပ်ခိုငး် ခွငရ ့် တဲ့ ခ င်းချက်ကို အသံးု ချခဲတ ့ ာြဖစ်တယ်။  Sharecropping Formerly enslaved people were uneducated and unskilled: they only knew how to farm crops. Therefore they sought work through sharecropping, a system in which families rented land from owners who took a share of their crops in exchange. – သူရင်းငှားလုပ်တစ ့ဲ နစ်နဲ ့ ေြမ ှငဆ ် က ီ လယ်ငာှ း ပီ းလုပ်ခဲ့တ့ဲ က န်ေဟာင်းေတွလ ဲ ိှခဲ့တယ်။  Civil Rights Act of 1866 Northern members of Congress rejected Johnson’s policies and used their majority to pass laws despite the President’s veto. These include the Civil Rights Act of 1866, granting citizenship to African Americans and guaranteeing African American men the same rights as white men. – Congressထဲက ေြမာက်ပိုငး် အမတ်ေတွက သမ တJohnsonရဲ ့ မူဝါဒေတွကဆ ို န်က ့ ျင် ပီ း သမ တဗီတအ ို ာဏာကိဖ ု ီဆန် ပီ း ဥပေဒေတွြပဌာန်းခဲ ့ ကတယ်။ – 1866မှာ လူမည်းေတွကို လူြဖူေတွနဲတန် ့ းတူညမ ီ ့် ေရးေပးတဲ့ Civil Rights Actကို ြပဌာန်းခဲ့တယ်။ အခွငအ  Reconstruction Act of 1867 In 1867, the Congress passed the Reconstruction Act, placing former Confederate states under the control of the US Army, effectively declaring martial law. It also modernized Southern education systems, tax collection, and infrastructure. The Freedmen’s Bureau was tasked with assisting freed slaves in the South. - 1867မှာ Congressက Reconstruction Actကို ြပဌာန်းခဲ့တယ်။ အရင် Confederateြပည်နယ်ေတွကို မာ ှယေ ် လာထုတတ ် ယ်။ စစ်တပ် ထန ိ ်းချုပ် မ ေအာက်မှာထားတယ်။ - ေတာင်ပိုငး် ရဲ ပညာေရး၊ ့ အခွန်စနစ်နဲ ့ အေြခခံအေဆာက်အအံေ ု တွကို ေခတ်မီှေအာင်လပ ု ် ခဲ့တယ်။ - ီ ို ့Freedmen’s ေတာင်ပိုငး် က က န်ေဟာင်းေတွကို ကူညဖ Bureauကို တာဝန်ေပးခဲ့တယ်။  Reconstruction Amendments To rejoin the Union, Southern states were required to ratify the 14th Amendment to the Constitution, granting the rights of citizenship and equal protection under the law to formerly enslaved people. By 1870, the right to vote regardless of race would be protected by the 15th Amendment. – ြပည်ေထာင်စုထြဲ ပန်ဝင်ဖို ့ ေတာင်ပိုငး် ြပည်နယ်ေတွက 14th Amendmentကို လက်ခံခဲ့ ကရတယ်။ – 1870မှာ အသားအေရာင်မေရွ းပဲ မဲေပးခွငက ့် ို 15th Amendmentအြဖစ်ြပဌာန်းခဲ့တယ်။  14th Amendment No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. ိင ု င ် သ ံ ားတိင ု း် ၏ အသက်၊လွတလ ် ပ် ခွင၊့် ပိုငဆ ် င ုိ မ ် များကို တရားဥပေဒမဲ့စွာ ထိပါးြခင်းမြပုရ။ အေမရိ ကန် င ို င ် ၏ ံ နယ်နိမိတအ ် တွငး် ိင ု င ် သ ံ ားတိင ု း် ကို တရားဥပေဒြဖင ့် ကာကွယမ ် ေပးရမည်။  15th Amendment The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. မဲေပးခွငက ့် ို လူမျိုး၊အသားအေရာင်၊ ယခင်က က န်ြဖစ်ခဲ့ေသာအေ ကာင်းများေ ကာင ့် မကန်သ ့ တ်ရ။  Exercises 1. In order to guarantee the success of the changes made by the 15th Amendment, what did Grant see as a necessary policy? Grant and the 15th Amendment It is unusual to notify the two Houses of Congress by message of the promulgation, by proclamation of the Secretary of State, of the ratification of a constitutional amendment. In view, however, of the vast importance of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution, this day declared a part of that revered instrument, I deem a departure from the usual custom justifiable. A measure which makes at once 4,000,000 people voters who were heretofore declared by the highest tribunal in the land not citizens of the United States, nor eligible to become so (with the assertion that "at the time of the Declaration of Independence the opinion was fixed and universal in the civilized portion of the white race, regarded as an axiom in morals as well as in politics, that black men had no rights which the white man was bound to respect"), is indeed a measure of grander importance than any other one act of the kind from the foundation of our free Government to the present day...  Exercises I repeat that the adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution completes the greatest civil change and constitutes the most important event that has occurred since the nation came into life. The change will be beneficial in proportion to the heed that is given to the urgent recommendations of Washington. If these recommendations were important then, with a population of but a few million, how much more important now, with a population of 40,000,000, and increasing in a rapid ratio. I would therefore call upon Congress to take all the means within their constitutional powers to promote and encourage popular education throughout the country, and upon the people everywhere to see to it that all who possess and exercise political rights shall have the opportunity to acquire the knowledge which will make their share in the Government a blessing and not a danger. By such means only can the benefits contemplated by this amendment to the Constitution be secured. Ulysses S. Grant A. job creation B. education C. women’s suffrage D. decreased immigration  Exercises 2. By contrast to President Johnson’s leniency, what was the approach taken by the Republican controlled Congress, beginning in 1866, towards Reconstruction? Reconstruction The period following the Civil War, known as Reconstruction, refers to the rebuilding of the Southern States that were part of the Confederacy. There were many questions to be answered during this period; first among them was what the terms would be for the Confederate States to rejoin the Union, and would Congress or the President establish these terms. What would be the fate of the Confederate leaders? How would the emancipated blacks be assimilated into the Southern culture and the economy, and would they have full citizenship? A battle loomed between President Andrew Johnson, and his lenient approach to folding the Confederate States back into the Union, and the Radical Republicans in Congress who favored a hard line approach. Three Constitutional amendments were passed during this time, known as the Civil War Amendments. The Thirteenth Amendment, passed by the Senate prior to the end of the Civil War, guaranteed that slavery would be abolished throughout the United States. The Fourteenth Amendment established citizenship for former slaves and provided them with equal protection under the law. The Fifteenth Amendment granted the right to vote to all male citizens, including blacks. Unfortunately, the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments were subsequently rendered ineffective by the passage of the Black Codes and later the Jim Crow laws throughout the South.  Exercises Reconstruction was split into two phases. The first was the Presidential Reconstruction phase which lasted from 1865 through 1867. President Andrew Johnson adopted a very lenient policy toward the former Confederacy. He pardoned most of the former leaders of the Confederacy and appointed governors to rule provisional state governments. Johnson believed that each state should chart their own course towards reentry into the Union. He also felt that the states were in the best position to develop policies on how to handle their newly emancipated slaves. Johnson’s leniency enraged many Northerners who felt the South should be punished for seceding from the Union and taking up arms against the North. The Congressional Elections of 1866 brought Radical Republicans into the majority. The Radical Republicans in Congress wanted to ensure that the leaders of the Confederacy were not put back in power and that the plantation system of the South was destroyed. In 1867 Congress passed the Military Reconstruction Acts, dividing the former Confederate States into five military districts. While maintaining martial law, the Act also defined the rules for the Confederate States to re- establish their governments. It also helped to enforce the Fifteenth Amendment and ensure that freed blacks could vote and run for public office. President Johnson attempted to veto these Acts, but in each case, his veto was overridden by Congress. This eventually led to impeachment proceedings against Johnson, initiated by the Radical Republicans in Congress. Johnson barely survived the impeachment by a single vote in the Senate; however, his power to influence the Reconstruction was greatly diminished.  Exercises A. They supported Johnson’s approach of leniency for southern whites and self-rule by the southern states. B. They felt the southern states should be left to figure out their own problems with regard to their economy and how to handle the recently freed black slaves. C. They wanted to assist the southern states with rebuilding their infrastructure and their economy and provide guidance on how best to incorporate freed black slaves into the Southern culture. D. They wanted to punish the South, maintain martial law, and prevent the pre-war southern leaders from returning to power.