Geol 2 Final Study Guide Fall 2024 PDF

Geol 2 Final Study Guide Groundwater, Streams, Floods, Volcanoes, Soil, Landslide Identification Fall 2024 Ch. 5: Vol...

Geol 2 Final Study Guide Groundwater, Streams, Floods, Volcanoes, Soil, Landslide Identification Fall 2024 Ch. 5: Volcanoes  Be able to answer the summary questions at the end of Chapter 5.  Define and understand the following terms: a’a, pahoehoe, bomb, caldera, columnar jointing, crater, effusive eruption, pyroclastic eruption, fissure, flood basalt, lahar, pyroclastic debris, tephra, tuff, volcanic ash, pyroclastic flow/nuée ardent  Be able to explain in words or draw pictures to explain the differences between a volcanic crater and caldera.  Be able to identify the parts of a volcano—vent, crater, flanks, pyroclastics, magma chamber, conduit, etc.  Be able to draw the different shapes of the three types of volcanoes showing their relative sizes—i.e. cinder cones are really small compared to the other two types of volcanoes. See fig. 9.13.  Be able to explain the following volcanic hazards: pyroclastic flows, lahars, volcanic ash, lava flows.  How can volcanic eruptions affect global climate?  Which type of volcanic eruption is the most dangerous? Why is it the most dangerous?  Explain the connection between magma viscosity and the type of eruptions that happen.  If the lava is highly viscous, will it flow easily? What type of volcano has highly viscous lava?  Which type of volcano has low viscosity lava? Which has intermediate viscosity lava?  Why does viscous lava produce explosive eruptions?  Compare and contrast the following types/styles of eruption: effusive, strombolian, Surtseyan, Plinean, fountain, phreatic.  Match the volcanoes or volcanic arcs with the geological settings produced them. Geologic Setting: Volcanoes and Volcanic Arcs: Convergent tectonic boundaries; Oceanic hot Hawaiian Islands, Cascade Volcanic chain, spots; Continental hot spots Yellowstone calderas, Iceland, Aleutian Islands, Andes Volcanic chain  Know the differences between basalt, andesite, and rhyolite. Know which type of lava(s) are associated with each type of volcano. Know which lavas are low, intermediate, and high in viscosity. Ch. 14—Streams & Floods  What is a drainage divide?  What is a drainage network?  Explain the changes in stream velocity from the headwaters to the mouth of the stream. What factors influence a stream’s velocity?  How does stream velocity affect stream capacity and stream competence?  What is stream capacity?  What is stream competence?  Explain the differences between seasonal flooding and flash flooding.  What is a watershed? What is a drainage basin?  What is a continental divide?  Be able to identify the different types of drainage networks and the types of landscapes they indicate (flat, ridge & valley, conical or rounded mountain or volcano, uniform substrate, fracture controlled landscape, etc.).   What is a trunk stream?  Describe the 3 types of stream load.  What is a braided stream? How and where do braided streams occur?  What is a graded stream?  What is a meandering stream? In what environment do meandering streams form—mountainous or flat areas?  How do alluvial fans and deltas form? Explain how alluvial fans and deltas are similar and different.  Explain the differences between seasonal flooding and flash flooding?  How does urbanization increase the risk of flooding?  What human activities tend to increase flood risk and damage?  Know the following terms: stream load (bed, dissolved, suspended), headward erosion, longitudinal profile, meanders, natural levees, stream gradient, trunk stream.  What is a drainage basin and how does it differ from a continental divide?  What is the difference between a cut-off meander and an oxbow lake? Describe how meanders form, cut off, and are abandoned.  Where does the water have greater velocity? near the headwaters? mouth?  In the stream channel, where is water flowing the fastest? Where is water flowing the slowest?  What is base level? How much erosion happens at or below base level?  Where along a meandering stream is erosion and deposition taking place?  How do we try to prevent flood damage? Explain channels, floodways, levees, etc.  What are the reasons that artificial levees fail and how can the failures be mitigated?  What is a graded stream?  When is a stream in equilibrium?  Be able to identify the following features in a satellite image along the Mad River between the towns of Glendale and Blue Lake, California: o Cut Bank o Point Bar o Flood Plain o Older Stream Channel o Current Stream Channel o Oxbow Lake o Abandoned Meanders Interlude B: Soils  What are the components of soil?  What is a soil horizon?  Identify and describe the soil horizons on a diagram.  Explain how the following soil-forming factors determine how thick soil will be: strength of the substrate, slope steepness, time, climate.  Compare and contrast the characteristics of desert soil, temperate soil, and tropical soil.  Explain the problems associated with soil: liquefaction, compaction, expansive soils, mixed soils.  How can these problems be mitigated?  Choose one of the following and describe how it causes soil erosion: agricultural practices, drought, deforestation, overgrazing.  How do sand and clay content affect soil characteristics?  What is the Soil Web Survey?  What is the problem with urban soils? (Why is it so important to have a soil analysis done before construction on urban soils?)  Be able to plot a soil on a ternary diagram. Ch. 16—Groundwater  How do porosity and permeability differ? Is it possible to have a rock that high porosity but low permeability?  In terms of porosity and permeability, why does pumice float?  What is a water table?  What is a perched water table?  Know the ways that natural springs form.  How is an artesian well different from an ordinary well?  What is a potentiometric surface?  Is artesian water superior to water from an ordinary well or spring?  How can we imitate the artesian system to create water pressure in a flat urban area?  If groundwater reservoir is lost because of overdrawing water and resulting ground compaction, can the problem be reversed by replenishing the reservoir with groundwater? Explain.  What is saltwater intrusion? What causes saltwater intrusion?  If the size of a freshwater reservoir is reduced because of saltwater intrusion, can the original size of the freshwater reservoir be regained? Explain.  Explain the following terms: Pore, Porosity, Permeability, Primary Porosity, Secondary Porosity.  What is an aquitard?  What is an aquifer? What is a confined aquifer? What is an unconfined aquifer?  What rocks make good aquifers? What rocks are good aquitards?  What is a cone of depression and how does it form?  Explain how groundwater withdrawal causes the following: subsidence, saltwater intrusion, ground fissures, contaminated water.  Explain the solutions to the problems above.  Can contaminated water be cleaned? If so, how?  What can we do to prevent the effects of over pumping groundwater?  How can green infrastructure help prevent flooding in urban areas and also counter the effects of over pumping groundwater?