CGC Final Exam Review 2025 PDF

CGC - Final Exam Review What should I bring to the Exam: In a clear ziploc bag: Calculator 2 pencils White eraser 2 or 3 black/blue pens[no colour pens] Whiteout stick If you have a phone or apple watch--keep it in your locker Outline of the Exam: Multiple Choice--Scantron Sheet True or False--Scan...

CGC - Final Exam Review What should I bring to the Exam: In a clear ziploc bag: Calculator 2 pencils White eraser 2 or 3 black/blue pens[no colour pens] Whiteout stick If you have a phone or apple watch--keep it in your locker Outline of the Exam: Multiple Choice--Scantron Sheet True or False--Scantron Sheet Matching Columns--Scantron Sheet 2 Long answers Geologic History ​ List order of Geological Eras: preCambrian era, palaeozoic era, Mesozoic era and Cenozoic era. Plate Tectonics Divergent: Two plates spread apart Convergent: Areas where two continental plates collide ​ Rock Cycle ○​ process of each rock type formation ○​ I.e metamorphic to magma, igneous to sedimentary, etc. ○​ use your diagram if needed Igneous > Weathering and erosion > Sediments Sediments > Compaction and cementation > Sedimentary Sedimentary > Heat and pressure > Metamorphic Metamorphic > Melting > Magma Magma > Cooling > Igneous Sedimentary rock > weathering and erosion > sediments Metamorphic rock > weathering and erosion > sediments  Landform Regions of Canada o Physical characteristics of the 7 landform regions ​ Which landform is the oldest? The oldest landform region is the Canadian Shield, Which landform has the best soil? The Great Plains have the best soil. ​ Which region has the worst soil: Hudson's Bay- Arctic Lowlands Climate 2 factors that contribute to continental climate 2 factors that contribute to maritime climate o 6 factors that affect climate o LOWER Near Water 1.)​ Latitude: The distance from the equator. The farther away from the equator, the colder it is 2.)​ Ocean Currents (warm v cold) warm currents move away from the equator, the air above the current is warm and warms the land. The cold currents move towards the equator. The air above is cool and cools the land around it. 3.)​ Wind (air masses) Above an ocean, moist air is formed. Dry air is formed over land. 4.)​ Elevation The higher the elevation, the cooler it is. If there is condensation, the cooling slows. 5.)​ Relief The windward side of the mountain is wet, and the leeward side is dry and called ‘ rain shadow’ 6.)​ Near Water (continental v maritime) Continental Climate: far from oceans, over land. It has a high annual temperature, and a low amount of precipitation. Ex. Toronto is a modified climate- proximity to the Great Lakes and Winnipeg Maritime Climate: surrounded by ocean and has a moderating effect. The moderating effect- In the summer, oceans are cooler than the land, so the winds cool the land. In the winter, the oceans are warmer than the land, so the winds warm the land. Relief Precipitation: It happens on mountains. Ex: western cordillera. ​ -where is it least common? It is least common on the interior plains. ​ Review the climate graphs Maritime vs Continental Soil o Typical soil: __Best soil for plants, holds moisture and is usually dark brown near the surface, brown in the subsoil and bedrock at the parent material. ______________________________________________________________​ o Leached soil:_____Occurs when a great deal of precipitation occurs, soluble organic materials are rapidly washed down by excess rainfall. Most water minerals are gone further down, only iron and aluminum components are left. ___________________________________________________________​ Unit Three: Economic Connection What is a resource? Anything that can be used to produce goods. Types of Resources​ o Renewable resource: Resources that can be regenerated if used carefully. Ex. soil, forests o Non-renewable resource: Resources that are limited and cannot be replaced. Ex. fossil fuels, minerals Fossil fuel: non-renewable energy sources that are formed from the remains of prehistoric plants and animals ​ Oil, Gas,coal ​ What type of resources are fossil fuels and minerals considered? Non renewable resources o Natural Resource: -​ People can find use for it and it can be used to produce goods and services. Resources and The 3 Rs​ Reducing: Item is not purchased or made in the first place​ ​ Example: ​ Reusing: Reusing an object instead of replacing it. ​ ​ example: Hand-me-downs, Thrifting Recycling: when an items can be made into something else. Putting your garbage in the right bins. ​ ​ example:Sorting your garage What does sustainable use mean? Using natural Resources in a responsible way, so they can be available for future Generations. For example, bringing your own bags, or carpooling. Living within the carrying capacity. Meet basic needs (social). Satisfy as many wants as possible (social). Be able to afford the cost of needs and wants (economic). Doing all of this while minimizing the demand of the natural environment. How can we achieve more sustainable resource use? ​Individual - We can follow the 3 R’s Company? - Companies can make sure that their production is efficient Government? - Governments can create policies Involving the 3 r's. Managing Renewable Resources​ Farming ​ Canada’s land quality: Which class makes up most of Canada? Class 7 Water Where is the highest percentage of Earth's water held in? Oceans Energy​ Conventional energy: Hydroelectricity: ​ Thermoelectricity: Nuclear: Alternative energy: Solar: Wind: Biomas:​ Tidal: - *Fossil fuels - OIL, COAL, NATURAL GAS Manufacturing 3 economy sectors + examples o Primary sector: Also called extractive industry; an industry that focuses on producing/extracting natural resources. ​ Example: Logging wood o Secondary sector: An industry that focuses on making things using the products of primary industries. ​ Example: Suncor Oil, Husky Energy o Tertiary sector: Also called service industry; an industry that focuses on providing services. This sector includes everything else that is not part of the primary and secondary sector. ​ Example: Restaurant waiter, hotel reception, insurance ​ Reasons manufacturing companies move to another country:_____Proximity of raw materials, location of customers, availability of fresh water and/or power, labour supply, transportation, political factors, circumstances ​ NAFTA:_____North American free trade agreement between Canada, USA and Mexico ​ CETA: Canada-European union comprehensive economic and trade agreement The Service Sector o Basic Job: a job that brings money into a economy from somewhere else *example:paper making o Non-Basic Job: a job that circulates money within a company *example: restaurants, convenience Unit 4:Demographics​ Demography: The study of of human population Natural increase rate: The difference between the birth rate and death rate of a country (Birth Rate - Death Rate) Net migration rate: Difference between immigration and emigration ( immigration-Emmigration) Doubling time: The time needed for a population to double o How to calculate it? How long would it take a country with a GR of 5% to double: 70/PGR Immigration: a person who moves INto a country with the intention of staying Emigration: a person who moves OUT of a county MIgrant: movement from a country to another Cultural Mosaic: we encourage people to practice their own beliefs and culture Multicultural: a society made up of many different cultures ​ Refugee could be prosecuted for the following reasons- membership in a social group, political opinion, race etc ​ o Push factors: ____Reasons people leave a country_____ Example: Land may be running out of resources, harsh climate (cold or hot), war, inflation, famine. o Pull factors: ___Reasons people go to a country____ o Example: Better job opportunities, family, bigger housing, market opportunities. Dependency load:__Population that needs to be supported by government- children and older adults _______________​ Demographic transition model:Studying growth of population and economy ​ Rapid Growth Rate:__Developing country with high births and often cant be supported ____________________________________ a rapid growth rate pyramid represent?​ Demographic Trap: population is too high to develop economically and socially​ Fragile State: poor country not able respond to crisis Immigration Point System: A system that determines whether or not you can immigrate to Canada which requires at least 67 points to pass Unit 5 - Liveable Communities​ Settlement patterns - What are they? Where are they located? Why? Draw a picture of what each would look like, in the margins.​ o Concentrated: a population focused in patches with specific resources industries such as mines and paper______________________________________________________________​ ​ OLinear: a population settled along a line such as a coastline,river, or highway_____________________________________________________________________ oDispersed:A population spread evenly across the land; common in agricultural areas. __________________________________________________________________ Sustainability: Having a high quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems. What can help increase sustainability? Using less unneeded resources and living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems Carrying Capacity: the ability of the environment to support a population without environmental damage -When the load becomes high, carrying capacity decreases -When the load is low, capacity increases HDI: a measure of 3 key aspect of a countries standard of living: Economy Health Education​ *What is considered a high level of liveability?