GECELEC1-Module1.pdf

GEC ELEC 1 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA Introduction to Information and Communication Technology Introduction to Information and Communication Technology Information and Communication Technology Information and communication technologies (ICT) is defined as a diverse set of tec...

GEC ELEC 1 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA Introduction to Information and Communication Technology Introduction to Information and Communication Technology Information and Communication Technology Information and communication technologies (ICT) is defined as a diverse set of technological tools and resources used to transmit, store, create, share or exchange information. These technological tools and resources include computers, the Internet (websites, blogs and emails), live broadcasting technologies (radio, television and webcasting), recorded broadcasting technologies (podcasting, audio and video players, and storage devices) and telephony (fixed or mobile, satellite, visio/video-conferencing, etc.). Information and Communication Technology Uses of ICT in our daily lives Communication Job Opportunities Education Socializing Information and Communication Technology Uses of ICT in our daily lives Communication ICT plays a significant role in communication today, replacing traditional methods such as sending letters via post mail. With the use of cellular phones and various digital platforms, people can easily connect with loved ones from far away. Information and Communication Technology Uses of ICT in our daily lives Job Opportunities In the employment sector, having ICT skills is crucial for efficient operation of organizations. It allows employees to focus on areas of their job role that require soft skills, as ICT systems take care of the routine tasks. Information and Communication Technology Uses of ICT in our daily lives Education Effective integration of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in curriculum by digitally literate teachers can significantly impact student learning. ICT tools such as communication, creation, dissemination, storage, and information management are widely used in schools. Information and Communication Technology Uses of ICT in our daily lives Socializing The widespread adoption of social media has brought significant changes to the world, affecting how people find partners, access news, and organize for political change. Social media and the internet offer numerous benefits to young people, including the ability to maintain social connections and access vast amounts of information, leading to improved self-confidence and social skills. Information and Communication Technology Impact of ICT in the Society ICT has greatly improved connectivity and access to information, enhancing efficiency and innovation. However, it also brings challenges like privacy issues, cybercrime, and digital divides, which can increase inequality and affect mental health. Balancing these benefits and drawbacks is essential for positive societal impact. Information and Communication Technology Positive Impact of ICT Access to Information Improved Access to Education New tools and Opportunities Communication Information Management Security Distance Learning Information and Communication Technology Positive Impact of ICT Access to Information The growth of the Internet has led to increased access to information and services, resulting in better and often more affordable communications such as VoIP phone and instant messaging Information and Communication Technology Positive Impact of ICT Improved access to education ICT has improved access to education through distance learning and online tutorials, providing new ways of learning through interactive multimedia and virtual reality. Information and Communication Technology Positive Impact of ICT New tools and Opportunities The advancement of ICT has provided access to new tools that were previously unavailable, such as digital cameras, photo-editing software, high-quality printers, and screen magnification or screen reading software, which has made it possible for partially sighted or blind individuals to work with ordinary text rather than relying solely on Braille. Information and Communication Technology Positive Impact of ICT Communication ICT can lead to cost savings by using various forms of digital communication instead of traditional methods, such as using VoIP instead of a regular phone, email or messaging instead of postal mail, and video conferencing instead of traveling to meetings. Information and Communication Technology Positive Impact of ICT Information Management This refers to the benefits of information management provided by ICT. Data mining enables companies to extract useful information from large amounts of data, such as customer information, to produce targeted advertising. Improved stock control leads to less waste and better cash flow. Information and Communication Technology Positive Impact of ICT Security The use of ICT can solve or reduce some security problems. For example, encryption methods can protect data from unauthorized access both while it is stored and while it is being transmitted electronically. Information and Communication Technology Positive Impact of ICT Distance Learning Distance learning and online tutorials allow students to access teaching materials from all over the world. Information and Communication Technology Negative Impact of ICT Job Loss Reduced Personal Interaction Reduced Physical Activity Cost Competition Information and Communication Technology Negative Impact of ICT Job Loss The use of automation is resulting in the replacement of manual labor, including the use of robots in assembly lines, and job export to countries with lower operating costs. Information and Communication Technology Negative Impact of ICT Reduced personal interaction Social interaction is important for most people's well-being, and the absence of opportunities to meet and converse with others can lead to feelings of isolation and unhappiness. Reduced physical activity A lack of social interaction can result in health issues like obesity, heart disease, and diabetes. Information and Communication Technology Negative Impact of ICT Cost Implementing and maintaining ICT systems can be costly due to the expense of purchasing hardware and software, as well as the need for specialized staff to operate them. Competition While increased competition is often considered favorable, it may present difficulties for certain organizations. Information and Communication Technology What is a Computer? Information and Communication Technology Definition of Computer Computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions (program). Information and Communication Technology Three principal characteristics of computer: 1. It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. 2. It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions. 3. It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data. Information and Communication Technology History of Computer Information and Communication Technology History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods Earliest Computers originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was computer. The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century. Information and Communication Technology History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods Tally sticks A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages. Information and Communication Technology History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods Abacus An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations. The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C. It used to perform basic arithmetic operations. Information and Communication Technology History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods Napier’s Bones Invented by John Napier in 1614. Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards. Information and Communication Technology History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods Slide Rule Invented by William Oughtred in 1622. Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms. Used primarily for – multiplication – division – roots – logarithms – Trigonometry Information and Communication Technology History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods Pascaline Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. It was its limitation to addition and subtraction. It is too expensive. Information and Communication Technology History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods Stepped Reckoner Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672. The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically. Information and Communication Technology History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods Jacquard Loom The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881. It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards. Information and Communication Technology History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods Arithmometer A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820, The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine. The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions. Information and Communication Technology History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods Difference Engine and Analytical Engine It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834 It is the first mechanical computer. Information and Communication Technology History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods First Computer Programmer In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system. She writes programs for the Analytical Engine. also known as Ada Lovelace Information and Communication Technology History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods Scheutzian Calculation Engine Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843. Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine. The first printing calculator. Information and Communication Technology History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods Tabulating Machine Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890. To assist in summarizing information and accounting. Information and Communication Technology History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods Harvard Mark 1 Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC). Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943 The first electro-mechanical computer. Information and Communication Technology History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods Z1 The first programmable computer. Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938. To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch tape. Information and Communication Technology History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) It was the first electronic digital computing device. Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942. Information and Communication Technology History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods ENIAC ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. It was the first electronic general-purpose computer. Completed in 1946. Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. Information and Communication Technology History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods UNIVAC 1 The UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer 1) was the first commercial computer. Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. Information and Communication Technology History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods EDVAC EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer The First Stored Program Computer Designed by Von Neumann in 1952. It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data. Information and Communication Technology History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods The First Portable Computer Osborne 1 – the first portable computer. Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation. Information and Communication Technology History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods The First Computer Company The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company. Founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. Information and Communication Technology Basic Computing Periods - Ages Premechanical Mechanical Electromechanical Electronic Information and Communication Technology Basic Computing Periods - Ages Premechanical The premechanical age is the earliest age of information technology. It can be defined as the time between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D. Early humans used petroglyphs during the premechanical period. Petroglyphs are rock engravings or carvings created by pecking, incising, or carving into rock surfaces. Information and Communication Technology Basic Computing Periods - Ages Premechanical Petroglyph Information and Communication Technology Basic Computing Periods - Ages Premechanical As alphabets became more popular and more people were writing information down, pens and paper began to be developed. It started off as just marks in wet clay, but later paper was created out of papyrus plant. Information and Communication Technology Basic Computing Periods - Ages Premechanical Papyrus plant paper Information and Communication Technology Basic Computing Periods - Ages Premechanical Also, during this period were the first numbering systems. Around 100A.D. was when the first 1-9 system was created by people from India. However, it wasn’t until 875A.D. (775 years later) that the number 0 was invented. A calculator was the very first sign of an information processor. The popular model of that time was the abacus. Information and Communication Technology Basic Computing Periods - Ages Mechanical The mechanical age is when we first start to see connections between our current technology and its ancestors during 1450 – 1840. During this time, the interest in automating and speeding up numerical calculations grew. This period concentrated on the development of machines that will enhance calculation speed. The highlight of this period is the advent of the Mechanical Calculator called Pascaline. Information and Communication Technology Basic Computing Periods - Ages Electromechanical The electromechanical age can be defined as the time between 1840 and 1940. These are the beginnings of telecommunication. The telegraph was created in the early 1800s. Morse code was created by Samuel Morse in 1835. The telephone (one of the most popular forms of communication ever) was created by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. The first radio developed by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894. Information and Communication Technology Basic Computing Periods - Ages Electromechanical Telegraph First Radio Telephone Information and Communication Technology Basic Computing Periods - Ages Electromechanical The first large-scale automatic digital computer in the United States was the Mark 1 created by Harvard University around 1940. It was programmed using punch cards. Information and Communication Technology Basic Computing Periods - Ages Electromechanical Harvard Mark 1 Information and Communication Technology Basic Computing Periods - Ages Electronic. It can be defined as the time between 1940 and right now. The ENIAC was the first high-speed, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. This computer was designed to be used by the U.S. Army for artillery firing tables. Information and Communication Technology Basic Computing Periods - Ages Electronic There are 4 main sections of digital computing. The first was the era of vacuum tubes and punch cards like the ENIAC and Mark 1. Information and Communication Technology Basic Computing Periods - Ages Electronic There are 4 main sections of digital computing. The second generation replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, punch cards were replaced with magnetic tape, and rotating magnetic drums were replaced by magnetic cores for internal storage. Also during this time high-level programming languages were created such as FORTRAN and COBOL. Information and Communication Technology Basic Computing Periods - Ages Electronic There are 4 main sections of digital computing. The third generation replaced transistors with integrated circuits, magnetic tape was used throughout all computers, and magnetic core turned into metal oxide semiconductors. An actual operating system showed up around this time along with the advanced programming language BASIC. Information and Communication Technology Basic Computing Periods - Ages Electronic There are 4 main sections of digital computing. The fourth and latest generation brought in CPUs (central processing units) which contained memory, logic, and control circuits all on a single chip. The personal computer was developed (Apple II). The graphical user interface (GUI) was developed. Information and Communication Technology Basic Computing Periods - Ages Electromechanical Apple 2 Information and Communication Technology History of Computers: Generations of Computer First generation – 1946 to 1958 Second generation – 1959 to 1964 Third generation – 1965 to 1970 Fourth generation – 1971 to Today Fifth generation – Today to future Information and Communication Technology Generations of Computer The First Generation The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest- level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. Information and Communication Technology Generations of Computer The First Generation Examples: – ENIAC – EDSAC – UNIVAC I, UNIVAC II, UNIVAC 1101 Information and Communication Technology Generations of Computer The Second Generation Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes. It allows the computers to become smaller. Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. Information and Communication Technology Generations of Computer The Second Generation Examples: UNIVAC III, RCA 501, Philco Transact S-2000, NCR 300 series, IBM 7030 Stretch, IBM 7070, 7080, 7090 series Information and Communication Technology Generations of Computer The Third Generation The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. Information and Communication Technology Generations of Computer The Fourth Generation The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. Computers form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Information and Communication Technology Generations of Computer The Fifth Generation Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Still in development. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Thank you!