Gaines_Criminal Justice in Action_11e_PPT_ch06 LM REV FA 21.pdf

Chapter 6: Problems and Solutions in Modern Policing CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN ACTION, 11e Larry K. G...

Chapter 6: Problems and Solutions in Modern Policing CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN ACTION, 11e Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1  Icebreaker 1. You’re a police officer and are approached by a citizen who is concerned about illegal parking on their street. For your next couple of shifts, you notice there are numerous vehicles illegally parked, just as the complaining citizen stated. 2. What do you do? Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2  Learning Objectives 6.1 Explain why police officers are allowed discretionary powers. 6.2 List the three primary purposes of police patrol. 6.3 Describe how forensic experts use DNA fingerprints to solve crimes. 6.4 Explain why differential response strategies enable police departments to respond more efficiently to 911 calls. 6.5 Explain community policing and its contribution to the concept of problem-oriented policing. 6.6 Describe the process of socialization in police subculture. 6.7 Define a police stressor and list some stressors that impact the mental health of law enforcement agents. 6.8 Clarify the concepts of nondeadly force, deadly force, and reasonable force in the context of police use of force. 6.9 Describe some of the ways that police officers are held accountable for their actions. 6.10 Explain what an ethical dilemma is and name four categories of ethical dilemmas that a police officer typically may face. Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3 The Role of Discretion in Policing (1 of 2) Justification for police discretion ? Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4  The Role of Discretion in Policing (1 of 2) Justification for police discretion: − Police officers are assumed trustworthy and honest − Experience and training − Knowledge about human and criminal behavior − Must be allowed to make reasonable decisions to protect themselves Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 5  The Role of Discretion in Policing (2 of 2) Factors of police discretion − Elements of discretion 1. Nature or seriousness of the crime 2. Attitude of the wrong doer 3. Relationship between the victim and offender 4. Departmental policy − Policy: set of guiding principles that police must adhere to Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6  Police Organization and Field Operations (1 of 8) Bureaucracy: hierarchically structured administrative organization that carries out specific functions Structure of the police department − Chain of command ▪ Delegation of authority: taking orders from and responsible to a supervisory position − Area and time ▪ Cities are divided in zones, beats, or precincts with 24 hours shifts of personnel Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7  Police Organization and Field Operations (2 of 8) Structure of the police department (continued) − Law enforcement in the field ▪ Patrol, investigations, and special investigations Police on Patrol: The Backbone − Patrol 1. Deterrence of crime and maintain police visibility 2. Maintain public order and a sense of security 3. Provide certain non-crime services 24 hours a day Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 8 Police Organization and Field Operations (3 of 8) − Patrol ▪ Mental illness 6 to 10% of police-public contacts Crisis Intervention Team (CIT): officers trained to recognize behavior cues associated with mental illness and develop de-escalation practices, and deliver medical services ▪ Patrol activities Preventative, maintain presence in community Calls for service Administrative duties: report writing Office initiated activity–on view activity like traffic stops and contacts Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9  Police Organization and Field Operations − Detective investigations ▪ Detective: primary police investigator of crimes ▪ Aggressive investigation strategies Sting or undercover operations Confidential informant (CI): persons involved in criminal activity and gives information to police, usually for something in return ▪ Clearance rates and cold cases Clearance rates: comparison of crimes committed, and arrests made for those crimes Cold cases: investigation not solved for a certain amount of time Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10  Police Organization and Field Operations − Forensic investigations and DNA (5 of 8) ▪ Forensics: application of science to establish facts and evidence during the investigation of crimes ▪ Crime scene forensics Trace evidence: fingerprints, blood, hair, fibers Ballistics: study of firearms, bullets, and trajectory Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11 ▪ Fingerprint reliability Scientists looks for points of similarity in compared fingerprints Highly reliable, but not infallible (human error) Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12 Police Organization and Field Operations (6 of 8) − Forensic investigations and DNA (continued) ▪ DNA revolution DNA fingerprinting: identification of individuals based on samples of their DNA DNA: genetic blueprint of a living organism: No two people have the same DNA (except identical twins). Scientists compare thirteen points (“markers”) of DNA fingerprints to try and match crime scene DNA to possible offender DNA. A positive DNA fingerprint match has a probability that it belongs to the matched person that extents as high as 30 billion to one. Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 13 Police Organization and Field Operations (7 of 8) − Forensic investigations and DNA (continued) ▪ Databases Cold hit: when crime scene DNA is compared to a DNA database and match is found ▪ New developments ▪ Touch DNA: presence of DNA from a touch, i.e., food or clothing ▪ Rapid DNA: has reduced DNA processing from days to minutes ▪ Witness: DNA can provide physical characteristics of an offender or victim (phenotyping) Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 14 Police Organization and Field Operations (8 of 8) − Forensic investigations and DNA (continued) ▪ Collection policies Convicted felony offenders required by law to provide DNA sample FBI CODIS: 4 million DNA profiles of arrestees ▪ Forward looking Biometrics: identification based on unique physical characteristics like fingerprints or facial configuration Cyber forensics Digital evidence: data that is stored or transmitted by electronic means Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 15  Discussion Activity 1 Maryland resident Alonzo King was arrested for threatening a group of people with a shotgun. Local police took a swab of DNA from his cheek. The sample matched evidence from an unsolved rape case in the state DNA database, and King was eventually convicted of that crime and sentenced to life in prison. He challenged this outcome, focusing on the unfairness of a Maryland law that allows for DNA fingerprinting of those who have been arrested, but not yet convicted, of violent crimes. Was collecting Mr. King’s DNA at the time of his arrest for threatening with a shotgun an unreasonable invasion of his rights? Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 16  Discussion Activity 1 Debrief Maryland v. King (2013) King’s challenge gave the United States Supreme Court a chance to decide a crucial question: Is taking DNA samples from arrestees (a) merely the equivalent of traditional fingerprinting or (b) an unacceptable invasion of privacy of the potentially innocent? The Court upheld Maryland’s right to take DNA samples from people arrested for serious crimes. Justice Scalia argued, “[B]ecause of today’s decision, your DNA can be taken and entered into a national database if you are ever arrested, rightly or wrongly, and for whatever reason.” Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17  Police Strategies: What Works (1 of 6) Calls for service − Incident-driven policing: one-third of patrol time answering citizen calls for assistance − Response time: time elapsed between the call for service and police arriving on scene − Improving response time efficiency ▪ Differential response: strategy that prioritizes calls for service. “Hot” crimes get immediate attention, while “cold” crimes get attention when time permits. Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 18  Police Strategies: What Works (2 of 6) 911 technology − Computer-aided dispatch (CAD): automatic differential response, 911 operator enters crime information and computer prioritizes Patrol Strategies − Random patrol: officer monitors specific area tying to detect crimes in progress or deter crime through their presence − Directed patrol: target specific area to prevent a specific type of crime, more efficient than random patrols Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 19  Police Strategies: What Works (3 of 6) Smart policing − Hot spot technology ▪ Hot spots: areas of high criminal activity that draws directed patrol ▪ Crime mapping: analysts identify trends and patterns in crime within an area ▪ Timing: patrol timing intervals can deter crimes − Rise of CompStat ▪ Started in mid-1990s in New York City; deployed computerized crime mapping Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 20 Police Strategies: What Works (4 of 6) Arrest strategies − Reactive arrests: arrest made from call for service or on viewed crime − Proactive arrests: arrest from police activity targeting a particular crime − Broken windows theory: Neighborhoods in disrepair signal criminal activity. Focus on quality-of-life crimes can reclaim neighborhoods and reduce crime Mixed evaluation − Some experts question the broken windows theory because of dropping violent crime rates. − “Zero tolerance” Larry K. Gaines and Rogerpolicies are LeRoy Miller, Criminal also Justice in Action,criticized th as discriminatory. 11 Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 21 Police Strategies: What Works (5 of 6) Community policing and problem solving − Community policing: emphasizes community support and cooperation with the police to deter and solve crime − Police develop personal relationships with residents Collaborative reform − Police form partnerships with local leaders to address difficult issues like use of force incidents and arrest policies Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 22  Police Strategies: What Works (6 of 6) Problem-oriented policing − Policing philosophy that requires police to identify criminal activity and then respond to that activity − Not just responding to crimes, but identifying the cause of the criminal behavior Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 23  Think-Pair-Share Get into groups of two (or 3) You are patrol officers and have a convenience store in your beat that has numerous shoplifting calls for service every day. You talk to the owner and community members and learn there has been an increase in the homeless population. Citizens have even reported seeing used needles in the street. Work together to come up with some possible solutions to this problem: how can you reduce crime and help the community? Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 24  Us versus Them: Issues in Modern Policing (1 of 9) Police subculture − Values and perceptions shared by members of law enforcement Core values of police subculture − Socialization: process police officers are taught values and expected behavior of the subculture ▪ Includes experiencing the following: attend police academy, learn from senior officers, use force to make an arrest, use or witness deadly force, witness traumatic incident ▪ Blue curtain: values of police subculture and mistrust of outside world Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 25  Us versus Them: Issues in Modern Policing (2 of 9) Police cynicism − Rejection of the traditional ideals of truth and justice; replaced with rules learned in the subculture Physical dangers of police work − Officers killed or assaulted: in 2020, __?__ officers were killed in the line of duty Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 26  Us versus Them: Issues in Modern Policing (2 of 9) Physical dangers of police work − Officers killed or assaulted: in 2020, 175 officers were killed in the line of duty ▪ Body armor: protective covering worn by police officers; bullet proof vest Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 27  Us versus Them: Issues in Modern Policing (3 of 9) Physical dangers of police work − Accidental deaths ▪ 2018 to 2020: 113 officers were killed in traffic related incidents. - 43% were not wearing seat belts. − 2018 to 2020: 116 officers were killed by gunfire. Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 28  Us versus Them: Issues in Modern Policing (4 of 9) Stress and the mental dangers of police work − Stressor: conditions that cause stress − Police stressors ▪ Constant fear of being the victim of violent crime ▪ Exposure to violent crime and its victims ▪ Need to comply with the law in every job action ▪ Lack of community support ▪ Negative media coverage Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 29  Us versus Them: Issues in Modern Policing (5 of 9) Consequences of police stress − Burnout and PTSD ▪ Burnout: mental exhaustion normally from overwork and stress ▪ PTSD: re-experiencing traumatic events, survival guilty, withdrawing from normal social interactions − Coping ability ▪ Most officers mask their emotional trauma due to the subculture; cops do not show emotions and cops are “tough as nails” Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 30  Us versus Them: Issues in Modern Policing (6 of 9) Police use of force − Incidence of force ▪ Use of physical force: only about 1% of 53.5 million police and public interactions − Types of force ▪ Nondeadly force: not likely to cause death or serious injury Reasonable force: reasonable person would assume force was necessary for the officer to carry out legal duties ▪ Deadly force: likely to cause death or serious injury Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 31  Us versus Them: Issues in Modern Policing (7 of 9) US Supreme Court and use of force − Tennessee v. Garner (1985): offered restrictions on fleeing felons; “It is not better that all felony suspects die than that they escape.” − Graham v. Connor (1989): Court recognized officers must make split second decisions without worrying about legal ramifications. ▪ Use of force should be judged by the reasonableness of the officer on the scene, rather than 20/20 vision of hindsight. Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 32  Us versus Them: Issues in Modern Policing (8 of 9) Figure 6.6 The Orlando, Florida Police Department’s Use-of-Force Matrix Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 33  Us versus Them: Issues in Modern Policing (9 or 9) Reforming reasonable force − Washington, D.C. passed a law requiring police use of force to be objectively (or factually) reasonable, not subjective − Washington, D.C. and New York banned chokeholds in any instance Less lethal weapons − Designed to subdue, but not seriously harm, subjects − Conductive energy devices (CED): electrical shock to incapacitate uncooperative suspects Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 34  Knowledge Check What are some stressors that affect a police officer? What about personal stressors? Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 35  Knowledge Check: Answer Professional Personal Constant fear of being the victim of Problems with personal relationships violent crime Financial issues Exposure to violent crime and its victims Job dissatisfaction Need to comply with the law in every Lack of sleep job action Not feeling adequate at your job Lack of community support Need to gain approval from your Negative media coverage friends, family, and peers Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 36  Police Misconduct and Ethics (1 of 7) Professionalism: adherence to a set of values that show a police officer to be of the highest moral character Types of corruption − Bribery: Officers accept money for favors. − Shakedowns: Officers coerce money from citizens or criminals. − Mooching: Officers accept gifts in return for favorable treatment. Theories of police corruption − Officers can justify corrupt actions; the ends justify the means attitude. Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 37  Police Misconduct and Ethics (2 of 7) Police accountability − Internal disciplinary measures ▪ Self-accountability: officers responsible for their own actions ▪ Supervisory accountability: advise and discipline officers, set the tone ▪ Administrative accountability: department policies promote accountability − Internal affairs unit (IA) ▪ Unit within a police department that investigates allegations of misconduct Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 38  Police Misconduct and Ethics (3 of 7) Police accountability (continued) − Self-surveillance: Most officers wear on officer camera systems. ▪ Has incriminated police and exonerated police − Citizen oversight ▪ Citizens review police complaints. Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 39  Police Misconduct and Ethics (4 of 7) Police accountability (continued) − Police liability ▪ Criminal charges: officers can be charged for unreasonable use of force, to include aggravated assault and murder ▪ Civil liability: lawsuits against officers, departments, or cities of officers’ unreasonable actions ▪ Qualified immunity: doctrine that protects officers from civil liability as long as the officers did not violate constitutional rights Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 40  Police Misconduct and Ethics (5 of 7) Issues of bias in policing − Statistical evidence ▪ Blacks are 3.6 times more likely to have force used against them. ▪ Blacks are 50% more likely to be exposed to nonlethal force. ▪ Blacks and Latinx are three times more likely to be searched on a traffic stop. Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 41  Police Misconduct and Ethics (7 of 7) Ethics in law enforcement − Ethical dilemmas: Officers are faced with ethical choices. ▪ Noble cause corruption: Officers do bad things because they believe the outcome will be good. − Elements of ethics 1. Discretion: Officer’s decision-making ability relies on their character. 2. Duty: obligation to act in a certain manner 3. Honesty: critical attribute for an ethical police officer 4. Loyalty: officers’ commitment to their department and fellow officers Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 42  Discussion Activity 2 Qualified immunity for police officers is a heavily debated topic in the criminal justice system. What are your thoughts on qualified immunity for police officers? Should police officers have qualified immunity? Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 43  Discussion Activity 2 Debrief Qualified immunity: doctrine that protects officers from civil liability, as long as the officers did not violate constitutional rights Proponents: Qualified immunity is necessary for police to do their job and make split second decisions in stressful situations: hesitation at this moment could have catastrophic results. Opponents: Qualified immunity gives the police protection from violating individual rights and liberties; it also deprives citizens the right to challenge the institutional power of the police and the government. Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 44  Self-Assessment Can you explain the four elements of police discretion? Do you understand what DNA fingerprinting is and how it’s used in the criminal justice system? Do you understand the concept of differential response and the Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD) system used by police departments? Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 45  Summary (1 of 3) Now that the lesson has ended, you should have learned how to: Explain why police officers are allowed discretionary powers. List the three primary purposes of police patrol. Describe how forensic experts use DNA fingerprints to solve crimes. Explain why differential response strategies enable police departments to respond more efficiently to 911 calls. Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 46  Summary (2 of 3) Now that the lesson has ended, you should have learned how to: Explain community policing and its contribution to the concept of problem- oriented policing. Describe the process of socialization in police subculture. Define a police stressor and list some stressors that impact the mental health of law enforcement agents. Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 47  Summary (3 of 3) Now that the lesson has ended, you should have learned how to: Clarify the concepts of nondeadly force, deadly force, and reasonable force in the context of police use of force. Describe some of the ways that police officers are held accountable for their actions. Explain what an ethical dilemma is and name four categories of ethical dilemmas that a police officer typically may face. Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller, Criminal Justice in Action, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 48