Human Growth and Development PDF - Islamic University of Gaza

Islamic University of Gaza Faculty of Nursing Human Growth and Development 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 1  Islamic University of Gaza Faculty of Nursing...

Islamic University of Gaza Faculty of Nursing Human Growth and Development 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 1  Islamic University of Gaza Faculty of Nursing Chapter 1 The Science of Development 2 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development  ‫يقول هللا سبحانه وتعالى في سورة المؤمنون‪(:‬آية ‪)15-12‬‬ ‫ٌن (‪ )13‬ث ُ َّم‬ ‫طفَةً ِفً قَ َر ٍار َم ِك ٍ‬ ‫ٌن (‪ )12‬ث ُ َّم َجعَ ْلنَاهُ نُ ْ‬ ‫س ََللَ ٍة ِم ْن ِط ٍ‬ ‫ان ِم ْن ُ‬ ‫س َ‬ ‫اْل ْن َ‬ ‫َولَقَ ْد َخلَ ْقنَا ْ ِ‬ ‫ام لَ ْح ًما ث ُ َّم‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫َا‬ ‫ن‬‫و‬‫ْ‬ ‫س‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬‫ً‬ ‫ا‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ع‬‫ِ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ة‬‫َ‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫م‬‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫َا‬ ‫ن‬‫ق‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ل‬‫خ‬‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ة‬‫َ‬ ‫غ‬‫ض‬‫ْ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ة‬‫َ‬ ‫ق‬‫َ‬ ‫ل‬‫َ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫َا‬ ‫ن‬‫ق‬‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ل‬‫خ‬‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ة‬‫َ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ل‬‫ع‬‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ة‬‫َ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َخلَ ْقنَا النُّ‬ ‫ون (‪)15‬‬ ‫ٌن (‪ )14‬ث ُ َّم ِإنَّ ُك ْم بَ ْع َد ذَ ِل َك لَ َم ٌِّت ُ َ‬ ‫س ُن ْالخَا ِل ِق َ‬ ‫َّللاُ أ َ ْح َ‬ ‫ار َك َّ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ت‬‫َ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫َر‬‫َ‬ ‫خ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َل‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ه‬‫َا‬ ‫ن‬‫ْ‬ ‫أ َ ْنشَأ‬ ‫ويقول هللا سبحانه وتعالى في سورة غافر‪(:‬آية ‪)67‬‬ ‫علَقَ ٍة ث ُ َّم ٌُ ْخ ِر ُج ُك ْم ِط ْف ًَل ث ُ َّم ِلت َ ْبلُغُوا أ َ ُ‬ ‫ش َّد ُك ْم‬ ‫ب ث ُ َّم ِم ْن نُ ْ‬ ‫طفَ ٍة ث ُ َّم ِم ْن َ‬ ‫ُه َو الَّ ِذي َخلَقَ ُك ْم ِم ْن ت ُ َرا ٍ‬ ‫س ًّمى َولَعَلَّ ُك ْم ت َ ْع ِقلُ َ‬ ‫ون‬ ‫شٌُو ًخا َو ِم ْن ُك ْم َم ْن ٌُت َ َوفَّى ِم ْن قَ ْب ُل َو ِلت َ ْبلُغُوا أ َ َج ًَل ُم َ‬ ‫ث ُ َّم ِلت َ ُكونُوا ُ‬ ‫(‪)67‬‬ ‫‪2ndt Semester 22-23‬‬ ‫‪Bader A. EL Safadi‬‬ ‫‪BSN , MSc‬‬ ‫‪Growth and development‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬  Development Through The Lifespan 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 4  Introduction  The human being is never static.  Human development passes through orderly and sequentially linked with the preceding and succeeding stages.  Features unique to each stage change from stage to stage that vary from person to person.  The early childhood years a time of endless opportunities that entails and focus on study of importance of child's first year of life, especially from conception to three years which has a critical influence on neurological pathway that affect health, learning, and behavior during the life cycle. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 5 Introduction  Children develop as they interact with their surroundings.  They learn skills at different ages, but the order in which they learn them is universal.  Development is affected by factors such as nutrition and cultural practices, as well as the social situation in the country or neighborhood.  In this course, you will learn general principles of growth and development and will explore several theories related to childhood development. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 6 Nature versus Nurture controversy Why are you the way you are?............... The nature–nurture debate has many other names, among them heredity– environment and maturation–learning.  Nature refers to the genetic or hereditary capability of an individual ( internal factors).  Example (Eye color and skin pigmentation).  Nurture refers to the influence of external factors after conception.  Example (Prenatal influences, nutrition, diseases, interpersonal relationships ) 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 7  Both nature and nurture are important in determining individual patterns of development.  Nature and Nurture have significant role in human development.  Some people argue that a person's heredity decides his growth and development, and others argue that it is environment which decides the individual's pattern of growth and development.  Nature and nurture are mutually interactive influences.  i.e., Nature always affects nurture, and then nurture affects nature. The question is “how much,” not “which,” affect 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 8 PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT The prenatal development period covers the time from conception to birth and is sometimes described in three stages (germinal, embryonic, and fetal). Conception occurs when an egg from the mother is fertilized by a sperm from the father. Fertilization occurs when the sperm successfully enters the ovum's membrane. The genetical material of the sperm and egg that combine to form a single cell, called a zygote (a fertilized egg ). 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 9  Periods of prenatal development 1. Pre-embryonic or Germinal Period (first two weeks after conception)  The Germinal stage refers to the time from fertilization, through the development of the early embryo, up until implantation.  The germinal stage is over at about 10 days of gestation.  The fertilized egg is called a zygote.  Cell division begins approximately 24 to 36 hours after conception.  Through the process of mitosis, Zygote begins duplication.  Mitosis is a cell division that results in the formation of two daughter cells each with the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell.. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 10 1. Pre-embryonic or Germinal Period  Development of the placenta.  Organism grows rapidly.  Pregnancy can be detected due to new chemicals in the mother’s urine. The original zygote begins duplication by process of mitosis and division within hours of conception. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 11  Pre-embryonic or Germinal Period 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 12  2. The Embryonic Period  A period of organogenesis.  The embryonic period begins once the zygote is implanted in the uterine wall.  It lasts from the 3rd through 8th week after conception.  Multi-cellular organism is called an embryo.  The placenta provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.  During the embryonic stage, the heart begins to beat.  The neural tube forms along the back of the embryo, developing into the spinal cord and brain.  Head takes shape, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth form. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 13  2. The Embryonic Period  Extremities develop and webbed fingers and toes separate.  The embryo is approximately 1 inch in length and weighs about 4 grams at the end of this period.  By the end of this stage, the organism takes on a more human appearance.  During this stage the organism is most vulnerable to the greatest amount of damage if exposed to harmful substances. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 14  The Embryonic Period 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 15  3. Fetal Period (9th week until birth)  Developing human organism from the start of the 9th week after conception until birth.  When the organism is about nine weeks old, the embryo is called a fetus.  At this stage, the fetus is about the size of a kidney bean.  From 9–12 weeks, the sex organs begin to differentiate.  By the 12th week, the fetus has all its body parts including external genitalia.  Fingers and toes are fully developed.  The respiratory system continues to develop. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 16 3. Fetal Period (9th week until birth)  Throughout the fetal stage, the brain continues to grow and develop.  Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal growth.  Heartbeat detectable via stethoscope.  All body parts and systems complete prenatal development.  Brain is able to regulate basic body functions. (e.g., breathing).  The first chance of survival outside the womb, known as the age of viability is reached at about 22 to 26 weeks after conception.  Chances of survival increase with each day after the 22-week mark. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 17  Concepts of Human Growth and Development  Most people use the terms "growth" and "development" interchangeably and accept them as synonymous.  But in reality, the meanings of these two terms are different.  The term growth and development or both are independent, interrelated and dynamic process (e.g., an infant muscles, bones and nervous system must grow to a certain point before, the infant sits up or walk).  Growth is a dominant biological activity during the first two decades or so of human life, including, of course nine months of prenatal life, while growing the individual also matures. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 18  Concepts of Human Growth and Development  Human development is a continuous process that begins when an ovum is fertilized by a sperm.  Cell division, growth, differentiation, and even cell death, transform the fertilized ovum into a multicellular human being.  Although important maturational changes continue to occur during the postnatal period (infancy, childhood, adolescence and even adulthood), the formation of the organ systems occurs between fertilization and birth, the prenatal period. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 19 Definitions Growth refers to " an increase in physical size".. Characteristics 1. Changes in the various parts of the body (physical changes only). 2. Changes in quantitative aspects ( increase in size, height and weight). 3. It will not continue throughout life. 4. It may or may not bring development.  Example: a boy may grow (e.g., weight) by becoming fat but this growth may not bring any functional development. 5. It is measurable because the quantitative changes are specific.  (can be measured in Kg, pounds, meters, inches). 6. It is physical and external in nature. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 20  Development refers to " an increase in capability or function". Characteristics 1. It refers to overall changes resulting in improved function. 2. It refers to changes in both quantitative and qualitative aspects. 3. It is a continuous process. 4. It is a possible without growth. 5. Qualitative changes are observable not measurable.  Example: The person develops their ability to walk, talk, to run ……... 6. It is internal and can be physical, social, emotional and intellectual. 7. Development is considered a functional. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 21 Maturation refers to " The completion of growth and development within the organism" Characteristics 1. It is the physical, intellectual, or emotional process of development. 2. The level of maturation depends on child’s heredity. 3. It is timing can be influenced by environmental factors. 4. It is often not quantifiable. 5. It is controlled by internal biological factors. 6. Occurs naturally without any conscious effort on the part of the individual. 7. Provides us with the basic ability to do something which then makes way for learning to occur.  Example: brain development resulting with an ability to handle more complex tasks. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 22  Important of study of human growth and development 1.Public health screening  Powerful tool for early identification of children who may not look obviously sick or is suffering from latent illness.  More useful for prevention of diseases and promotion of their health. 2.Indicator of general health and nutrition of the community  Pooled data of growth and development of children in the community is an indirect of health and nutritional status of the entire community, when it is compared with similar data collected simultaneously from other population subgroup. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 23  Important of study of human growth and development …cont'd 3. Evaluation of social action  Effectiveness of medical or social measure for promotion health of the community can be evaluated by comparing the growth data before and after the remedial action is taken. 4. Clinical aspects or practice  Development history helps in determining retrospectively the time of onset of many diseases which are likely to affect the process of growth.  Response to treatment in a sick child may be documented by observing its effect on the subsequent growth experiences of child. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 24  Dimensions of human growth and development 1. Physical development  Refers to increase in the size and number of cells as an increase in the weigh, height and head and chest circumferences. 2. Physiological development  Refers to maturation of organs as maturation of CNS. 3. Motor development  Refers to maturation of motor functioning as the ability of infants to sitting, walking and writing. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 25  Dimensions of human growth and development 4. Sensory development  Refers to maturation of five major senses (vision, hearing, sensation and taste). 5. Intellectual development  Refers to maturation of brain size and functioning as speech 6. Linguistic ( speech ) development  Refers to the ability of speaking word and sentences. 7. Emotional development:  Development of emotional senses as love, hate and fear. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 26  Dimensions of human growth and development 8. Social development  Refers to maturation of parental communication as infant-maternal bonding and the communication in the community. 9. Sexual development:  Sexual maturation physiologically as maturation of gonads or emotional aspect. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 27  Factors Affecting Growth and Development 1. Heredity  Hereditary influences all aspects of physical appearance such as height, weight. (e.g., tall parents have tall offspring ).  Genetic and chromosomal disorder also effect on growth and development 2. Nutrition  Nutrition is a critical factor in growth.  A balanced diet is essential for the development of the brain and body.  A sufficiency of food is essential for normal growth.  Malnutrition can cause deficiency diseases that adversely affect the growth and development of children. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 28  Factors Affecting Growth and Development  Overeating can lead to obesity and health problems (DM and heart disease).  Malnourished mother produce babies with IUGR. 3. Sex  The sex of the child is affecting the physical G & D of a child.  Boys and girls grow in different ways, especially nearing puberty.  Boys tend to be taller and physically stronger than girls.  However, girls tend to mature faster during adolescence, while boys mature over a longer period of time.  The physical structure of their bodies also has differences which make boys more athletic and suited for activities. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 29  Factors Affecting Growth and Development 4. Socio-Economic Status  The socio-economic status of a family determines the quality of the opportunity a child gets.  Poor socio-economic condition affects G & D.  Urbanization has positively influenced growth.  Sanitary conditions, poor housing, stressful family condition, bad financial situation………... etc., have a serious effect on child's G & D.  Children’s coming from adequate finances are more likely to grow and develop to optimal levels. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 30  Factors Affecting Growth and Development 5. Familial Influence  Size of family exerts an indirect influence on the rate of growth.  The number of children in the family exerts an effect on the children’s rate of growth.  Higher family education levels have a positive impact on growth.  Families that abuse or neglect children would affect their positive development.  The inadequate emotional support and inadequate developmental stimulus, might cause growth and development deterioration. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 31  Factors Affecting Growth and Development 6. Environmental and seasonal  Some of the environmental factors influencing early childhood development involving physical, psychological, social, cultural factors.  A well-nurtured child does better than a deprived one.  A good school and a loving family build in children strong social and interpersonal skills.  Geographical environment has an effect on child growth and development. 7. Chronic diseases  Chronic untreated diseases of heart, lungs, liver etc. impair growth and development seriously. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 32  Factors Affecting Growth and Development 8. Exercise and Health  Activities are essential for normal growth and development.  Proper exercise helps children grow well and reach milestones on time or sooner.  Exercise also keeps them healthy and fights off diseases by strengthening the immune system.  Bedridden child would not grow as an active one. 9. Endocrine factors  Result in normal variations among individuals. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 33  Factors Affecting Growth and Development 10.Intrauterine  IUGR and maternal infections and diseases affect on G & D.  Maternal diabetes may result in more than normal weight baby. 11.Injuries and illnesses  Occurring during birth or later, can affect growth and development. 12.Growth potentials  The smaller the child at birth, the smaller he is likely to be in subsequent years.  The larger the child at birth, the larger he is likely to be in later years. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 34 2ndt Semester 21-22 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 35